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Topic: Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands

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	Hawaiian Islands: hawaiian island map, hawaiian island cruises, hawaiian island creation
		1 Islands and reefs of the Hawaiian archipelago
		The Hawaiian Islands comprise a total of 137 islands and atolls, with a total land area of 16,636 km² (6,423.4 square miles).
		Hence the islands in the northwest of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion.
	pandapedia.com /wiki/Hawaiian_Islands (1982 words)

	Hawaiian Islands -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		At about 3,000 km (1,860 miles) from the nearest continent, the Hawaiian Island archipelago is the most isolated grouping of islands on (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth (Macdonald, Abbott, and Peterson, 1984).
		The Hawaiian islands can be affected by (A huge destructive wave (especially one caused by an earthquake)) tsunamis, great ((physics) a movement up and down or back and forth) waves that strike the shore typically but not exclusively from the north.
		The city of (A town in Hawaii on the island of Hawaii) Hilo on the Big Island has historically been most impacted by tsunamis, where the inrushing water is accentuated by the shape of the bay in front of the town.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Ha/Hawaiian_Islands.htm (1019 words)

	Hawaiian Islands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1 Islands and reefs of the Hawaiian archipelago
		Because of the composition of the magma in the hotspot, the composition of Hawaiian volcanoes is basaltic.
		The hurricane season in the Hawaiian Islands is roughly from June through November, when hurricanes and tropical storms are most probable in the North Pacific.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawaiian_Islands (1011 words)

	The Ultimate Hawaiian Islands - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Except for Midway which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands are administered as the State of Hawaii — the 50th state of the United States of America.
		Hence the islands in the northwest of the archipelago are older and typically smaller (have been eroding far longer).
		The city of Hilo on the Big Island has historically been most impacted by tsunamis, where the inrushing water is accentuated by the shape of the bay in front of the town.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Hawaiian_Islands (774 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hawaiian-Islands
		Kaho‘olawe is the smallest of the 8 main volcanic islands in the Hawaiian Islands.
		Necker Island (Hawaiian: Mokumanamana) is a small uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean, 13 km (8 miles) north of the Tropic of Cancer, located at 23Â°34â€² N 164Â°42â€² W. It is part of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, located 690 km (430 miles) northwest of Honolulu, and is now...
		See also: Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands Located some 2,400 miles (4,000 km) from the nearest continental shore, the Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated group of islands on the globe.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hawaiian_Islands (2513 words)

	Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On a single island, the climate can differ around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500 mm annual rainfall) to wet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5000 mm per year) through a temperate climate into alpine conditions of coldness and dryness.
		Note that, simply because of the relatively small area involved, many Hawaiian species are considered threatened even when at their normal population levels.
		Flora of the Hawaiian Islands from the Smithsonian Institution
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endemic_species_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands (769 words)

	Pacific Ocean - Line Islands
		The group forms one of the remotest island chains on Earth: the Rawaki Islands (also part of Kiribati) lie 1,800 km to the west, the Hawaiian Islands lie 1,600 km to the north and the Marquesas, Tuamotu Archipelago and Society Islands to the southeast and south.
		The island of Penrhyn in the northern Cook Islands is the Line Islands nearest Central Polynesian neighbour, lying 610 km to the northwest of Vostok.
		Even though the islands exhibit low levels of endemism and biodiversity, all of the islands in the chain are considered as internationally important for their large populations of breeding seabirds — particularly Kiritimati, Malden, Millenium and Starbuck.
	oceandots.com /pacific/line (549 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands
		The plant and animal life of the Hawaiian archipelago is first the result of early, very infrequent colonizations by arriving species and the slow evolution of those species—in isolation from the rest of the world's flora and fauna—over a period of at least 70 million years.
		The islands are well known for the remarkable diversity of environments that occur on a high mountain in a trade winds field.
		Flora of the Hawaiian Islands from the Smithsonian Institution
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands (769 words)

	Hawaiian Islands - TheBestLinks.com - Archipelago, Earth, Earthquake, Hurricane, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of numerous islands and atolls trending northwest by southeast in the North Pacific Ocean between latitudes 19° N and 29° N. The archipelago takes as its name that of the largest island in the group.
		Except for Midway which is an unincorporated territory of the United States, these islands are administered as the State of Hawaii — the 50th of the United States of America.
		The chain of islands or archipelago formed as the Pacific plate moves slowly northwestward over a hot spot in the earth's crust.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Hawaiian_Islands.html (746 words)

	Seacology - Island Facts
		The Hawaiian Islands, dubbed "the endangered species capital of the world," are a case in point.
		Many tropical islands are surrounded by coral reefs, often referred to as the "rainforests of the ocean" because of their astonishing diversity.
		Due to their low elevation levels, islands are particularly susceptible to the ill effects of rising sea levels caused by global warming.
	www.seacology.org /facts (649 words)

