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Topic: Endosymbiotic

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	Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis.
		Endosymbiotic bacteria in worms as targets for a novel chemotherapy in filariasis.
		Hoerauf A; Volkmann L; Hamelmann C; Adjei O; Autenrieth IB; Fleischer B; Büttner DW Endosymbiotic bacteria living in plasmodia or worm parasites are required for the homoeostasis of their host and should be excellent targets for chemotherapy of certain parasitic diseases.
		We show that targeting of Wolbachia spp bacteria in Onchocerca volvulus filariae by doxycycline leads to sterility of adult worms to an extent not seen with drugs used against onchocerciasis, a leading cause of blindness in African countries.
	www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/10770311?src=emed_ckb_ref_0 (162 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The theory postulates that the mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria, related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
		Margulis has also proposed that eukaryotic flagella and cilia may have arisen from endosymbiotic spirochetes, but these organelles do not contain DNA and do not show any ultrastructural similarities to any prokaryotes, and as a result this idea does not have wide support.
		A test of the endosymbiotic theory for origin of mitochondria: Measurement of relative rates of transcription of cloned mitochondrial versus nuclear g...
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /endosymbiotic_theory.htm (824 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells.
		The theory postulates that the mitochondria evolved from facilitated anaerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria, related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
		In her 1981 work Symbiosis in Cell Evolution she argued that eukaryotic cells originated as communities of interacting entities, including endosymbiotic spirochaetes that developed into eukaryotic flagella and cilia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endosymbiotic_theory (742 words)

	Endosymbiont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is generally agreed that certain organelles of the eukaryotic cell, especially mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as bacterial endosymbionts.
		This theory is known as the endosymbiotic theory, confirmed and popularized by Lynn Margulis.
		Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Endosymbiotic (1200 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Talk:Endosymbiotic hypothesis
		Currently, I think the evidence I offer in support of the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis is fairly weak, and much of the evidence seems consistent with a variety of other hypotheses.
		Ideally, this article should cite the evidence that more-convincingly indicates that the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis is probably correct, and other hypotheses (like the one I just made up) are significantly less plausible.
		This could be expanded on - I think the presence of nucleomorphs in the chloroplasts of cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes has been considered a spectacular piece of evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis, though it shows chloroplasts secondarily derived from eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic ancestors.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Talk:Endosymbiotic_hypothesis (923 words)

	Endosymbiotic Microbiota of the Bamboo Pseudococcid Antonina crawii (Insecta, Homoptera) -- Fukatsu and Nikoh 66 (2): ...
		Endosymbiotic Microbiota of the Bamboo Pseudococcid Antonina crawii (Insecta, Homoptera)
		one of the symbionts because the endosymbiotic population was
		Endosymbiotic bacteria are harbored in the cytoplasm of
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/2/643 (4201 words)

	NIMR :: Mill Hill Essays 2001 :: Where do genes come from?; the case of the "green" parasites.
		The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria is an idea with a long history, but it is only recently that modern techniques have let us recognise that the genes carried on the mitochondrion’s own little genome are indeed of bacterial origin.
		Like the mitochondria these also arose as a result of an ancient endosymbiotic event, but this time the ingested victim came from the ranks of organisms which used to be called "blue-green algae" but are actually bacteria and are now known as cyanobacteria.
		Firstly, analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the genes carried on the DNA retained by mitochondria and chloroplasts shows them to be very similar to the corresponding genes of the free-living micro-organisms believed to have been the donors.
	www.nimr.mrc.ac.uk /MillHillEssays/2001/endosymbionts.htm (2602 words)

	Evolution: Chloroplast Genetics and Endosymbiosis
		During endosymbiotic events and throughout evolution, there are gene transfers from symbiont (or "pre-organelle") to host, resulting in a tightly integrated intergenomic regulation between the organelles and the nucleus.
		Plastids developed either from a primary endosymbiotic event (a photosynthetic prokaryote with a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote) or from a secondary event (a photosynthetic eukaryote with a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote).
		Another reason to look out for such events in transgenic crops is that a mechanism might be elucidated by catching a transfer event in the act, which could shed some light on the early evolution of endosymbionts with their hosts.
	www.geocities.com /we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html (3184 words)

