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Topic: Endospore

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Spore

Bacillus subtilis

Spirogyra

Granite

Scientific classification

Sporulation

	ScienceDaily: Endospore
		An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family.
		Endospores are commonly found in soil and water, where they may survive for long periods of time.
		Endospore -- An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of bacteria from the Firmicute family.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Endospore (1456 words)

	The Microbial World :: They rule
		Endospores are refractile - light cannot penetrate them so that they are very easy to see in the phase microscope and this makes it easy to detect them.
		Endospores that were dormant for thousands of years in the great tombs of the Egyptian pharohs were able to germinate and grow when placed in appropriate medium.
		Endospores enable a species to spread eaily from one suitable environment to antoher an many endospore-forming bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment.
	www.microbiologytext.com /index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=69 (671 words)

	Jack's "Bugs in the News" - What the Heck is Anthrax?
		Endospore formation is common to the genus Bacillus, and is a special form of the bacterial cell that is highly resistant to heat, dessication (lack of water) and radiation.
		This endospore form of the organism essentially exists in a state of "suspended animation." Once the organism infects an animal or human, however, the endospore reverts to what is named a vegetative cell.
		The endospore must be between 1 micrometer (millionths of a meter) and 5 micrometers in diameter, and no larger in order for the particle to enter the alveolar spaces deep inside the lungs.
	people.ku.edu /~jbrown/anthrax.htm (1484 words)

	Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The nature of the endospore requires a vigorous treatment for staining, but once stained, the endospores are difficult to decolorize.
		In the endospore stain, water is the decolorizing agent that removes the primary stain from the vegetative cells.
		For a endospore stain to be successful, the temperature of the stain must be near boiling and the stain cannot dry out.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=90 (391 words)

	Bacillus
		Endospores have proven to be the most durable type of cell found in Nature, and in their cryptobiotic state of dormancy, they can remain viable for extremely long periods of time, perhaps millions of years.
		Endospores are formed by vegetative cells in response to environmental signals that indicate a limiting factor for vegetative growth, such as exhaustion of an essential nutrient.
		Due to the resistance of their endospores to environmental stress, as well as their long-term survival under adverse conditions, most aerobic sporeformers are ubiquitous and can be isolated from a wide variety of sources.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /Bacillus.html (5350 words)

	Bacteriology 102 - Bacillus
		Endospores are metabolically inert and can withstand a wider variety of deleterious conditions than reproductive spores – such as radiation, abrasion, extremes of heat and cold, and lack of nutrients and water.
		Like a reproductive spore, an endospore will germinate and form a vegetative cell when conditions return for the growth of these cells, and generations of vegetative cells will again thrive as long as the appropriate nutrients and environmental conditions are present.
		An endospore is "activated" – i.e., ready to germinate – after an extended period of dormancy, such as those present in many of our soil samples that we keep around for months to decades.
	www.splammo.net /bact102/102bacillus.html (1467 words)

	Prokaryotic Cell Structure: Endospores
		Endospores are quite resistant to high temperatures (including boiling), most disinfectants, low energy radiation, drying, etc. The endospore can survive possibly thousands of years until a variety of environmental stimuli trigger germination (def), allowing outgrowth of a single vegetative bacterium (def) as shown in Fig 1K.
		Finally, the remainder of the bacterium is degraded and the endospore is released.
		The cortex may osmotically remove water from the interior of the endospore and the dehydration that results is thought to be very important in the endospore's resistance to heat and radiation.
	student.ccbcmd.edu /courses/bio141/lecguide/unit1/prostruct/spore.html (713 words)

	Microbe Magazine
		Because the endospore is metabolically quiescent and highly dispersible, it can survive harsh environmental conditions and may even be transported to other environments where conditions are more favorable for growth.
		polyspora to form multiple endospores in a single mother cell, relying on this mechanism instead of binary fission as a primary means for reproduction.
		Endospore formation coordinates with cycling of the symbionts through the host GI tract.
	www.asm.org /microbe/index.asp?bid=41230 (1976 words)

	Endospores: Isolation and Characterization
		Be sure to note the location of any endospores, their shape (round vs. ellipsoid), if the spores swell the sides of the bacteria (swollen sporangium), and the size of the cells (large vs. small).
		If you are unable to observe endospores, redo the endospore stain next period using a bit of growth from the NAM slant.
		Your assignment for next period is to design an experiment to compare the heat resistance of endospores from a mesophile to endospores from a thermophile.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /outreach/experiments/Endospores (593 words)

