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Topic: Endotoxin

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	Endotoxin
		Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.
		Endotoxins are invariably associated with Gram-negative bacteria whether the organisms are pathogens or not.
		Endotoxins are toxic to most mammals, and regardless of the bacterial source, all endotoxins produce the same range of biological effects in the animal host.
	www.textbookofbacteriology.net /endotoxin.html (2220 words)

	Endotoxin Activity Assay for the diagnosis of Sepsis
		Endotoxin Activity Assay for the diagnosis of Sepsis
		The EAA™ Endotoxin Activity Assay is the only FDA approved rapid whole blood assay for detection of human endotoxemia.
		Endotoxin is the most important microbial trigger for sepsis.
	www.spectraldx.com /endotoxin.htm (272 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Endotoxin
		Classically, an "endotoxin" is a toxin, which unlike an "exotoxin", is not secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structural component in the bacteria which is released mainly when bacteria are lysed.
		Endotoxins are in large part responsible for the dramatic clinical manifestations of infections with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis, the pathogen that causes fulminant meningitis.
		Endotoxins are frequent contaminants in plasmid DNA prepared from bacteria, and must be removed from the DNA to avoid unwanted inflammatory responses prior to in vivo applications such as gene therapy.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Endotoxic (789 words)

	Endotoxin
		Endotoxins are invariably associated with Gram-negative bacteria whether the organisms are pathogens or not.
		Endotoxins are toxic to most mammals, and regardless of the bacterial source, all endotoxins produce the same range of biological effects in the animal host.
		During infectious disease caused by Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins released from, or part of, multiplying cells have similar effects on animals and significantly contribute to the symptoms and pathology of the disease encountered.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /endotoxin.html (2220 words)

	The Individualist: Endotoxin
		Endotoxins are secreted exclusively by Coliform bacteria, so-called because they all morphologically resemble E. Coli, the most common species of the group.
		Endotoxins cause septic shock, a well recognized immune reaction found in post surgical patients and in other hospital patients with predisposing factors such as diabetes, cirrhosis, leukemia and cancer.
		Most of the time the endotoxins are produced by the normal inhabitants of the digestive tract, although a disturbing increase is being noticed in the cases of septic shock caused by bacteria which are unique to the hospital environment.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Endotoxin (725 words)

	Endotoxin and Vitamin C (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Endotoxin has been on the clinical research ‘map’ since 1892 when Richard Pfeiffer published a paper demonstrating that the severe toxicity of cholera (Vibrio cholerae) was caused by a "poison" released by the cholera organism on its death.
		Braude had demonstrated that endotoxin was responsible for the pathogenesis of shock in these patients, and that it was the endotoxin, not the infection as such, that caused the shock.
		Increases in endotoxin concentration are associated with increased rates of hepatocyte apoptosis, increased permeability of tight junctions and the pathogenesis of cirrhosis.
	www.acnem.org /journal/24-1_april_2005/endotoxin.htm (5715 words)

	JAMA -- Levels of Environmental Endotoxin and Prevalence of Atopic Disease, October 4, 2000, Gereda et al. 284 (13): ...
		JAMA -- Levels of Environmental Endotoxin and Prevalence of Atopic Disease, October 4, 2000, Gereda et al.
		House-dust endotoxin levels are reported in endotoxin units (EU)/mL, using reference standard endotoxin provided by the US Food and Drug Administration.
		Relation between house-dust endotoxin exposure, type 1 T-cell development, and allergen sensitisation in infants at high risk of asthma.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/full/284/13/1652 (577 words)

	Endotoxin
		Evidence of endotoxins was found directly in the serum of only 7 of the 63 patients (=11.1%), but specific anti-bodies against LPS and Lipid A were found in significantly greater numbers than in a healthy control group of blood donors.
		The cause of the illness and its typical alternating course must be a consequence of a lysis of E coli infected with phages occurring in the bowels and induced by bacteriophages; endotoxins are subsequently released in the bowels and absorbed via the bowel wall into the blood system.
		Given the ability of neonatal endotoxin exposure to alter neural substrates involved in regulating anxiety, we tested the hypothesis that it may also alter the developmental trajectory of anxiety-like behaviour in the rat.
	www.vaccinetruth.org /endotoxin.htm (4029 words)

	Bacteria in Household Dust May Trigger Asthma Symptoms, September 7, 2005 Press Release - National Institutes of Health ...
		Endotoxins are found in the cell wall of bacteria and are only released when bacteria ruptures or disintegrates.
		The average concentration of endotoxin ranged from 80.5 units per milligram of dust on kitchen floors to 18.7 on bedding.
		Family room floors had endotoxin concentrations of 63.9 units per milligram of dust; sofas had concentration levels at 44.8; and 35.3 units on bedroom floors.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/sep2005/niehs-07.htm (588 words)

