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Topic: Endosperm

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	EndoSperm.info
		Maize endosperm is one of the most significant agronomic tissues since it is a source of animal feed, a sweetener for various foods and soft drinks, an alternative grain for making beer, and a raw material for ethanol production.
		Endosperm is also interesting from a genetic point of view because it is triploid, receiving one paternal and two maternal sets of chromosomes and it is terminally differentiated.
		The consortium's objective is to identify the genes that control the development of this tissue.
	pgir.rutgers.edu /endosperm.org/EndoSperm.html (165 words)

	The Seed Biology Place - Endosperm weakening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Endosperm weakening of tomato (Toorop et al., 2000) and coffee (da Silva et al., 2004) appears to be biphasic with respect to abscisic acid (ABA): The first phase is not inhibited by ABA, i.e.
		Clades with experimental evidence for endosperm-limited germination and endosperm weakening are in bold and numbered (1) to (10).
		ABA inhibition of ß-1,3-glucanase in the endosperm is widespread among Solanaceae seeds (Petruzelli et al.
	www.seedbiology.de /weakening.asp (1844 words)

	Sorghum and millets in human nutrition
		In pearl millet, it is pericarp 8.4 percent, endosperm 75 percent and germ 16.5 percent (Abdelrahman, Hoseney and Varriano-Marston, 1984).
		The ratio of endosperm to germ in pearl millet is 4.5:1, while in the sorghum kernel it is 8.4:1.
		The proportions of corneous and floury endosperm determine the texture of the millet kernel.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/T0818e/T0818E02.htm (1195 words)

	Botany online: ESSAY - Central cell fertilization - endosperm - in vitro
		The heterogeneity of endosperm tissue is characterized in maize by densely cytoplasmic cells predominately located at the base of the suspensor and larger vacuolated cells in other regions near the embryo (Schel et al., 1984).
		Processes involved in the transition from coenocytic to cellularized endosperm are conserved in barley, wheat, rice and maize (Brown et al., 1994, 1996a, 1996b; Olsen et al., 1995).
		Both the embryo and the endosperm are composed of a globular part containing small cells rich in cytoplasm and another part consisting of large cells, which represent the suspensor and a haustorium-like tissue, respectively.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kranz/St-Louis.htm (4250 words)

	Endosperm amyloplast membrane proteins and their antibodies
		Leaf chloroplasts and endosperm amyloplasts have distinctly different functions and are also expected to have differences in protein composition.
		Endosperms were collected and membranes isolated from 12 to 25 g of A188 (white endosperm) 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 16 dap and from an early season PAG hybrid (yellow endosperm) 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 dap.
		When immunofluorescence techniques were used with fresh endosperm tissue, most of the fluorescence was observed around starch grains which indicated that antibodies bound primarily to the amyloplast envelope membrane, but some weak fluorescence also was observed from the plasma membrane.
	www.maizegdb.org /mnl/64/162kangasjarvi.html (674 words)

	Projects and Research Opportunities
		Others have argued that the fusion of male and female nuclei associated with the initiation of endosperm in angiosperms is not sexual in nature, but instead is a vegetative fertilization that serves to stimulate belated development of the embryo sac.
		As such, endosperm is viewed as a phase of female gametophyte development that is evolutionarily homologous with the female gametophytes of all other seed plants.
		Although double fertilization and endosperm have been considered to be defining features of angiosperms for over a century, the participation of two sperm from a single pollen tube in an act of double fertilization in angiosperms has never been documented in any angiosperm basal to the common ancestor of monocots and eudicots.
	spot.colorado.edu /~friedmaw/projects/dipl.html (841 words)

	New Page 1
		The endosperm is a simple tissue composed of 3 major cell types: the starchy endosperm (yellow), the basal transfer layer (blue) and the aleurone (red).
		The peripheral endosperm cells of the dek1 mutant kernel have attributes of starchy endosperm.
		Because the mutant has starchy endosperm in the periphery midway in development and onward, these revertant cells have switched identity from starchy endosperm to aleurone.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~becraft/Endosperm.htm (1044 words)