	Endospore Structure
		Endospores are composed of a central spore cell, which is surrounded by various protective
		The outermost layer is the exosporium, which is a thin covering made of protein.
		vegetative cells; therefore, endospores are capable of surviving at levels of
	www.arches.uga.edu /~howie/structure.html (295 words)

	Nocturnal Production of Endospores in Natural Populations of Epulopiscium-Like Surgeonfish Symbionts -- Flint et al. ...
		the coat, cortex and core of a mature endospore (19, 41).
		Prior to sunrise, the endospores begin to germinate and are released from the mother cell to repeat the cycle.
		endospores per mother cell is a significant form of reproduction.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/187/21/7460 (5568 words)

	CiteULike: Cloning and characterization of a gene required for assembly of the Bacillus subtilis spore coat. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis, approximately a dozen proteins are synthesized and assembled around the prespore to form a protective coat.
		Little is known about the assembly process, but several of the genes encoding these coat proteins are expressed in the mother cell compartment, where the proteins accumulate on the outer side of the developing endospore.
		However, during the later stages of development the coat proteins assembled into aberrant structures that occurred freely in the mother cell cytoplasm and that consisted of reiterations of the single inner and outer layers that normally make up the spore coat.
	www.citeulike.org /user/balajis/article/1021289 (561 words)

	Definition of Endospore
		An endospore is any spore that is produced within an organism (usually a bacterium).
		The primary function of most endospores is to ensure the survival of a colony through periods of environmental stress.
		Endospores are therefore resistant to dessication, temperature, starvation, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and chemical disinfectants.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Endospore (309 words)

	Kligler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As viewed under oil immersion; note presence of green endospores stained with malachite green and vegetative cells stained with safranin.
		Do not mistake green ‘stuff’ that may be present on the slide after staining for endospores -- endospores are symmetrical in shape and appearance, and smaller than the vegetative cells (several are indicated with fl arrows).
		In this culture, few endospores remain within cells (an example of an endospore in a cell is shown by the blue arrow) – essentially all have been released
	www.marietta.edu /~spilatrs/biol202/labresults/endospores.html (84 words)

	Macrophage-Mediated Germination of Bacillus anthracis Endospores Requires the gerH Operon -- Weiner and Hanna 71 (7): ...
		for endospore germination in the presence of macrophages and
		Each experiment was performed in triplicate with at least two separate preparations of labeled endospores, and the results are reported with an error of ±1 standard deviation of the mean.
		Identification and characterization of the gerH operon of Bacillus anthracis endospores: a differential role for purine nucleosides in germination.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/7/3954 (3138 words)

	Bacillus - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The endospore is, essentially, a dormant clone of the original bacterium that is protected by a thickened cell wall, and is retained within the body of the original bacterium.
		The bacterium, itself, dies once its environment worsens further, but, the now-liberated endospore is released.
		When the environment becomes favorable again, the endospore excysts and continues on its merry way.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php?title=Bacillus&redirect=no&printable=yes (323 words)

	Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships .. S U R F .. <Caltech> ..
		Bacterial spores (endospores) are the most resistant forms of life, capable of surviving environmental extremes such as temperature, desiccation, and radiation.
		Reports indicate that endospores can survive for years in space, and can be revived after lying dormant for thousands of years.
		To this end, we recently demonstrated a novel endospore viability assay (EVA) capable of quantifying the viable fraction of endospores embedded in desert soils, permafrost, and ice cores.
	www.surf.caltech.edu /applicants/opportunity/2006/JPL_Ponce.html (214 words)

	Biological Diversity 2
		Endospores are a method of survival, not one of reproduction.
		The part of the bacterial cell outside the endospore deteriorates and the endospore is released.
		Endospores allow bacteria that produce them to survive in the harshest of environments.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html (4221 words)

	Index of Alken -Murray Microbial Dry Products
		Specialty blend designed to be effective on benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, methyl-naphthalene, anthracene and C10 to C17 aliphatics, as found in diesel fuels.
		Cattle and horse manure mound and pit liquifier and degrader,
		especially where hay and sawdust bedding is included in the waste.Contains 7 endospore forming Bacillus strains, 3 vegetative gram-negative strains of bacteria and 5 strains of fungi.
	www.alken-murray.com /Bugdindex.htm (2070 words)