	Clinical Trial: Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance of Endotoxin Tolerance in Humans
		The combination of these factors: diminished systemic inflammatory response and increased cellular immunity makes that endotoxin tolerance is a useful tool for preventing the complications after an excessive inflammatory response.
		Endotoxin tolerance is also protective for ischemia/reperfusion injury in kidneys, heart and liver.
		The purpose of this study is to induce a state of tolerance through 2 different administration schedules and monitor the effect of tolerance on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, other inflammatory parameters and different proteins involved in the signalling pathway.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00246714 (377 words)

	Endotoxin and Glucan Testing Services from Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.
		Specifically, endotoxin is a major component of the outside portion of the outer membrane of the Gram negative cell wall.
		In fact, endotoxin in live bacteria is less toxic than when the bacteria are dead because endotoxin from dead cells is released, thereby increasing the apparent dose.
		Endotoxins are named “endo” because they are part of the cell wall and not released in large quantities unless the cell is destroyed.
	www.acciusa.com /cts/endotoxin.html (1378 words)

	Endotoxin stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by means of intercellular communication -- Casteleijn et al. 263 (15): ...
		Endotoxin stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by means of intercellular communication -- Casteleijn et al.
		Endotoxin stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by means of intercellular communication
		endotoxin stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver by stimulating
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/263/15/6953 (446 words)

	Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology - Abstract of article: Exposure to wood dust and endotoxin ...
		We assessed inhalable dust levels in 281 samples from 115 workers and bacterial endotoxins levels in 157 samples from 136 workers from SSWI in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
		Higher dust and endotoxin exposure levels were observed in the dry compared to the wet season, after correcting for differences in exposure between jobs.
		Dust and endotoxin exposure levels in SSWI are high and appropriate control measures are necessary.
	www.nature.com /jea/journal/v14/n7/abs/7500375a.html (364 words)

	Specialists in Endotoxin and Glucan Detection and Glycobiology Reagents Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.
		Specialists in Endotoxin and Glucan Detection and Glycobiology Reagents Associates of Cape Cod, Inc.
		ACC was the first manufacturer licensed by the FDA to manufacture LAL for use as a quality control test for endotoxin in the pharmaceutical and medical device markets.
		We are a truly global company, with offices on three continents, and a network of distributors servicing 59 countries around the world.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Endotoxin&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.acciusa.com/&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-16AA9727-68E0-F2A4-4346-D3530004603A-ym (214 words)

	Endotoxin Sampling Guide
		Endotoxins are molecules that have certain characteristic toxic effects.
		Endotoxin analysis can be done on air, water, or bulk specimens.
		All sampling utensils must be certified endotoxin-free, and PVC and polypropylene materials cannot be used due to their affinity and binding with endotoxin.
	www.emsltesting.com /endotoxin_sampling_guide.html (437 words)

	Endotoxin and Limulus Tests
		We attempted to measure endotoxin and ß-D-glucan inurine from patients with suspected urinary tract infection (UTI), by twolimulus tests, and the results were compared with conventional diagnosticprocedures; counting of white blood cell number and urine bacterial culture(Ref. 24).
		There are reports as to endotoxin entering the blood from the intestinaltract in the early stages of burn injury, and as the burned area becomeslarger the blood endotoxin level apparently increases.
		However, later in the clinical course, including the period with infectionof the burned surface, endotoxin levels were significantly correlated withthe burned area and with the prognosis: the plasma endotoxin levels ingroups A, B and C were 44.2 +/-142.9 (SD), 160.1 +/- 225.2 and 391.0 +/-269.8 pg/ml, respectively.
	www1.neweb.ne.jp /wa/kaind/endotoxinT.html (2894 words)

	Good-bye Endotoxin, Hello Transfection - Biocompare Product Focus
		Endotoxins are released during the lysis step of plasmid purification and significantly reduce transfection efficiencies in endotoxin sensitive cell lines.
		Therefore, the removal of endotoxins from plasmid preparations is often necessary prior to the use of the DNA in downstream applications.
		Because endotoxins are extremely toxic to primary cells, this becomes an obstacle to in vitro and in vivo transfection.
	www.biocompare.com /featurearticle.asp?articleid=713 (468 words)

	Expert: Endotoxin detection and removal Expert
		In her consulting practice, Expert is frequently asked to assist customers in removing endotoxin contaminants from products or from product manufacturing processes.
		Endotoxin contamination is especially prevalent with products derived from recombinant processes utilizing E. coli organisms (endotoxin-producers).
		She holds a patent for an "Improved Method of Nephelometrically Determining Endotoxin Concentration." She has lectured world-wide and authored or co-authored numerous publications on the subject of pyrogen testing and was co-author of the "Guideline for the Use of the Limulus Lysate Test for Pyrogen Testing Medical Devices" (HIMA Report 78-8).
	www.intota.com /viewbio.asp?bioID=603595&perID=108468 (677 words)

