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Topic: Endodermis

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Parenchyma

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	The Endodermis
		The Endodermis is one of the most important adaptations of terrestrial plants.
		In the absence of an endodermis plants would not be able to regulate water uptake by the roots and maintain the water balance of the plant.
		Bryophytes lack an endodermis and they are unable to maintain large aerial systems.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/webb/BOT311/Roots/Endodermis.htm (393 words)

	Roots
		The arrow indicates a non lignified "passage cell" in the endodermis.
		The arrow indicates a passage cell in the endodermis immediately outside of a group of xylem cells.
		The arrow indicates a passage cell in the otherwise lignified endodermis.
	www.lima.ohio-state.edu /academics/biology/archive/roots.html (673 words)

	Seago, James L., Jr. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Members of the Nymphaeaceae typically have an endodermis with Casparian bands only, an extensive, hexagonally patterned aerenchyma with branched sclereids spreading from semi-regular hexagon cells and with transverse diaphragms, and a multiseriate hypodermis composed of a uniseriate exodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae and with cellulose-thickened cell walls in some species.
		The Cabombaceae have small roots with an endodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae, a simple aerenchyma without sclereids or transverse diaphragms, and a uniseriate exodermis with Casparian bands and distinctive suberin lamellae.
		The Nelumbonaceae have an endodermis with Casparian bands, suberin lamellae, and secondarily lignified cell walls, a hexagonally patterned aerenchyma without sclereids or transverse diaphragms, and a multiseriate hypodermis with a uniseriate exodermis of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae and an inner hypodermis with distinct patterns of lignified cell walls.
	www.botany.org /bsa/portland/section2/abstracts/10.shtml (197 words)

	Mosaic analyses using marked activation and deletion clones dissect Arabidopsis SCARECROW action in asymmetric cell ...
		GFP:SHR protein is localized to the nucleus in the endodermis, ground tissue stem cells, and QC.
		The endodermis and cortex markers indicate that the SCR-mediated
		In the endodermis, SCR prevents SHR movement to the neighboring cortex cell file, thereby preventing additional periclinal divisions.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/18/16/1964 (4031 words)

	Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society: root cortex of the nymphaeaceae, cabombaceae, and nelumbonaceae1, The
		The members of the Nymphaeaceae have an endodermis usually with Casparian bands only, many astrosclereids and some transverse diaphragms scattered throughout the aerenchyma, and a hypodermis with a uniseriate exodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae, although there may be some secondary, cellulosic thickening.
		The Cabombaceae are characterized by small roots with an endodermis with Casparian bands and uneven suberin lamellae, aerenchyma without sclereids or diaphragms, and an exodermis with Casparian bands and distinctive suberin lamellae.
		The Nelumbonaceae are distinctly different: Nelumbo has an endodermis of Casparian bands, suberin lamellae, and secondarily lignified walls, an aerenchyma without sclereids or diaphragms, and a multiseriate hypodermis with a uniseriate exodermis of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae, and an inner hypodermis with distinctly lignified walls.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4017/is_200201/ai_n9035160 (961 words)

	Biology - Physiology - Translocation
		At the endodermis, it must pass through the cytoplasm; then into lumen of xylem cells and need never enter another living cell.
		Endodermis can actively (ATP energy) accumulate ions leading to osmotic uptake of water which can be pushed up the plant.
		This is important in spring and recovery (often at night) from blockage of xylem by gas bubbles.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hort/biology/ptranslo.html (420 words)

	Water movement through a plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Once inside the root hair, the water needs to be transferred to the xylem, the vascular tissue involved in water transport through the plant.
		There is a water concentration gradient across the root which means that water which has entered the root hair cell continues to move across the cortex to the endodermis by osmosis.
		The route taken by much of the water is through the cellulose cell walls, the rest of the water either passes through the cytoplasm of the cells or via the cell vacuoles.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmar00/watermvt2.html (122 words)

	Tree Root Anatomy and Hydraulic Properties
		Recent studies have shown the pine root to be comprised of three anatomical zones from youngest to oldest: white zone, condensed tannin (CT) zone, and cork zone (McKenzie and Peterson 1995).
		Recent measurements of first-year loblolly pine seedlings showed white zone root length did not change much over the growing season because white zone was converted to CT zone as fast as the roots grew.
		The conductive part of gymnosperm xylem is composed of tracheids that have a low conductivity and high resistance to cavitation failure compared to vessels in angiosperm xylem.
	www.okstate.edu /ag/asnr/fore/research/hallgren/rootanatomy/rootanatomy.html (510 words)