	[No title]
		This is evidence for the plausibility of Margulis' endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells.
		J Protozool 1977 May;24(2):289-93 Effect of chloramphenicol on bacterial endosymbiotes in a strain of Amoeba proteus.
		A strain of nonsymbiotic A. proteus was infected with endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from another strain of amoeba which had become dependent on the symbionts after a few years of spontaneously established symbiosis.
	www.gate.net /~rwms/EvoEndosymbiotOrigins.html (1550 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		According to this theory, these originated as (Click link for more info and facts about prokaryotic) prokaryotic organisms, which came to live inside eukaryotic cells as (Click link for more info and facts about endosymbiont) endosymbionts.
		The endosymbiotic hypothesis was popularized by (Click link for more info and facts about Lynn Margulis) Lynn Margulis.
		However, others have argued that endosymbiosis involves ((Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord) helotry rather than mutualism.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/en/endosymbiotic_theory.htm (789 words)

	Molecular Evolution - Endosymbiosis and endosymbiotic gene transfer
		To explain this, there is something called endosymbiotic gene transfer: During evolution, organelles relinquished many genes to the chromosomes of their host, but they also learned to reimport the nuclear-encoded products of transferred genes.
		Endosymbiotic gene transfer is much, much more widespread than is generally assumed.
		Henze K, Schnarrenberger C, Martin W (2001) Endosymbiotic gene transfer: A special case of horizontal gene transfer germane to endosymbiosis, the origins of organelles and the origins of eukaryotes.
	www.molevol.de /research/endosymbiosis.html (431 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - Palaeos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The endosymbiotic theory, now generally accepted by biologists, concerns the origins of mitochondria and plastids (e.g.
		According to this theory, these organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts.
		The endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Andreas Schimper[1] in 1883.
	www.palaeos.org /Endosymbiotic_theory (974 words)

	Blackwell Plant Sciences - Latest News - [Article Title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Originally, it was presumed that the algae (and by inference higher plants) all descended from a progenitor phagocytotic protist that engulfed and “enslaved” a single cyanobacterial cell.
		Subsequently, this primary endosymbiont was engulfed by further protist cells leading to the more complex lineages observed: however, a single primary event seems to have contributed to the entire global genetic heritage of plastid genomes in the red algae and chromists.
		In conclusion, the work of Yoon and co-workers [2], provided strong evidence that there was a single endosymbiotic event which introduced cyanobacterial genes into the eukaryotic lineage that unltimately gave rise to modern algae.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /plantsci/latest/article.asp?id=29 (732 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lynn Margulis
		Lynn Margulis (born 1938) is a biologist and a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
		In 1967 she proposed a contentious new hypothesis which became her most important scientific contribution as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis.
		" After the proposal of the endosymbiotic theory, Margulis predicted that if organelles were prokaryotic symbionts, then the organelles will have their own DNA that would be different from the DNA of the cell.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lynn-Margulis (1001 words)

	Mycorrhizal Citations
		However, their structure varies greatly with respect to: (i) tissue topology (location of vascular bundles is peripherical in legumes or central in non-legumes); (ii) position of nodule primordium (inner or outer cortex in legumes, pericycle in non-legumes); (iii) stability of apical meristem (persistent in the indeterminate nodules, transient in the determinate ones).
		The developmental mutations are suggested in some cases to reverse the endosymbiotic system into the morphologically simpler forms some of which may correspond to the ancestral stages of nodule evolution.
		The origin of legume-rhizobial and actinorhizal symbioses is suggested to be based on a set of preadaptations many of which had been evolved in angiosperms during coevolution with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (e.g., inter- and intracellular maintenance of symbionts, their control via defence-like reactions and recognition of chitin-like molecules).
	mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu /latest/latest02/02_2provo1.htm (284 words)

	Endosymbiotic hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The hypothesis postulates that the evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria related to the rickettsias) that the evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
		The elements could have entered a host cell as an indigested prey or as a Over time the elements and the host have developed a mutually beneficial interaction later evolving in an obligatory symbiosis.
		Margulis has also proposed that eukaryotic flagella and cilia may have arisen from endosymbiotic spirochetes but these organelles do not contain DNA and do not show any ultrastructural to any prokaryotes and as a result idea does not have wide support.
	www.freeglossary.com /Endosymbiotic_hypothesis (1074 words)

