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Topic: Endemism in birds

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	Endemism in birds - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It would not be incorrect to refer to all bird species as endemic to Earth; in practice, however, the largest areas for which the term is in common use are countries (e.g.
		Endemism is particularly notable when not just a particular species is confined to given areas, but a whole higher-level taxon (e.g.
		Endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endemism_in_birds (446 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - New Zealand - Unique and Threated Biodiversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Endemism also extends to the genus level; 35 plant genera are found nowhere else in the world.
		By 1976, the known population was 18 birds, all males, and all in Fiordland.
		Kiwis are mammal-like birds, with hairy feathers, sensory whiskers, an acute sense of smell, and short, squat bodies.
	www.biodiversityhotspots.org /xp/Hotspots/new_zealand/biodiversity.xml (1151 words)

	Ecosystem Profile: Eastern Himalayas Region
		The pygmy hog (Sus salvinus) and hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) are restricted to the alluvial grasslands and the Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) is restricted to the temperate broadleaf forests of the Eastern Himalayas Region.
		Endemism among birds in the region is higher than among mammals.
		Many of the birds in these forests are not found at comparable elevations in Nepal, where the broadleaf forests are highly fragmented; most likely a result of fragmentation that prevents movements and distribution (Carol Inskipp, pers comm).
	www.cepf.net /xp/cepf/where_we_work/eastern_himalayas/full_strategy.xml (17673 words)

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		Although the populations of forest birds are prone to fluctuations from year to year and cycle to cycle the general trend of the population levels and changes in Hawai'i are fairly consistent, and on the whole are a downward trend.
		Birds which were bred in captivity were released at the end of the 1990's and shortly afterwards captive-raised pairs were seen nest building, and some wandered further afield and paired with wild-born individuals.
		Although birds are kept in a captive breeding program the species nests rarely in captivity, apparently due to the old age of the birds in the population.
	www.birdinghawaii.co.uk /XEndemicforestbirds2.htm (8025 words)

	RECENT LITERATURE
		Birds 85:469-481.--A survey of the entire Golden 15agle (Aquila chrysaetos) breeding population in Great Britain indicated that more than 98% of the pairs resided in the Scottish highlands and islands.
		Birds 85:578-587.--This study of the dispersal of common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) in western Great Britain was based on data obtained from 234 juveniles banded during a 4oyear period.
		Finally, the birds reduce their resting metabolic rate in winter such that their lower critical temperature is close to that which they experience in snow burrows.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v064n02/p0278-p0290.html (13481 words)

	Bird conservation papers presented at conference in Brazil
		Conservation of varzea birds, then, requires not only large reserves to guarantee the presence of all microhabitats in their constantly changing mosaic, but also widely distributed reserves to represent all areas of endemism.
		Bird composition of early stages of succession differed significantly from older stages resulting in higher species richness along the successional gradient compared to mature forest alone.
		A theoretical mesure of bird susceptibility to forest loss was developped that allowed the ranking of forest birds according to their vulnerability.
	news.mongabay.com /2005/0724-cbc_birds.html (7524 words)

	Report On The Activities
		Pine groves are considered not to be as attractive to birds as those of eucalyptus due to its structure which precludes the provision of nesting sites and the fact that few species feed on the seeds in the cones.
		The birds may be using the plantations as corridors to pass from one area to another oor may be feeding on flowering species adjacent to the plantations.
		In the scrubby open areas, birds which consume nectar and insects appeared to have better feeding conditions through a better availability of light and because the more open the area, the easier it is to catch insects.
	latinamericasolidarity.freeservers.com /smurfit2.htm (18076 words)

	Gregory Adler
		Butterfly biogeography and endemism on tropical Pacific islands.
		ADLER, G. Endemism in birds of tropical Pacific islands.
		Distribution and abundance of a tropical rodent, the spiny rat, on islands in Panama.
	www.uwosh.edu /departments/biology/adler/adler.html (2281 words)

	BioForum 7 - Cracraft 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These are quail thrushes, really gorgeous little birds that run around on the ground and live in Australia.
		Areas of endemism are simply areas that house a number of species that are found there and nowhere else.
		For example Tasmania has a group of species of birds that are found nowhere else but in Tasmania, and the same is true for the Atherton Plateau, Cape York, Arnhemland, Kimberley Plateau and on and on.
	www.accessexcellence.org /BF/bf07/cracraft/bf07c12.html (340 words)

	[No title]
		It is estimated that from 35% to 52% of the total number of birds found on the keys according to vegetation type are migratory.
		Species such as the flamingo, the manatee (endangered), the queen conch, migratory birds, iguanas, snails belonging to the Cerion and Ligus genera, the Antilles crocodile, and dolphins, may be seriously threatened by expanding economic activities.
		Baseline Biodiversity in the SCA is coming under increasing threat principally from development of “sun and sand” tourism, construction of infrastructure (roads and bridges for tourism), quarries for extraction of construction material, poor control of public use, local pollution in the main island across from the SCA (solid waste, agricultural pollution) and over-fishing.
	www.gefweb.org /WPROGRAM/Oct98/UNDP/cubamain.doc (10008 words)

	peopleandplanet.net > biodiversity > features > 3. birds
		The 2,561 restricted-range birds include over 800 species that are currently classified as globally threatened with extinction, almost three-quarters of the 1,186 threatened bird species in the world.
		At a national level, information on Endemic Bird Areas can be used directly in the implementation of conservation agreements and conventions, particularly so for the Convention on Biological Diversity, which requires member states to identify important areas and ecosystems.
		The project, by using a bird species to increase conservation awareness and by working closely with local people, has ensured the survival of much endemic wildlife in a forest that remains a resource for local communities.
	www.peopleandplanet.net /doc.php?id=824 (853 words)