	BIL 105 - Fall 2000 - Lecture 7
		The belt of suberin around every endodermis cell is called a CASPARIAN STRIP (after the person who first described those belts).
		endodermis (since water is not generally absorbed through the surface of the stem!) - This single-celled layer forms a cylinder around the root stele, with each cell bearing a band of waxy SUBERIN, which prevents interstitial entry of water into the root.
		The endodermis thus causes the plasma membranes of its component cells to act as a selective filter for what gets into the vascular tissue of the root.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /Faculty/Dana/105F00_7.html (635 words)

	Roots and Underground Stems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The endodermis surrounding the vascular tissue has Casparian strips that block movement between cells, forcing all materials entering the vascular system to be "filtered" by a selectively permeable membrane.
		Up to the endodermis, water and dissolved substances may move between cells by the apoplastic pathway, which involves adhesion of water to cell walls and cohesion between water molecules.
		Another characteristic root tissue is the pericycle, which produces branch roots, particularly in regions of the soil that have enough nitrate and phosphate.
	blue.butler.edu /~kschmid/302/rvrootsf00.htm (976 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 29, 1, January, 1942 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The centripetal development of endodermal cell walls, the unsaturated nature of suberin, and the irregular distribution of the endodermis are evidences of a fluctuation in oxidation and deposition.
		The endodermal starch sheath is low in oxidases, which apparently accounts for the retention of starch and the absence of centripetal deposits characteristic of the endodermis.
		The retention of starch in the endodermis, to form a starch sheath, seems to be due, in some instances at least, to the deposition over each grain of a thin but clearly detectable pellicle of suberic substance which does not permit access of hydrolyzing enzymes to the starch.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001398.html (3090 words)

	Roots
		The Endodermis is clearly visible in this Stele.
		The Stele consists of Individual Bundles of Vascular Tissue.These contain a central strand of xylem surrounded by Phloem with an Endodermis surrounding the bundle.
		Eustele is similar to the dictyostele except that the bundles lack an endodermis and are collateral.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/webb/BOT201/RootStemStele/RootStemStele.htm (362 words)

	queries2.html
		a ribbon of suberin (wax) that fills the apoplastic pathway between root endodermis cells.
		The second mitosis of the male gametophyte happens in the pollen tube as it is growing down the style.
		(ie, the endodermis cell membrane or the vascular cylinder cell membrane)
	www.uvm.edu /~dbarring/bio2queries4.html (2838 words)

	The Endodermis
		Keep in mind that molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
		The endodermis separates the Cortex from the Stele.
		Sugar molecules are abundant in the cortex (outside) and absent in the stele (inside).
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/Endodermis.htm (374 words)

	Cortical development in roots of the aquatic plant Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae) -- Seago et al. 87 (8): 1116 -- ...
		The apoplastic permeability of the hypodermis and endodermis
		Walls of the inner cortex (to left of endodermis) are thickened and stain vividly with toluidine blue O. Cortical cells are arranged in radial files.
		1996 Functions of passage cells in the endodermis and exodermis of roots.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/8/1116 (6044 words)

	Transcription Factor Networks. Pathways to the Knowledge of Root Development -- Montiel et al. 136 (3): 3478 -- PLANT ...
		The primary root meristem consists of the QC and the undifferentiated initial cells of the lateral root cap, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular cylinder organized in concentric rings and containing a highly conserved number of cells.
		The lateral root cap and the epidermis originate from the same initials and at the radial flank, cortex and endodermis are also formed from the same initials.
		nor in the endodermis where it is required for correct differentiation.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/136/3/3478 (5213 words)

	Radial hydraulic conductivity along developing onion roots -- Barrowclough et al. 51 (344): 547 -- Journal of ...
		Segment A, immature endodermis and exodermis; segment B, endodermis with Casparian bands, immature exodermis; segment C, developing exodermis with Casparian bands and sometimes also suberin lamellae; segment D, endodermis with Casparian bands, exodermis with Casparian bands and suberin lamellae; segment E, endodermis and exodermis with both Casparian bands and suberin lamellae.
		Deposition of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the exodermis and endodermis of young corn and onion roots.
		A comparison of histochemical and anatomical characteristics of the hypodermis with the endodermis in vascular plants.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/344/547 (5981 words)

	Nutrient Absorption and Movement through the Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ion uptake into roots occurs through apoplastic and symplastic pathways to the endodermis- Like water transport, movement of ions through the soil is due primarily to bulk flow (with water).
		Xylem loading is facilitated by xylem parenchyma cells that are connected to the endodermis and tracheary elements
		Passive diffusion concept for xylem loading – Hypothesizes that ions are taken up into epidermal or cortical cells by active transport and then move by passive diffusion to the xylem, i.e.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /hort/courses/HORT301/MikesLectures/NutrientAbsMove.html (631 words)

