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Topic: Endemism

	Endemism
		Endemism describes species that are native to a particular geographic area or continent.
		Examples of endemism in Australia are the koala and the red kangaroo, both of which are not naturally found anywhere else in the world.
		Endemism usually occurs in areas that are isolated in some way.
	www.amonline.net.au /factsheets/endemism.htm (242 words)

	Bear Lake Geologic Background: Endemism
		Endemism describes species that are native to a particular geographic area and are not naturally found anywhere else in the world.
		Endemism usually occurs in areas that are isolated in some way, but it can occur in small areas, such as around springs.
		Bear Lake has a high rate of endemism, in its ostracodes, fish and snails, because of the unique water chemistry contributed by the springs.
	esp.cr.usgs.gov /info/lacs/endemism.htm (177 words)

	Endemism
		Endemism describes species that are native to a particular geographic area or continent.
		Examples of endemism in Australia are the koala and the red kangaroo, both of which are not naturally found anywhere else in the world.
		Endemism occurs when populations of one species are separated so they cannot interbreed.
	www.austmus.gov.au /factsheets/endemism.htm (242 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Endemism
		Endemism, term used in ecology to describe the tendency of plants and animals to be naturally confined to a given area; within such an area they are...
		Any given area contributes to overall global diversity both through the number of species present, and through the proportion of those species which...
		Endemism can also be defined in terms of national boundaries.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Endemism.html (89 words)

	endemism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Endemism is a product of the history of an area, its subsequent isolation, and the present day environment of the region,
		Endemism in the fauna of Cuatro Ciénegas is found especially in fish, reptiles, snails and crustaceans (Pinkava 1987:9).
		Although there are varying reports of the number of endemic species in the basin, all studies agree that the degree of endemism in the basin is extremely high.
	geography.berkeley.edu /PersonalPages/JHoward/endemisc.html (403 words)

	Faunal Diversity in Philippine Forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		There are 558 species of birds are mammals with 61 percent endemism, 15 of which are still in the process of being named.
		The level of endemism of invertebrates is generally poorly known but is suspected to be high.
		Endemism ranged from 44 percent to 87 percent with a mean of 64 percent for the six insect orders inventoried.
	www.psdn.org.ph /nbsap/page3.html (583 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Biodiversity, urban areas, and agriculture: locating priority ecoregions for conservation
		Although urbanization and agriculture certainly are global phenomena, their magnitudes differ widely among regions, nor is biodiversity distributed evenly across continents or the globe; hotspots of high species richness and endemism occur, where ecosystem disruption would be especially threatening to global biodiversity (Reid 1998).
		Endemism was not significantly related to ecoregion area (Fig.
		To identify ecoregions of concern, we plotted the richness and endemism indices against the measures of urbanization and agriculture and identified, for each of the four plots, the ecoregions that fell above the 66th quantile (i.e., in the upper third) on both axes (see Fig.
	www.ecologyandsociety.org /vol8/iss2/art1/main.html (4646 words)

	[No title]
		Exceptional richness and endemism among both terrestrial and marine species, for example, is found in tropical countries lying between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, and in the countries of northern South America and Central America.
		For most countries and for the world as a whole, however, there is sufficient information on species richness and endemism to allow realistic decisions to be made on where at the country level these attributes are likely to be most pronounced, and where investment in safeguarding them would be most effective.
		Areas of high marine endemism tend to be common in temperate and marginally-tropical regions, where temperature gradients with latitude are steep, or where there is shelter from major environmental fluctuations (Norse, 1993).
	www.unep-wcmc.org /resources/publications/3_priorities/text.doc (10053 words)

	Focus on Rarities: Endemism I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		California is well known as a center of floristic diversity and for exhibiting a high degree of endemism (Stebbins and Major 1965).
		Raven (1964) proposed that marginal populations are often found on soil types unusual for the species as a whole and that substrates unfavorable to those species becoming dominant as the result of changing climatic conditions could permit the persistence of retreating species as relictual populations.
		Raven and Axelrod (1978) and Kruckeberg (1986) agreed that geologic diversity begets biologic diversity and Kruckeberg and Rabinowitz (1985) stated that the overall magnitude of geological discontinuity may be the ultimate cause of local rarity.
	www.cnps-yerbabuena.org /rare_endemism1.html (758 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		On the second map, an index which combines species richness and endemism ("endemism richness", sometimes also referred to as an index of range size rarity) is displayed for the seed plants of the 20 regions of the African continent as delineated by White.
		For the map of African seed plant endemism richness, a calculation method was used which was based on the division of the flora of these regions into chorological groups.
		Minimum values of endemism richness can be observed in the Sahel and Sahara regions, whereas the highest value was calculated for the Cape region, followed by East Madagascar with a considerably lower score.
	abstracts.allenpress.com /esa/web2000/abstracts/GER-3-82-18.html (375 words)