	Pet food product with coconut endosperm fiber - Patent 6656512
		The coconut endosperm fibre may be used as the single dietary fibre component or in combination with one or more other dietary fibre components, such as beet pulp, chicory, citrus pulp, rice bran, carob bean or gum talha.
		The coconut endosperm fibre may be fresh or in any other form such as copra defatted copra (also referred to, amongst others, as copra cake, copra presscake or copra meal) coconut flour, defatted coconut flour, full or defatted desiccated coconut, copra, or degraded coconut endosperm which has been heated or enzymatically treated.
		The incorporation of the level of coconut endosperm fibre, (which may differ according to the form of the coconut endosperm, for example copra or desiccated coconut) can easily be determined by identifying the amount of dietary fibre in the particular form of the coconut endosperm fibre.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6656512.html (10287 words)

	Maternal effect leads to DNA replication pattern in maize endosperm
		Mitotic activity in the endosperm peaks at 8 to 10 dap.
		Nuclear preparations made from the entire endosperm of one kernel were stained with mithramycin A. Similar preparations were made from embryo tissue.
		Maternal effects arise due to protein(s) or transcript(s) encoded by the nuclear genome of the maternal parent that influence the development/performance of the progeny.
	www.agron.missouri.edu /mnl/65/178kowles.html (700 words)

	Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 73.315 - Corn endosperm oil
		(1) The color additive corn endosperm oil is a reddish-brown liquid composed chiefly of glycerides, fatty acids, sitosterols, and carotenoid pigments obtained by isopropyl alcohol and hexane extraction from the gluten fraction of yellow corn grain.
		The definition of corn endosperm oil in this paragraph is for the purpose of definition as a color additive only and shall not be construed as a food standard of identity under section 401 of the act.
		The color additive corn endosperm oil may be safely used in chicken feed in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (1) The color additive is used to enhance the yellow color of chicken skin and eggs.
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~lrd/cfr73315.html (400 words)

	Cellularisation in the endosperm of Arabidopsis thaliana is coupled to mitosis and shares multiple components with ...
		as the micropylar endosperm, surrounding the embryo at the anterior
		expression at the posterior pole of the endosperm (Fig.
		In spätzle endosperm (E), the coalescence of NCDs is observed in the non-cellularised PEN and its distinction from the CZE is less clear than in the wild type or in knolle.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/129/24/5567 (5609 words)

	The defective kernel 1 (dek1) gene required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm of maize grains encodes a ...
		Endosperm of cereal grains is one of the most important renewable resources for food, feed, and industrial raw material.
		Endosperm of cereal grains is a valuable resource for food, feed, and industrial raw material.
		Starchy endosperm cells (SE) are located in the periphery of the endosperm close to the remnants of the nucellus (arrow).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/8/5460 (4327 words)

	Isolation of GUS marker lines for genes expressed in Arabidopsis endosperm, embryo and maternal tissues -- Stangeland ...
		The micropylar endosperm that surrounds the embryo is the
		In the ovule with late globular/transition stage of embryo, syncytial endosperm of the MC surrounds the embryo.
		Endosperm- and integument-specific GUS reporter PESCE1 (D) and the chalazal GUS reporter GNOCCHI expressed in the chalazal endosperm at late syncytial (not shown) stage are markers of this stage.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/381/279 (6086 words)

	Arabidopsis haiku Mutants Reveal New Controls of Seed Size by Endosperm -- Garcia et al. 131 (4): 1661 -- PLANT ...
		At triangular embryo stage, the endosperm is completely cellularized in iku1 and iku2 seed (D and G, arrowheads), in contrast to the WT (A, arrowhead).
		In WT seeds, the endosperm is entirely cellularized at heart embryo stage (arrowhead in inset; A).
		In WT seeds, the endosperm is characterized by the absence of cellularization at the posterior pole, occupied by a syncytial cyst (c; A), which is extremely reduced in iku mutants (D).
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/131/4/1661 (6057 words)