	Where is Toby Ault? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is identified as one of the “centers of endemism of birds” or areas where there is a high concentration of birds that live nowhere else.
		Although it was the worst time of day for seeing birds, in a short period of time we spotted about 20 different species, a small fraction of the ones that live in the reserve.
		There was a raging fire in the forest and all the animals were fleeing, except for one little humming bird who was filling his beak with water and spraying it on the fire.
	www.ups.edu /faculty/veseth/watson/Toby/Regua.htm (2129 words)

	Where do you want to go birding in Tanzania today?
		Thousands of birds flock to Ruaha on their annual migration from Europe to Asia, and 465 bird species have been sighted in the park.
		Birds are equally abundant - we would expect to find over 400 species in total on this short wildlife safari.
		The endemic, endangered and speciality birds may be uncommon, extremely rare vagrants, may be extirpated in the country now or may only be present in migration.
	www.camacdonald.com /birding/africatanzania.htm (1685 words)

	Where do you want to go birding in Belize today?
		Birds from the north visit Belize during the winter months, while the summer months are great for spotting visitors from South America.
		He explains how he identifies the birds we see, sharing his methods and knowledge so participants can enhance their own birding skills while discovering the marvels of birding in the tropics.
		The sons, who are avid bird watchers and nature lovers, will also serve as your naturalist guides on a variety of tours including hiking, horseback riding and mountain biking through jungle trails rich in wildlife.Bird watching can be done early in the morning from your porch or on nearby trails.
	www.camacdonald.com /birding/cenbelize.htm (1649 words)

	Endemic birds of Taiwan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article is one of a series providing information about endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones.
		For an overview of this subject see Endemism in birds.
		In addition, the island of Lanyu (or Orchid Island), c.75km off the south-east coast of Taiwan has been designated as a secondary area, as two restricted-range species (Whistling Green-pigeon and Elegant Scops-owl) occur there.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endemic_Birds_of_Taiwan (180 words)

	List list of refs
		Lonnberg, E. The birds of the Juan fernandez islands.
		A field gude to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific.
		Williams, G. Extinction and the land and freshwater-inhabiting birds of New Zealand.
	home.uchicago.edu /~pricet/Islandbirds.html (515 words)

	Welcome To The BNHS Website
		Birds are one of the best-researched taxa in India and a fairly reliable indicator of biodiversity loss.
		Some bird species are not well protected by the IBA approach (such as large raptors, cranes and bustards, which are dispersed at low densities across wide areas and nomadic species).
		Bird species can be conserved by protection of sites, and by choosing the richest sites we can conserve many species at the same time, this also makes the best use of the scarce resources that are available for conservation.
	www.bnhs.org /article.php?cid=MjI=&sid=NDQ=&aid=MTg=&t=Mg== (5022 words)

	White-winged Guan, Peru: Project Profile
		Characterized by tropical dry forest, the region is home to approximately 800 bird species, and has one of the highest rates of endemism, especially among birds, in the Western Hemisphere.
		The exact number of birds surviving in the wild is unknown, but it is thought to be fewer than 200 individuals.
		The goal is to reintroduce 10 birds annually to establish new guan populations with the hope that they will expand and connect with other relict populations in adjacent valleys.
	www.abcbirds.org /counterparts/project_white-winged_guan.asp (370 words)

	birding facts Birding Resources by the Fat Birder
		With its own set of birds quite distinct to the rest of the country and a good set of migrants it makes a pleasant change from the hard work of the heavily trapped and bird-poor forests of the rest of the Philippines.
		A total bird list of 556 species has been recorded in The Philippines and an impressive total of 185 of these are endemic, including one endemic family, the Rhabdornises, of which there are 3 species...
		Almost 600 species of birds have been recorded in the the Philippines archipelago, 7100 volcanic islands each with a unique evolution of diverse species isolated not only island from island but altitudinally as well throughout the mountain ranges found on almost all islands...
	www.fatbirder.com /links_geo/asia/phillipines.html (2492 words)

