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Topic: Endosymbiotic theory

Related Topics

Symbiogenesis

Biological cell

Horizontal gene transfer

Hydrogen hypothesis

Christian de Duve

Mitochondrion

Evolution of flagella

Peroxisome

Mitochondrial DNA

Rhodophyta

Flagellum

Eukaryote

Lynn Margulis

Konstantin Mereschkowsky

Microtubule

	Endosymbiotic theory - Biocrawler
		The endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells.
		According to this theory, these originated as prokaryotic organisms, which came to live inside eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts.
		The theory postulates that the mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria, related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Endosymbiotic_theory (0 words)

	Endosymbiotic Theory
		The Endosymbiotic Theory was first proposed by former Boston University Biologist Lynn Margulis in the 1960's and officially in her 1981 book "
		Although now accepted as a well-supported theory, both she and the theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists for a number of years.
		Amazingly, in the 1980's this was proven to be the case for two classes of organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
	www.biology.iupui.edu /biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html (767 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Endosymbiotic theory states that the cellular organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts (more generally, plastids) of eukaryotic cells were originally free living prokaryotic organisms.
		The theory was first proposed by Andreas Schimper in 1883, but was neglected until the discovery of mitochondrial DNA in the 1960s.
		The endosymbiont theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts was proposed by Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Endosymbiotic_theory (1520 words)

	Dr. Lynn Margulis
		Probably her most important scientific contribution is the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria as separate organisms that long ago entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis (see also symbiogenesis).
		The theory postulates that the mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably proteobacteria, related to the rickettsias), and that the chloroplast evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (autotrophic prokaryotes).
		The endosymbiont theory of mitochondria and chloroplasts was proposed by Lynn Margulis of the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
	www.isepp.org /Pages/San%20Jose%2004-05/MargulisSaganSJ.html (982 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Endosymbiotic Theory of Eukaryote Evolution (Symboitic Theory) was first proposed by former Boston University Biologist Lynn Margulis in her 1981 book "Symbiosis in Cell Evolution".
		For years the theory was rejected by mainstream biologists who also considered Margulis to be an embarrasement to the field of biology.
		The theory states that these organisms evolved not by random genetic mutation as previously believed, but by a number of cell combinations.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AboutZoology/SymbioticTheory/Introduction/Introduction.htm (162 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory . Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The endosymbiotic theory, now generally accepted by biologists, concerns the origins of mitochondria and plastids (e.g.
		According to this theory, these organelles originated as separate prokaryotic organisms which were taken inside the cell as endosymbionts.
		The endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Andreas Schimperhttp://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Franz_Wilhelm_Schimper in 1883.
	enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/Endosymbiotic_theory (1032 words)

	Thoughts on Mitochondria and Endosymbiosis
		According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria are the descendents of bacteria.
		The theory postulates that a primitive cell engulfed some aerobic bacteria and rather than digest them, a symbiotic relationship was established, where each partner benefited from the new relationship.
		The standard endosymbiotic theory would be much more strongly supported if mitochondria and chloroplasts nested together and diverged very early off the bacterial tree.
	www.idthink.net /biot/endo/index.html (1010 words)

	Lynn Margulis Summary
		The underlying theme of endosymbiotic theory, as formulated in 1966, was interdependence and cooperative existence of multiple prokaryotic (single celled) organisms; one organism engulfed another, yet both survived and eventually evolved over millions of years into eukaryotic cells.
		Currently, her endosymbiotic theory is recognized as the key method by which some organelles have arisen (see endosymbiotic theory for a discussion) and is widely accepted by mainstream scientists.
		It should be noted that while the endosymbiotic theory has historically been juxtaposed with Neo-Darwinism, the two theories are not incompatible and the truth is likelier to be that natural selection works on many levels (genetic up to the ecosystem) and variation is introduced both at the genetic and the cellular level.
	www.bookrags.com /Lynn_Margulis (3858 words)

	Biology/Draft - an introduction - Citizendium
		Theories in biology were still very preliminary, but the evidence for ideas that explained an order to living things revolutionized thinking in biology.
		Evolutionary change from ancient life was accepted by biologists as a theory that explained both the diversity of life forms and the existence of patterns of common features.
		It was realized that tissues were composed of cells, the field of microbiology was born, and the ground was prepared for the germ theory of disease, an idea that helped bring the traditional practice of western medicine into the field of health science and modern medicine.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Biology/Draft (5335 words)