	Fiji encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Fiji politics and officials, Fiji History. Travel to Fiji (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae.
		A total of 132 islands and atolls comprise the Hawaiian Islands, with a total land area of 16,636 km² (6,423.4 square miles).
		The city of Hilo on the Big Island has historically been most impacted by tsunamis, where the inrushing water is accentuated by the shape of the bay on which the town is situated.
	www.fijiiworld.com /wiki-Hawaiian_Islands (1736 words)

	Hawaii Volcanoes National Park - Nature and Science - NationalParksTravelWebsite.com
		The Park sits on the southeastern edge of the youngest and largest island of Hawai"i at a latitude of 19°N. Hawai"i Volcanoes National Park is a vertical Park.
		Numerous native Hawaiian species such carnivorous caterpillars, happy face spiders and colorful Hawaiian honeycreepers began to evolve over 70 million years ago in nearly complete isolation.Over 90% of the native terrestrial flora and fauna in Hawai"i are found only in the Hawaiian islands.
		Consequently, the Park is a fantastic laboratory for the study of biogeography and evolution within the Pacific Islands.
	hawaii_volcanoes.nationalparkstravelwebsite.com /nature_and_science.html (428 words)

	Evolution, Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Hawaiian Birds: A Vanishing Avifauna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated archipelago in the world, and as a result, were one of the last places on the planet to be popu- lated (Fig.
		The Hawaiian Is- lands have seen the most tsunamis, a result of their central location relative to areas of seismic activity around the Pacific Rim and the lack of any energy-absorbing shelves around the group.
		Most of the islands of this group are only a few meters in elevation, and the combined effect of higher sea level during the mid- and late-Holocene with tsunamis helps explain why this group has fewer endemics than we predict based on its size and topography.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Condor/cooper/SGML/sab_022/sab_022.html (16081 words)

	Ecology: Biogeographical and ecological correlates of dioecy in the Hawaiian flora
		Ecology: Biogeographical and ecological correlates of dioecy in the Hawaiian flora
		Biogeographical and ecological correlates of dioecy in the Hawaiian flora
		The Hawaiian flora (971 native species) was founded by only a small number of colonists (291) and lineages of only a few colonists resulted in a large proportion of current species (89% of native angiosperm species are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands; Wagner et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_n8_v76/ai_17848335 (1299 words)

	Read about Hawaiian Islands at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Hawaiian Islands and learn about Hawaiian Islands ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Island of Hawai‘i in the south to northernmost
		A total of 19 islands and atolls comprise the Hawaiian Islands, with a total land area of
		Hilo on the Big Island has historically been most impacted by tsunamis, where the inrushing water is accentuated by the shape of the bay in front of the town.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Hawaiian_Islands (739 words)

	Field Natural History 470 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		On the island of Kauai, geologically the oldest of the main islands, we will be introduced to native Ohia and Koa forests at higher elevations, Hawaiian honeycreepers, native dragonflies, damselflies, beetles, and butterflies.
		The Hawaiian islands are characterized by subtropical to tropical climate and thus offer an opportunity for students to visit a unique environment with a climate vastly different from that of Texas.
		The island chain originated as volcanoes rising from the ocean floor and surfacing in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
	biology.swau.edu /faculty/nclass/classes/biol470.html (1015 words)

	Center for Hawaiian Studies, University of Hawai'i at Manoa
		BOT 450 Natural History of Hawaiian Islands (3) (2 Lec, 1-hr Lab) Geography, geology, climatology, biotic environment of Pacific Basin and Hawaiian Islands; endemism and evolution in terrestrial and marine biota of islands.
		EDEF 470 Hawaiian Ethnic Groups and Education (3) Survey of social-psychological-learning characteristics, heritage, identity problems of Hawai'i ethnic groups; study of prejudice and inter-ethnic hostilities as related to education and teaching.
		ZOOL 450 Natural History of Hawaiian Islands (3) (2 Lec, 1 1-hr Lab) Geography, geology, climatology, biotic environment of Pacific Basin and Hawaiian Islands; endemism and evolution in terrestrial and marine biota.
	www.hawaii.edu /chs/Hawaiian-Courses.html (1591 words)

	Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society: evolutionary patterns of the plant family Amaranthaceae on the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The higher level of endemism in Hawaii as compared with that in the Galápagos stems from the combined effects of the more isolated geographical position, the more varied ecological conditions, and the greater geological age of the Hawaiian chain.
		Floras of isolated oceanic islands are typically dominated by plant families characterized by good dispersal ability, although the descendents now present on an island may have lost adaptations to long distance dispersal.
		Both the Galápagos and the Hawaiian islands are famous for outstanding examples of adaptive radiation in several groups of organisms.
	www.24hourscholar.com /p/articles/mi_qa4017/is_200404/ai_n9363751 (1279 words)

	hawaiian island information,hawaiian island (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The hawaiian islands are an archipelago of numerous islands and atolls trending northwest bysoutheast in the North Pacific Ocean between latitudes 19° N and 29° N.The archipelago takes as its name that of the largest island in the group.
		Hence the islands in thenorthwest of the archipelago are older and typically smaller (have been eroding far longer).
		The islands receive most rainfall from the trade winds on their north andeast flanks (called the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation.
	www.vsearchmedia.com /hawaiian_island.html (680 words)