	326 SoilScience/Horticulture/Agronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Roots in cross section consist of an epidermis (with root hairs), cortex, endodermis (with Casparian strip), and stele (containing xylem and phloem elements.) Plant cells include a cell wall, which is porous to water and nutrients.
		By contrast, nutrients may cross the plasmalemma (cell membrane) at the endodermis and then be transferred from cell to cell in a radial direction across the cortex through plasmodesmata (cell-to-cell protoplast bridges), so that the nutrients need not be excreted from one cell in order to be adsorbed by the next.
		All transport across the endodermis must be symplastic be cause of the water-tight nature of the endodermis.
	www.soils.wisc.edu /~barak/soilscience326/mar06_03.htm (1291 words)

	Notes112 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In monocots the vascular tissue is not found directly in the center of the root.
		Endodermis: inner layer of cortex that regulates movement of mineral ions and water into vascular tissue.
		Thus, water entering the endodermis must travel through the cells, not between them.
	www.bsu.edu /classes/morrell/bio112/chapter34.htm (224 words)

	The role of the root endodermis in ion uptake: Insights from T-DNA insertions in plasma membrane proton pumps
		The role of the root endodermis in ion uptake: Insights from T-DNA insertions in plasma membrane proton pumps
		Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA The plasma membrane of plant cells is energized by an electrochemical gradient produced by P-type H+-ATPases (proton pumps).
		A disruption of this pump (aha4-1) was identified as a T-DNA insertion in the middle of the gene.
	abstracts.aspb.org /pb2002/public/P43/0905.html (270 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Mobile Protein Signals Cell Fate
		Thus, SHR is necessary for both cell division and endodermis specification.
		SHR messenger RNA is found exclusively in the stele cells internal to the endodermis and cortex, indicating that it has a non-cell-autonomous mode of action.
		Here we show that the SHR protein, a putative transcription factor, moves from the stele to a single layer of adjacent cells, where it enters the nucleus.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=135656&pf=1 (258 words)

	2002F_lect5(roots).htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Casparian strip in the cell wall of root endodermis forces water to pass through cell membranes of the endodermis cells and allow plants to regulate entry of mineral ions (symplastic transport).
		Suberin-rich strip in cell walls of root endodermis cells, that prevents apoplastic movement of water and minerals from cortex to stele.
		------> consequence: water and minerals have to move symplastically to cross the endodermis.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/kitajima/BOT2010/2002F_lect5(roots).htm (443 words)

	BOTANY REVIEW QUESTIONS
		The tissue adjacent to the endodermis toward the center of a root is the:
		Cells of an endodermis that do not have Casparian strips are:
		To the inside of the endodermis, toward the center of a root is the:
	www.uwstout.edu /faculty/jamesr/Ch5ReviewQuestions.htm (673 words)

	roots
		tissue they are screened by the membrane of the endodermis.
		endodermis forces water to move through the living part is that there is a layer
		Apoplast tissue of the root- water and minerals will move through root through nonliving parts of cell until the endodermis is encountered.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/bio109n/roots.html (680 words)

	Evidence for Symplastic Involvement in the Radial Movement of Calcium in Onion Roots -- Cholewa and Peterson 134 (4): ...
		exodermis and/or endodermis, is its pathway predominantly apoplastic
		Casparian bands and suberin lamellae (asterisks) are present in the exodermis and Casparian bands (arrowheads) and suberin lamellae in the endodermis.
		Barnabas AD, Peterson CA (1992) Development of Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the endodermis of onion roots.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/134/4/1793 (6830 words)

	ANATOMY I
		In the mature root the epidermis has lost its root hairs, the cortex is greatly enlarged and serves for food (starch) storage, and the central stele is surrounded by the endodermis.
		Inside the endodermis are a few layers of cells that remain meristematic, then the phloem and finally the xylem which is often arranged in a band or cross.
		Roots continue their exploration of soil space by developing new apical meristems from the pericycle.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs300/anat1.htm (711 words)

	Exam II Spring 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The eosin will penetrate the root apoplastically until it reaches the endodermis.
		The endodermis will not have the appropriate transport protein for active eosin uptake, so the dye cannot enter that cell or the vascular cylinder.
		Transport is halted at the apoplastic barrier: the casparian strip.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /Plant_Biology/exams/Ex2.97.html (797 words)

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