	Endosymbiont Summary
		The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells.
		A complementary theory suggests that the relatively small numbers of bacteria inside each insect decrease the efficiency of natural selection in 'purging' deleterious mutations and small mutations from the population, resulting in a loss of genes over many millions of years.
		During pregnacy in mammals,a endovirus is activated during the implantation of the embrio.Because of this it'is theories that a viral infection contributed in the evolution of mammals.
	www.bookrags.com /Endosymbiont (4071 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The endosymbiotic theory concerns the origins of mitochondria and plastids (e.g.
		The endosymbiotic theory was first articulated by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowsky in 1905
		Mereschkowsky was familiar with work by the German botanist Andreas Schimper, who had observed in 1883 that the division of chloroplasts in green plants closely resembled that of free-living cyanobacteria, and who had himself tentatively proposed (in a footnote) that green plants had arisen from a symbiotic union of two organisms
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Endosymbiotic_theory (0 words)

	Endosymbiotic Theory - Telic Thoughts
		According to the endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria are the descendents of bacteria.
		The theory postulates that a primitive cell engulfed some aerobic bacteria and rather than digest them, a symbiotic relationship was established, where each partner benefited from the new relationship.
		Evolutionary theory has become a sort of educated guessing where putative fitness advantages are mixed with random examples that would fit in the proposed theories.
	telicthoughts.com /endosymbiotic-theory (1642 words)

	The Need For a New Model of the Earth The Living and Dynamic Earth
		Endosymbiotic Theory basically states that the components of the cell (i.e., the organelles) are actually primitive organisms (e.g., bacteria) that formed mutual (symbiotic) relationships that made up a larger organism.
		If the dynamo theory were at work, then the molten rock of the core would have to move at speeds of several kilometers per hour, an impossible scenario.
		Recent theories have suggested that reversals have been caused by comet or meteor impacts, but the record indicates that this is not so.
	www.livingcosmos.com /earth.htm (12423 words)

	Symbiotic Theory
		Although now accepted as a plausible theory, both she and her theory were ridiculed by mainstream biologists for a number of years.
		The theory maintains that ancestors of eukaryotic cells were "symbiotic consortiums" of prokaryote cells with at least one and possibly more species (endosymbionts) involved.
		This way, each of the organisms would be benefiting from their symbiotic relationship as the waters and atmosphere of the Precambrian changed.In support of this, notice that oxygen begins to accumulate between the first fossil records of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
	www.gpc.edu /~pgore/students/w96/joshbond/symb.htm (0 words)

	An Investigation into the Evidence for the Serial Endosymbiosis Theory of Eukaryotic Development (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to Jeon (1999), the serial endosymbiotic theory (SET) is a widely held theory regarding the origin of eukaryotic cells.
		The Archezoa theory by Cavlier-Smith (1983), proposes that the endosymbiotic origin of the mitochondria may have actually occurred late within the evolution of eukaryotes (Roger, 1999).
		The difference between the Archezoa theory and the serial endosymbiotic theory is that there is a eukaryotic subkingdom, Archezoa.
	www.susqu.edu /students/c/conduah/SET.htm (3169 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Endosymbiotic theory, cont'd Review question from lecture 37: Name the two subcellular organelles that the endosymbiotic theory proposes were once free-living prokaryotes that entered into an endosymbiotic relationship with cells that were the ancestors of eukaryotic cells.
		Explain the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of chloroplasts.
		We did not explicitly discuss the following question in lecture, but you should be able to answer it based on the information in this lecture about the diversification of animal phyla near the Cambrian and from what you know about the punctuational and modern synthesis views of evolution from earlier lectures.
	www.hamline.edu /~bjploger/biocon1/biocon1lec/lec38 (1418 words)

	[No title]
		This is now known as the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells.
		This is evidence for the plausibility of Margulis' endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells.
		A strain of nonsymbiotic A. proteus was infected with endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from another strain of amoeba which had become dependent on the symbionts after a few years of spontaneously established symbiosis.
	www.gate.net /~rwms/EvoEndosymbiotOrigins.html (1550 words)