	Drift Seeds and Drift Fruits
		The Cayman Islands and Yucatan Peninsula lie directly in the path of the Equatorial Current, bringing thousands of unique drift disseminules from the Amazon and Orinoco deltas and across the Atlantic from river deltas of tropical west Africa.
		Coconuts prefer the well-drained coral sand beaches of tropical islands and atolls, and are poorly established along shores of continents.
		A marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on the rocky shoreline of Hood Island in the Galapagos Archipelago.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /pldec398.htm (7028 words)

	ipedia.com: Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Located some 2,400 miles from the nearest continental shore, the Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated group of islands on the globe.
		The plant and animal life of the Hawaiian archipelago is first th...
		Today, many of the remaining endemic species of plants and animals in the Hawaiian Islands are considered endangered, and some are critically endangered.
	www.ipedia.com /endemism_in_the_hawaiian_islands.html (703 words)

	The Zoogeographic Position of the Hawaiian Islands, by Ernst Mayr
		Another island group which causes difficulties, at least to the ornithologist, is the Hawaiian Archipelago.
		It is, therefore, of primary importance to determine the taxonomic position and nearest relatives of the Hawaiian endemics.
		Oceanic islands are colonized at different times by accidental stragglers.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/MAYR1943.htm (1696 words)

	UH Press Journals: Pacific Science, vol. 58, no. 2 (2004)
		Surveys (462) around the 10 islands were in depths of 20 m, and three surveys on the submerged Raita Bank were in depths of 30–35 m.
		Many coastal areas in the main Hawaiian Islands are periodically exposed to large waves, in particular from North Pacific swell and hurricanes.
		Reef accretion histories from the islands of Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, and Moloka‘i may be interpreted to suggest that a change in wave energy contributed to the reduction or termination of Holocene accretion by 5000 yr ago in some areas.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ps/PS582.html (3591 words)

	Hypopterygiaceae of the World -- Abstract
		Effective long-range dispersal is probably rare in Hypoptery-giaceae, and may have occurred only few times in the history of the family (e.g.
		Endemism in New Zealand, Australia, and South America suggests that the origin of the Hypopterygiaceae is situated in East Gondwanaland.
		The presumably terrestrial, dendroid ancestral species were probably distributed in active mountain ranges on the margin of the continent and faced cool temperate conditions and occupied humid, terrestrial habitats at low altitude.
	website.leidenuniv.nl /~kruijerjd/abstract.html (734 words)

	NWHI: Discussion Index
		How many islands are there in the NWHI?
		Why aren't there more Hawaiian Monk Seal pictures?
		Is the Crown of Thorns Starfish an Invasive Threat?
	www.hawaiianatolls.org /discussion (313 words)

	Hawaiian Natural History Tour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hawaiian natural history will be explored while hiking, snorkeling, and visiting with local experts.
		The most active and remote volcanic islands in the world provide unique opportunities for studying ecological succession, biological evolution and volcanism.
		Many parts of the Hawaiian Islands, which we will explore, remain a naturalist's paradise.
	www.okcu.edu /biology/natural/hawaii.htm (530 words)

	Hawaiian Islands
		At about 4,000 km (2,484 miles) from the nearest continent, the Hawaiian Island archipelago is the most isolated island system on Earth.
		Smaller islands, atolls, and reefs (beyond Ni‘ihau and all uninhabited); called the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Map of the Hawaiian Islands, a chain of volcanoes that stretches about 2,700 km in a northwesterly direction from the Island of Hawai‘i.
		Mauna Kea, comprising over half of the Big Island, is considered by some to be the highest mountain on the earth, the measurement from its base locally depressing the sea floor to its peak being 56,000 feet (17 km; USGS) See also: List of Hawaii rivers
	www.datamass.net /ha/hawaiian-islands.html (770 words)

	Adaptive radiation & Endemic species on islands
		Hawaii is extremely isolated & is over 4000 km from the nearest continental land
		This extreme isolation and consequent low rate of arrival of species has resulted in a degree of endemism unmatched anywhere else in the world.
		Known extinctions of species on islands & continents since AD 1600
	www.abdn.ac.uk /zoohons/lecture5 (75 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
		This Hawaiian expression means that a person begins in a small way and gains steadily until he becomes firmly established (Rauzon, 2001).
		Both Nihoa and Necker are small basalt islands, and are of similar ecological and cultural importance.
		The isolation of the NWHI has led to a high rate of endemism (the evolution of unique species), and many indigenous species (organisms found nowhere else) of birds, insects, plants, and marine organisms.
	www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/02hawaii/logs/oct28/oct28.html (915 words)

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