	Maternal Control of Integument Cell Elongation and Zygotic Control of Endosperm Growth Are Coordinated to Determine ...
		The endosperm and the embryo are enclosed in the maternally
		We observe the effect on seed size ([B] to [D]) and on endosperm development ([F] to [H]) of the ttg2 mutation ([B] and [F]), of the iku2 mutation ([C] and [G]), and of the combination of ttg2 and iku2 ([D] and [H]).
		in the syncytial endosperm and tension sensed by the surrounding
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/17/1/52 (5134 words)

	Nuclear Endosperm Development in Cereals and Arabidopsis thaliana -- Olsen 16 (Supplement 1): S214 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Cellularization of the Endosperm Coenocyte in Cereals and Arabidopsis.
		endosperm cells is the inner daughter cells of aleurone cells
		endosperm in cereals and Arabidopsis is that the nuclear endosperm
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/suppl_1/S214 (6887 words)

	Genetic Analyses of Endoreduplication in Zea mays Endosperm: Evidence of Sporophytic and Zygotic Maternal Control -- ...
		Histograms representing the endosperm with the highest measured ploidy for each inbred are illustrated.
		The x-axes are the log of the fluorescence intensity and the y-axes correspond to the relative frequency of a given intensity.
		By 13 DAP, the E3P value for B73 endosperm was 9 C, and it increased to >10 C by 18 DAP.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/160/3/1163 (7029 words)

	Cereal Chem 2001 \| N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequence Analysis of Endosperm Proteins in Japanese Hexaploid Wheat.
		Based on sequence determination of the Japanese hexaploid wheats, the endosperm protein could be easily characterized.
		Wheat endosperm protein, extracted in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and SDS, fractionated into many protein polypeptides using 2D-PAGE under dissociating conditions.
		The novel endosperm protein polypeptides were detected, and two new types of N-terminal amino acid sequences have been found for protein polypeptides.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/2001/1205-02R.asp (249 words)

	Expression of an Expansin Is Associated with Endosperm Weakening during Tomato Seed Germination -- Chen and Bradford ...
		Because endosperm cap weakening is the critical process governing radicle emergence in tomato seeds, we have further examined
		Rose JK, Lee HH, Bennett AB (1997) Expression of a divergent expansin gene is fruit-specific and ripening-regulated.
		Sánchez RA, de Miguel L (1997) Phytochrome promotion of mannan-degrading enzyme activities in the micropylar endosperm of Datura ferox seeds requires the presence of the embryo and gibberellin synthesis.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/124/3/1265 (5813 words)

	endosperm
		A second male gamete from the pollen grain fuses with two female nuclei within the embryo sac.
		Thus endosperm cells are triploid (having three sets of chromosomes);; they contain food reserves such as starch, fat, and protein that are utilized by the developing seedling.
		In ‘non-endospermic’ seeds, absorption of these food molecules by the embryo is completed early, so that the endosperm has disappeared by the time of germination.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0006937.html (267 words)

	Endosperm-limited Brassicaceae Seed Germination: Abscisic Acid Inhibits Embryo-induced Endosperm Weakening of Lepidium ...
		Endosperm-limited Brassicaceae Seed Germination: Abscisic Acid Inhibits Embryo-induced Endosperm Weakening of Lepidium sativum (cress) and Endosperm Rupture of Cress and Arabidopsis thaliana -- Müller et al.
		Endosperm-limited Brassicaceae Seed Germination: Abscisic Acid Inhibits Embryo-induced Endosperm Weakening of Lepidium sativum (cress) and Endosperm Rupture of Cress and Arabidopsis thaliana
		Rupture of the testa (seed coat) and rupture of the endosperm
	pcp.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/short/47/7/864?rss=1 (370 words)

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