	Endosymbiotic Theory
		Although now accepted as a well-supported theory, both she and the theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists for a number of years.
		Further, in the late 1980's a team of Rockefeller University investigators announced their similar discovery regarding centrioles, structures that provide the eukaryotic cell with the ability of locomotion and cell division.
		Thanks to over 30 years of additional evidence, The Endosymbiotic Theory provides the most plausible explanation for the development of organelles within the eukaryotic cell.
	www.biology.iupui.edu /biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html (767 words)

	Centre for the Study of Evolution - University of Sussex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mutualistic, maternally transmitted endosymbiotic microorganisms undergo severe population bottlenecks at each host generation, resulting in a reduction in effective population size (Ne).
		Previous studies of Buchnera, the primary endosymbiont of aphids, and of several other species of endosymbiotic bacteria have shown that these species exhibit an increase in the rate of substitution of slightly deleterious mutations, among other predicted effects of increased drift due to small Ne, such as reduced codon bias.
		However, these studies have been limited in taxonomic scope, and it was therefore not clear whether the increase in rate is a general feature of endosymbiont lineages.
	www.biols.susx.ac.uk /cse/members/mwoolfit/abstracts/woolfit.MBE2003.htm (329 words)

	Endosymbiotic Theory
		For the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, the predominating theory is known as the Endosymbiotic Theory.
		The Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryote Evolution (Symboitic Theory) was first proposed by former Boston University Biologist Lynn Margulis in the 1960's and officially in her 1981 book "Symbiosis in Cell Evolution".
		Although now accepted as a plausible theory, both she and her theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists for a number of years.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AboutZoology/SymbioticTheory/EndosymbioticTheory/EndosymbioticTheory.htm (862 words)

	Coupling of Bacterial Endosymbiont and Host Mitochondrial Genomes in the Hydrothermal Vent Clam Calyptogena magnifica ...
		Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps.
		A molecular clock in endosymbiotic bacteria is calibrated using the insect hosts.
		Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps, p.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/4/2058 (3581 words)

	Rebuttal to the Ohio Science Standards - Part 5 - Teach the Controversy: There is no evidence that complex ...
		The endosymbiont proposal in effect, attempts to explain the existence of multicellular organisms by suggesting that all eukaryotic cells (cells with membrane-enclosed nuclei and membrane-enclosed organelles) evolved from prokaryotic cells (cells without membrane-enclosed nuclei or membrane-enclosed organelles) via symbiotic associations.
		However, the existence of endosymbiotic biological relationships in the world today does not demonstrate that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells.
		While endosymbiotic theory is an interesting illusion, there is no evidence it ever happened to create multicellular organisms.
	www.creationists.org /patrickyoung/ohiosciencestds05.html (300 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Her endosymbiotic theory, presented more formally in a book published in 1981, proposes that eukaryotic cells as we know them today are the result of a series of symbiotic associations with various prokaryotes.
		According to this theory, not only mitochondria, but also chloroplasts and possibly other organelles, such as lysosomes and flagella, were originally prokaryotes that took refuge in larger, anaerobic cells that offered them a rich supply of nutrients.
		The prokaryotes are believed to have relinquished certain genes to the nuclei of their host cells, a process known as endosymbiotic gene transfer.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/a/a_05/a_05_cl/a_05_cl_her/a_05_cl_her.htm (739 words)

	Brainstorms: Endosymbiosis and science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		I think they are important because some have a tendency to engage in a mild form of revisionism when arguing for the neo-Darwinian model of evolution, where they portray the model as having provided more focus and output that it really has.
		I mention all this not in any attempt to discredit Margulis and her hypothesis, but to illustrate that some have a tendency to forget the failed predictions and remember the successful ones.
		Since endosymbiosis is a common phenomena, how does this square with a "single endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria?" It would seem to me that a polyphyletic origin follows more naturally from the basic tenets of the serial endosymbiosis thesis.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000236.html (1064 words)

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