	Endosymbiotic theory - Palaeos
		These theories were initially dismissed on the assumption that they did not contain DNA.
		The endosymbiotic hypothesis was fleshed out and popularized by Lynn Margulis.
		(Discusses theories on how mitochondria and chloroplast genes are transferred into the nucleus, and also what steps a gene needs to go through in order to complete this process.) [2]
	www.palaeos.org /Endosymbiotic_theory (0 words)

	The Gaia Hypothesis (Section 3) - Dr Lynn Margulis
		Lynn Margulis's endosymbiotic theory would suggest that instead the currently existent "car organism" has evolved from a cooperative evolution of a number of its constituent parts acting in some accord.
		In accordance with this view, Darwin proposed a theory of evolution in which the unit of survival was the species, the subspecies, or some other building block of the biological world.
		In conclusion of this section of the presentation concerning the current interdisciplinary developments of the Gaia Theory in relation to Dr Lynn Margulis I would have to say I respect of her usage of the word surfing (global oceanic) in such context.
	www.mountainman.com.au /gaia_lyn.html (4605 words)

	margulis
		As in the case of continental drift, the theory of symbiosis in cellular evolution that was finally accepted during the 1970s was very different from the one suggested by Wallin in the 1920s.
		Using radioactively labeled nucleotides, she convincingly demonstrated the presence of DNA in the chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis, one of the curious unicellular organisms that shares both plant and animal characteristics.
		Margulis wrote her first article on the endosymbiotic theory in 1967, two years after she completed her Ph.D. At the time, she was a single mother without a permanent teaching position.
	www.msu.edu /course/lbs/145/luckie/margulis.html (2265 words)

	Essay: The endosymbiotic theory. - Coursework.Info
		September 25, 2003 Zoë Lines The endosymbiotic theory Endosymbiotic theory is the theory is prostates that chloroplast and mitochondria began as prokaryotes that were living symbiotically within an early eukaryotic cell.
		They are cigar-shaped organelle found in all cells Its inner membrane has folds, called cristae, which surround a fluid called matrix, they are used in the respiration process.
		The endosymbiotic theory is about the origins of mitochondria and chloroplast, which are organelles of eukaryotic cells.
	www.coursework.info /A2_and_A-Level/Biology/The_endosymbiotic_theory_L47985.html (257 words)

	“Non-evolution” of the appearance of mitochondria and plastids in eukaryotes: challenges to endosymbiotic ...
		The theory proposes that mitochondria and plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) were originally bacteria that were engulfed by two separate ancestral cells but not digested.
		One of those relationships is the ability to transport organelle proteins that are encoded by genes in the nucleus and formed in other parts of the cell back into the organelle where they are needed for the organelle’s proper functioning.
		The problem for the cell was that it then had to “evolve” transport pathways to bring the organelle proteins (made in the cell) back to the organelle.
	www.answersingenesis.org /cec/docs/endosymbiotic-theory.asp?vPrint=1 (0 words)

	A eukaryotic origin of mitochondria :
		Everyone in evolutionary science seems to agree that mitochondria are derived from bacteria (endosymbiotic theory) and it is claimed that this is an absolute fact.
		I think the endosymbiotic theory is quite speculative and not based on solid evidence.
		There are also many problems with a mechanistic view on the endosymbiotic hypothesis and in fact there are really no mechanistic explanations.
	www.origin-of-mitochondria.net (0 words)

	Dr Lynn Margulis: Microbiological Collaboration of the Gaia Hypothesis
		For that great cross-section of the populace who have little or no knowledge concerning the field of microbiology, it might seem that those who study algae, slime, bacteria and simple plant life are out on a limb by themselves, so to speak.
		The extent of vision and perseverance with her emerging theory is often measured by the reviews of critics.
		As Lynn Margulis chipped away at refinement of the endosymbiotic theory of cell development and evolution, she always managed to find time to turn her mind to other issues and research areas.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /gaia/esp_gaia18.htm (4545 words)

	THEBIOREVIEW.COM: Cell Theory
		Cell theory is a scientific theory that is one of the foundations of biology.
		Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular DNA molecule (the bacterial chromosome) in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm.
		Another theory holds that the turbulent shores of the ancient coastal waters may have served as a mammoth laboratory, aiding in the countless experiments necessary to bring about the first cell.
	www.thebioreview.com /theory.html (3546 words)

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