	HyClone BPC: BPC Endotoxin and Particulate
		Process validations and monitoring have been established for endotoxin and particulate for the manufacture of BioProcess Container™ systems.
		Endotoxin levels in our Logan BPC facility are consistently better than acceptance criteria.
		*Endotoxin was tested one time in 2002 due to the change in AAMI guidelines.
	www.hyclone.com /bpc/endotoxin.htm (137 words)

	Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Neutralization of Endotoxin by PMX622 in Mice -- Lake et al. 48 (8): 2987 -- ...
		All endotoxin was dissolved at 1 mg/ml in isotonic
		coli endotoxin (2 µg/kg) in the absence of PMX622
		An LD dose of endotoxin and galactosamine was administered to mice by i.v.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/8/2987 (3335 words)

	Ambient Endotoxin Concentrations in PM10 from Southern California (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that, when inhaled, stimulates alveolar macrophages and respiratory epithelial tissue to release cytokines--chemoattractants that initiate an inflammatory cascade (Thorne 2000).
		Endotoxin is well recognized as an occupational hazard in livestock confinement barns and grain handling facilities and during harvesting of row and specialized crops, cotton processing, vegetable washing, sawmills, metal machining, fiberglass production, composting, and waste handling (Douwes et al.
		Endotoxin determinations were based on the maximum slope of the absorbance versus time plot for each microplate well compared with the standard curve.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2004/6552/6552.html (5443 words)

	Endotoxin and Kupffer Cell Activation in Alcoholic Liver Disease
		Endotoxin activates Kupffer cells by interacting with a complex of protein molecules that are located on the outside of the Kupffer cell or which extend into the cell.
		Researchers found that, in rats, acute ingestion of high alcohol concentrations facilitated the absorption of endotoxin from the animals’ small intestine by increasing intestinal permeability—that is, the degree to which the cell wall allows the passage of various molecules, including endotoxin, into the blood (Tamai et al.
		In response to the signals initiated by endotoxin binding, IκBα is released from NFκB, leading to activation of NFκB. This activation, in turn, results in a number of different responses, such as the generation of superoxide through the NADPH oxidase complex and the production of cytokines.
	pubs.niaaa.nih.gov /publications/arh27-4/300-306.htm (4855 words)

	Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1997 - DERT
		Endotoxin exposure appears to be an important cause of environmental airway disease.
		Epidemiologic studies have shown that the concentration of endotoxin in the bioaerosol is strongly associated with respiratory systems, airflow obstruction and longitudinal declines in airflow among grain handlers.
		Responsiveness to endotoxin is critical to the development of grain-dust inflammation in the lower respiratory tract.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /dert/annrpt.htm (15315 words)

	Cambrex unveils endotoxin removal system
		Endotoxin is a potentially fatal pyrogen that may be present in injectable drugs and vaccines, medical devices and the water for injection systems found in the pharmaceutical industry.
		Both versions have similar capabilities for endotoxin removal and selection is based on the ionic strength and pH range of the sample solution.
		Endotoxin detection and removal is a core part of Cambrex' Biopharma division, which reported sales of $11.7 million in the second quarter of this year out of total group sales of $116 million.
	www.outsourcing-pharma.com /news/ng.asp?n=61823-cambrex-endotoxin (467 words)

	Definition of endotoxin - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "endotoxin" and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "endotoxin" instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "endotoxin" in the Visual Thesaurus
	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=endotoxin (47 words)

	NEJM -- Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration
		Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor were generally less than 35 pg per milliliter throughout the control period, but increased 90 to 180 minutes after endotoxin administration to mean peak concentrations of 240 +/- 70 pg per milliliter, as compared with 35 +/- 5 pg per milliliter after saline administration.
		Host responses were temporally associated with the increase in circulating tumor necrosis factor at 90 minutes, and the extent of symptoms, changes in white-cell count, and production of ACTH were temporally related to the peak concentration of tumor necrosis factor.
		We conclude that the response to endotoxin is associated with a brief pulse of circulating tumor necrosis factor and that the resultant responses are effected through the cyclooxygenase pathway.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/short/318/23/1481?query=prevarrow (2857 words)

	Endotoxin Injection Increases Growth Hormone and Somatostatin Secretion in Sheep -- Briard et al. 139 (6): 2662 -- ...
		Endotoxin Injection Increases Growth Hormone and Somatostatin Secretion in Sheep -- Briard et al.
		Endotoxin induced a sustained increase of GH (
		endotoxin on GH axis is mainly a pituitary one.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/139/6/2662 (492 words)

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