	[No title]
		Important birds that are found at each site are summed up with the short descriptions, for more details on birds is referred to the species accounts (page 30 to 53) and appendices 1 to 4.
		Birds: Eared Trogon Basaseachic National Park: the mapped boundaries of the uncut forest are approximate.
		When the pitoreal was described as a large woodpecker, the observer was asked to choose the bird from an illustration of different woodpeckers of the Sierra Madre Occidental (figure 19), and to, describe the size, manner of flight, voice and habitat of the bird.
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/publications/lac/status/status1.html (18646 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The birds that occur regularly on passage form a large percentage of the ‘Cyprus list’ that currently stands at over 370 species.
		Isolation from land masses is one of the factors that produces endemism and a species that is defined as endemic is native to and confined to a certain country or region (of whatever size).
		Cyprus has two recognised endemic bird species and at least four endemic sub-species, meaning that these are either found or breed only in Cyprus and nowhere else in the world.
	www.cyprus-mail.com /news/main.php?id=22573&cat_id=9 (772 words)

	Drift Seeds and Drift Fruits
		If dispersal by birds and air currents are ruled out, it appears that seeds were carried thousands of miles to these islands, possibly by rafting or within protective capsules and pods.
		Taking into account all methods of dispersal, including transport by wind, birds, and drifting on the ocean surface, Duncan Porter, a botanist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, estimates that 378 original introductions could account for the 522 indigenous plant species known to grow on the islands.
		Of these natural introductions, 59% were a result of transport by birds, 32% by wind transport, and 9% by drifting on the ocean surface.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /pldec398.htm (7028 words)

	Biogeography - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A step away from Biblical literalism was taken in the middle of the eighteenth century by G.L.L Buffon, who proposed that the continents and islands had had several "centers of creation", where their inhabitants' ancestors had been created.
		This successfully solved the biogeographical puzzles, though the number of centers of creation had to be large to accommodate oceanic islands, with their high rates of endemism (proportion of species found nowhere else).
		Charles Darwin considered the conundrum of oceanic-island species, and he concluded that these were species whose ancestors could have traveled to those islands without much trouble.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Biogeography (857 words)

	Solomon Islands Student Programs
		Lying east of the massive island of New Guinea, the Solomon Islands are comprised of a string of large geologically complex islands shrouded in rich tropical forests.
		Although nearly every animal group studied in any depth in the Solomons (which is remarkably few) has revealed striking patterns of endemism, the birds of the Solomons have made the region famous around the world.
		The idea of our ongoing biodiversity research program is this: Just as revisiting the Galapagos Islands has broadly influenced understanding of natural selection, re-evaluating bird diversity in the Solomons may alter understanding of two fundamental issues in natural science – the genesis of biological diversity and its long-term conservation.
	www.roundriver.org /solomon_SP.html (419 words)

	Unasylva - No. 208 - 2002 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF MOUNTAINS
		As witnessed by the rise and fall of the civilizations in Mesopotamia (the Euphrates and Tigris basin) and the Indus basin, it is not possible to sustain supplies of water for life downstream, or to prevent recurrent floods and famines, if the need to nurture the mountain environment is ignored.
		Many mountains are functional islands and harbour high endemism, which is of special significance for food security the world over.
		They are also home to the rare Cochabamba mountain finch, a bird that only occurs between 3 000 and 4 000 m in northern Bolivia (Hjarsen, 1997).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/Y3549E/y3549e08.htm (5307 words)

	World Heritage Sites: New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There is also a high degree of endemism among the land birds, including the rare Brown Teal Anas aucklandica (VU), one subspecies of which, the Campbell Island Teal A. a.
		Other endemic taxa of land birds include the Auckland Islands Rail Lewinia muelleri (VU), the Antipodes Parakeet Cyanoramphus unicolor (VU), snipe Coenocorypha aucklandica (LR) on Campbell, Snares, Antipodes and Auckland Islands, tomtits (Petroica macrocephala) on Snares and Auckland Island, and the Banded Dotterel Charadrius bicinctus exilis.
		The invertebrate fauna shows a high degree of endemism, with 36 of the 78 species of lepidoptera.
	www.redtailcanyon.com /items/13450.aspx (1142 words)

	Botany 450 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Endemism and evolution in the Hawaiian biota: terrestrial mollusks
		Endemism and evolution in the Hawaiian biota: evolution in Hawaiian Drosophila
		Endemism and evolution in the Hawaiian biota: fossil birds
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /text/bot450.htm (169 words)

	British Ornithologists Union: BOU Checklist Series
		The Birds of Morocco by Michel Thévenot, Rae Vernon and Patrick Bergier
		This was the fourth checklist to be published by the BOU and the third to go to a second edition and is a detailed analysis of the avifauna of this diverse African nation.
		The Birds of Sicily by Carmelo Iapichino and Bruno Massa
	www.bou.org.uk /pubchkl.html (1031 words)

	Terrestrial Ecoregions -- Bahia interior forests (NT0104)
		The seasonal deciduous forest is a well-known center of endemism for birds (Sick, 1993), harboring two very specialized species of antbirds (slender antbird Rhophornis ardesiaca and narrow-billed antbird Formicivora iheringi).
		In contrast, the biota of the seasonal semi-deciduous forests of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro seems to be a subset of the biota found in the Serra do Mar ecoregion.
		The southern deliniation with the Paraña/Paraiba interior forests was made along the Rio Grande, Rio Preto, and Rio Paraiba due to distinct floral and faunal distributions (Stattersfield et al.
	www.worldwildlife.org /wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0104_full.html (793 words)

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