	Status of biodiversity in Papua New Guinea
		Endemism tends to follow biogeographic boundaries determined by geographic factors and evolutionary history.
		Another factor which affects apparent endemism is the level of study which has taken place on particular taxonomic groups, for example, the relatively visible bird species are well-documented, whereas only limited information exists on many invertebrates.
		Generally, levels of diversity and of endemism are high amongst the insects.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/9468/papua_ng.htm (9276 words)

	CPD: North America centres of plant diversity and endemism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The Appalachian mountain region, composed primarily of crystalline rocks, is considered one of the most important areas of plant endemism in the eastern U.S.A. It is part of the Piedmont Upland geological province, a belt of metamorphic rock extending from Trenton, New Jersey to Alabama (Brooks 1987).
		The states with important centres of plant diversity and endemism are North and South Carolina, Florida and Texas.
		Important centres of plant endemism occur in five of the state's ten major vegetational areas: East Texas pinewoods; coastal prairie (Gulf prairies and marshes); Rio Grande plains (South Texas plains); Edwards Plateau; and Trans-Pecos region.
	nmnhgoph.si.edu /botany/projects/cpd/na/na-cpde.htm (4168 words)

	Garden Botany -- Plant Conservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Endemism, the occurrence of species within narrow geographical ranges, is second in importance only to species richness as a measure of biodiversity.
		Centers of endemism are areas where many endemic species occur together.
		This high degree of endemism is a consequence of Hawaii's isolation, which has enabled unique and complex ecosystems that include large numbers of endemics to evolve.
	www.bbg.org /gar2/topics/conservation/con_endemic.html (243 words)

	South African Journal of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		At least 30 species and infraspecific taxa were identified as endemic and a further 50 as near-endemic to a region whose importance as a centre of plant endemism had been previously underestimated.
		It is speculated that ultramafic substrates may, therefore, have influenced the development of the endemic flora of the region.
		It is concluded that the ultramafic areas of Sekhukhuneland, currently under considerable pressure from mining activities and population impact, constitute an important centre of plant endemism worthy of protection.
	www.nrf.ac.za /sajs/abnov01r.stm (215 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Endemism is high among those animal groups that are poor dispersers (e.g.
		Examples of high endemism are best known in the plant kingdom where there are 16 endemic genera, 20 of the 21 African Violet Saintpaulia species in the world being endemic to the Arc.
		The mountains are sometimes called the ‘Galapagos Islands forests’ due to their small and fragmented island forests and high level of endemism.
	www.nfp.co.tz /studies_report/ecosystem/biodiversity.htm (5698 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Albany thickets (AT1201)
		The floral richness and endemism is not reflected in the vertebrate fauna, which has moderate richness and low rates of endemism.
		Consequently, the Eastern Cape is a region of low endemism and biological distinctiveness relative to rich endemic centers such as the Cape Floristic Region (73 percent of flora is endemic) and the Namib Desert (35 percent of flora is endemic).
		The xeric thickets of the dry inland valleys and the Spekboomveld of the intermontane valleys are largely intact.
	worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1201_full.html (3149 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Table 17-4 gives the diversity of mammals, birds, plants, and endemism for some select small island states.
		In general, small islands in absolute figures tend to have high terrestrial diversity and endemism.
		When relative biodiversity and endemism are calculated in relation to area, the figures for many small island states tend to be higher than those for most other regions of the world.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/630.htm (690 words)

	Biogeography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		One of the most important concepts studied in biogeography today is centres of endemism, where species of restricted geographic range are found and where, through isolation and stability, speciation ocurs.
		Endemism occurs when a species or other taxonomic group is restricted to a particular geographic region owing to factors such as isolation or response to soil or climatic conditions.
		Centres of endemism are important because this is where speciation occurs.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /richmond/city/biogeography.htm (928 words)

	[No title]
		Endemism may result from the failure to spread beyond the region of origin or by restriction of a formerly greater range.
		High degrees in endemism usually denotes the relative isolation of a region for a prolonged period of time.
		The degree of endemism is roughly proportional to the to the degree and duration of the isolation.
	www.tarleton.edu /~dekeith/Zoogeo.html (1751 words)

	Taxonomy and biology of New Zealand Polychaetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		We determine whether observed polychaete distribution patterns correspond to traditional shallow-water marine areas of endemism, estimate patterns of endemism and relationships between areas of endemism, and infer the biological processes that have caused these patterns.
		Areas with the highest levels of species endemism were southern Australia (67.0%), South- east South America (53.2%) and South Africa (40.4%).
		The Greater New Zealand region is found to be 'monophyletic' with respect to polychaetes, that is comprising a genuine biogeographical entity, and most closely related to the polychaete fauna of southern Australia.
	biodiversity.uno.edu /~worms/nz/NewZealPoly.html (737 words)