	Applications of a Rapid Endospore Viability Assay for Monitoring UV Inactivation and Characterizing Arctic Ice Cores -- ...
		Applications of a Rapid Endospore Viability Assay for Monitoring UV Inactivation and Characterizing Arctic Ice Cores
		spores/ml (i.e., the percentage of germinable endospores was
		the percentage of germinable endospores was 80.9% ± 8.8%),
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/72/10/6808 (330 words)

	(All multiple choice questions are worth 2 points each unless indicated otherwise)
		Endospore formers are all members of the Gram positive lineage of the Bacteria.
		Some endospore formers are facultative aerobes, others are obligate aerobes, and some are aerotolerant anaerobes.
		The position of an endospore (wiothin the cell) varies among genera, and it is genetically determined
	www.humboldt.edu /~pls13/sp2001exam1key.html (1791 words)

	EPOB 3400 Microbiology Lecture 7
		Most of the endospore formers are grouped into two genera, Bacillus and Clostridium.
		Endospores survive for years in a dormant state.
		There are some recent claims that endospores can survive for millions of years - but these claims are controversial.
	spot.colorado.edu /~schmidts/Teaching/EPOB3400/micro7-2000.html (892 words)

	►**x_E_A_S_Y_._B_I_Z_._C_R_E_D_I_T_x** for all who want it! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Endospores are resistant to most agents which would normally kill the vegetative cells they formed from.
		Even if an endospore is located in plentiful nutrients, it may fail to germinate unless activation has taken place.
		It is commonly characterised by rupture or absorption of the spore coat, swelling of the endospore, an increase in metabolic activity, and loss of resistance to environmental stress.
	dallas.craigslist.org /biz/280247070.html (209 words)

	Endospore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Subterminal endospores are those between these two extremes, usually seen far enough towards the poles but close enough to the center so as not to be considered either terminal or central.
		Visualising endospores under the light microscope can be difficult due to the impermability of the endospore wall to dyes and stains.
		It is commonly characterised by rupture or absorption of the spore coat, swelling of the endospore, an increase in metablic activity, and loss of resistance to environmental stress.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Endospore (2151 words)

	Christine Case, Biology 230
		In this stain, green endospores are in red cells; there is one endospore per cell.
		The endospore at the arrow is inside a cell.
		In this stain, red endospores are in coloreless cells.
	smccd.net /accounts/case/biol230/indfer.html (142 words)

	Research
		The labor requirement obviates these methods for continuous, online endospore monitoring; it would be like firemen inspecting your home periodically to ensure that there is no fire.
		We have demonstrated a prototype for automated monitoring of airborne endospores, which combines an aerosol capture technique with endospore detection based on terbium luminescence turn-on.
		A related project is simply mapping the distribution of endospores and their viability in sea sediments.
	ponce.caltech.edu /re_search (635 words)

	Amazon.com: endospore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mitigating phosphate interference in bacterial endospore detection by Tb dipicolinate photoluminescence [An article from: Analytica Chimica Acta by N.F. Fell, P.M. Pellegrino, and J.B. Gillespie (Jan 1, 2001)
		bacteria are able to form endospores, which serve as a means...
		single bacterial cell as an endospore, which is enclosed by a...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=endospore&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (909 words)

	Biology 2020 Section 2
		While the outer cell may disinte- grate, an endospore, such as this anthrax endospore, dehydrates, does not metabolize, and stays protected by a thick, protective wall.
		Sterilization in an autoclave kills endospores by heating to _________________.
		Endospores may be _________________ for centuries or more.
	uwyo.edu /bolton/Lecture03.htm (1395 words)

	Bacteria Binomials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ti plasmid which it uses to transform the cells of plants it is infecting thus inducing crown gall formation.
		are commonly used in bioremediation, typically endospore, naturally competent, gram-positive, aerobic or facultatively aerobic bacilli.
		are typically endospore -forming, soil- and intestinal-tract -living, anaerobic (often strict), gram-positive bacilli that cause damage to humans by secreting either powerful toxins or enzymes.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol4045.htm (674 words)

	The Combined Graduate Program in Developmental Genetics
		Bacillus subtilis is a non-pathogenic soil bacterium and the prevalent model organism for all low GC Gram-positive bacteria.
		subtilis cells are starved, they initiate a developmental program that culminates in the formation of highly resistant endospores (also referred to as spores).
		Endospore formation (sporulation) constitutes a relatively simple developmental system in which the generation of distinct cell types can be investigated experimentally.
	www.med.nyu.edu /sackler/dgp/faculty/eichenberger.html (557 words)

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