	Cape Floral Region Protected Areas - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The outstanding diversity, density and endemism of the flora are among the highest worldwide.
		Unique plant reproductive strategies, adaptive to fire, patterns of seed dispersal by insects, as well as patterns of endemism and adaptive radiation found in the flora are of outstanding value to science.
		The Cape Floral Region forms a centre of active speciation where interesting patterns of endemism and adaptive radiation are found in the flora.
	whc.unesco.org /pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1007 (368 words)

	New Page 1
		The endemism of vascular plants in southern Africa is exceptionally high, and more like what you expect on an oceanic island.
		Ranges in endemism based on the IUCN centre of plant diversity project and range from 4% to 68% which comapres with tropical rainforest of 44%
		Endemism with respect to biological aspects are different across the southern African hotspots
	hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za /eco_people/biodiv3.htm (851 words)

	esro Kashmir Online - Database of Kashmir Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Chatterjee and Hooker have demarcated this region into two sub regions on the basis of endemism and largest families of plants, respectively.
		Endemism can be considered as a criterion for determining the uniqueness of the flora of a region
		endemism in Kashmir Himalaya amounts to 58 % in flowering plants ( 39 % in dicots and 19 % in monocots) The families with the highest % of endemism in alpine and sub alpine Himalayas are :
	www.esroindia.com /floral_diversity_kashmir.htm (964 words)

	Introduction
		The score for endemism was given to each named species by assigning points, according to the extent of its approximate range.
		This skewering of the number of sites outside the watershed with high endemism scores (compared to inside it) is an artifact caused by the higher number of sample sites which were taken from outside the reserve.
		The correlation between the endemism value and the pioneer index is low (R²=0.3367) therefore indicates it is not simply a matter of protecting and conserving only the low disturbance habitats, as these are not necessarily those with the highest number of endemic species.
	polillo.www6.50megs.com /trees.html (2139 words)

	Umdaus Press - Regions of Floristic Endemism
		Contrary to what would be expected from a botanically rich region, large parts of southern Africa are subjected to regular and almost predictable droughts, prolonged periods of below-average rainfall and a marked seasonality in precipitation.
		Whereas the classification and mapping of southern Africa's vegetation types have been the subject of numerous publications, the classification and mapping of the distribution patterns of the region's plant species (or flora) have been neglected.
		He has established a comprehensive database of especially the plants associated with the various Centres of Endemism in the region.
	www.succulents.net /umdaus/endemism.html (806 words)

	Endemism and megadiversity regions for fungi in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Endemism and megadiversity regions for fungi in China
		Taiwan is of great interest for mycologists, the fungal flora is exceedingly luxuriant, and there are about 4,300 species known from there, and the level of endemism is high.
		To the south of the Tropic of Cancer, such as Guangdong, Hainan, southern Guangxi, and Xishuangbanna of Yunan, are still inadequately known as Chinese mycologists have only made a few investigations and there is little data.
	www.biodiv.gov.cn /images_biodiv/species/endemism-fungi-en.htm (324 words)

	Data Sets Available at RRSU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The most conspicuous and charismatic feature of the ecoregion is the wide variety and large numbers of large mammalian herbivores and large predators.The ecoregion contains about 620 animals, 23% of the continental population, and around 2900-3000 white rhino Ceratotherium simum, or 29% of the conmtinental population.
		The areas shown are those with endemism expressed in animal groups.
		The Miombo priority areas are areas selected by experts in different fields of Conservation as exhibiting important biological diversity.The areas were demacated at different workshops held in different countries that are part of the Miombo Network and exerpts from the respective countries identified these areas.
	www.sadc-fanr.org.zw /rrsu/clrnghse/wwfsarpo.htm (1382 words)

	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
		One must realize that areas of endemism do not correlate 100% for all taxa; what may be an endemic area for certain taxa may not be for others.
		For example, in Guatemala, passalid beetles and salamanders have similar areas of endemism; however, they do not necessarily correlate with those of orchids.
		Confirmation of endemism can be done through indicator species.
	www.iupac.org /symposia/proceedings/phuket97/schuster.html (304 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Lastly, an ecological crisis may be local (as an oil spill) or global (a rise in the sea level related to global warming).
		According to its degree of endemism, a local crisis will have more or less significant consequences, from the death of many individuals to the total extinction of a species.
		Whatever its origin, disappearance of one or several species often will involve a rupture in the food chain, further impacting the survival of other species.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Ecology (3320 words)

	Conservation planning in the Maputaland centre of endemism
		The project " Transnational conservation planning in the Maputaland centre of endemism, southern Africa " was initiated in June 2003.
		It is based at the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology and funded by the British Government through their Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species.
		The Maputaland centre of endemism (MCE) is an area of approximately 20,000 km
	www.mosaic-conservation.org /maputaland/index.html (248 words)

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