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Topic: Energetic efficiency

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	EMC2 - The AIM Program
		Even though most energetic imbalances that may have existed within your matrix when you began the AIM Program are likely gone after your first year, we believe there are many benefits of continued AIM participation.
		You are an energetic being, immersed in a sea of energy.
		When a participant first goes on the AIM trays, his or her energetic immune function is normally lower than their natural potential.
	dwp.bigplanet.com /bioscanforlife/1participating (1206 words)

	Untitled Document
		Growth and efficiency was determined in bulls (n = 21) individually fed one of the three diets supplemented with sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, or rapeseed meal.
		Efficiencies of ME use for maintenance and for gain were 63 and 21.6%.
		Therefore, the focus of this research was to investigate the response to available alternative plant byproduct protein sources differing in rate of carbohydrate and rate and degree of protein degradability on growth and energetic efficiency of cattle fed sugar beet molasses based diets.
	cnrit.tamu.edu /conf/isnh/post-online/post0095 (997 words)

	The Economy as a competition for access to Energy \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		There are also two options for the tools in circumstances of energetic limitation: the first case will be that in which, in addition to the energetic limitation, there is competition for the remaining energy, that is, if more than one organisational system aspires to consume the energy already located.
		In 1973, when unreplaceable energetic limits were found and, as a result, the fight for their control commenced, the social system shifted into a recessive stage.
		Accordingly, the best option for each of the operators, and consequently the priority, will be investment in energetic efficiency, that is, in increasing their probabilities of access to the energy available, even at the risk of collectively raising global consumption and thereby accelerating the extinction of energy for all subsystems as a whole.
	www.energybulletin.net /11961.html (6106 words)

	The Optimal Gait Pattern in Hexapods Based on Energetic Efficiency (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this paper we will show by means of a mathematical model that the optimal gait pattern is selected according to energetic efficiency, including the energy loss due to the heat emissions of actuators.
		5 Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses (context) - Hoyt, Taylor - 1981
		1 The basic considerations on energetic efficiencies of walkin..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /475962.html (326 words)

	Trinket
		From a material and energetic perspective, this paper outlines the patterns of society-nature interactions, of a local horticultural, hunter-and-gatherer population that lives on a remote island between India and Indonesia.
		Another indicator used to describe the energetic efficiency oflabour is energy throughput per hour of labour in the primaryeconomic sectors.
		The efficiency of diesel in producingmechanical energy for running motorboats was taken to be 15% and theprocess energy from fuel wood was taken to be only 25%.
	www.andaman.org /NICOBAR/book/scientificpapers/pap_sjs_trinket/metabolism.htm (10539 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Stoichiometric estimates of the biochemical conversion efficiencies in tsetse metabolism
		The laws of thermodynamics place an upper limit on the efficiency of energetic conversion: the first law requires that the conversion product have at most the same amount of energy as the substrate while the second law states that the efficiency of conversion must be less than unity.
		These modifications are due to considering the energetic costs of the transformation, to considering the biomass and energetic costs of uric acid formation for the disposal of nitrogen, and to an approach which incorporates the inefficiencies of the biochemical reactions involved in conversion.
		The stoichiometric approach was able to derive yield estimates for each of the major metabolic pathways in tsetse, as described by figure 1, and to include estimates of the uric acid which must be excreted during each of these conversions, of the carbon dioxide released by the conversion, and of the oxygen required.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6785/5/6 (10639 words)

	5. Simulated performance of two genotypes under various milking and supplementation policies
		At a 60% milk offtake rate the energetic efficiency of the ST genotype is higher than that of the T genotype by as much as 3 percentage points.
		Except in the case of the 60% milk offtake rate, the maximum energetic efficiency for T cows occurs at zero supplementation.
		Whether this energetically efficient supplementation level is also economically efficient depends on the prevailing relative prices between meat, milk and supplements.
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5528E/x5528e05.htm (4563 words)

	Fundamentals and operating principle of a fuel cell electricity generation system
		This Carnot efficiency is characteristic of all energy converters such as steam turbine, internal combustion engine, thermoionic converter etc. which work between a source and a sink temperature.
		The cause for the reduction in energetic efficiency is here energy losses at the different stages of the conversion process.
		A comparison of efficiencies between the Carnot process and the fuel cell process is shown in Fig.
	www.fz-juelich.de /iwv/iwv3/fuel_cells/principles (1129 words)

	Are all calories the same?
		The metabolic reasons for the differences in efficiency between different fuels is not well understood, but may have something to do with differences in the amount of energy needed for digestion, absorption and delivery of each type of fuel.
		At 97% efficiency, about 3% of the energy from fat is "lost" - some of it as heat.
		In addition to the differences in fuel efficiency between the energetic nutrients (carbs, protein and fat), there is also a certain amount of variation in fuel selection between different people.
	www.fitnessone.com /magazine/cal1.html (524 words)

	A comparative study of the effects of white sugar, unrefined sugar and starch on the efficiency of food utilization and ...
		A comparative study of the effects of white sugar, unrefined sugar and starch on the efficiency of food utilization and thermogenesis -- Dulloo et al.
		A comparative study of the effects of white sugar, unrefined sugar and starch on the efficiency of food utilization and thermogenesis
		efficiency and in body composition of both rats and mice fed the different
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/abstract/42/2/214 (259 words)

	FAQ: Some things appear "unintelligently designed" or are poorly designed. Is ID falsified by "sub-optimal design"?
		Efficient Cause: The efficient cause is the mechanism or method by which something is created—the “how.” Returning to the chair example, the efficient cause of a chair might be a woodworker.
		The efficient cause has great importance in the intelligent design - evolution debate, which is essentially a debate over the efficient cause of life—“how did life arise?” Evolutionists, even theistic evolutionists, would claim that our efficient cause is the Darwinian mechanism--mutation and selection.
		Questions about the efficient cause thus look to universal predictions of the two theories which allow us to determine which mechanism was involved in the production of a biological structure.
	www.ideacenter.org /contentmgr/showdetails.php/id/1158 (2516 words)

	Serbia Solar
		Dr Dragan Škobalj discoursed on Serbian energetic and rational management of energy in the buildings from the aspect of facade windows, while dr Milorad Marjanovic talked on energetically circumstances as an indicator of necessary rationally usage of energetic resources.
		Ivan Tasic was lecturing about possibilities of increasing energy efficiency of steam- boiler type TC 111, and Miodrag Kovacevic talked on increasing working efficiency of gas plants, applied with upper thermal power of fuel.
		Miladin Brkic on energy efficiency and emission of gasses of biomass thermal plants.
	www.srbijasolar.org.yu /news.htm (693 words)

	Animal Sciences Research and Reviews, Special Circular 156, Fatty Acid Digestibility and Lactation Performance by Dairy ...
		All data from the lactation trial, except BW change and energetic efficiency, were adjusted for the respective pretreatment data using covariate analysis.
		intake nor energetic efficiency were significantly affected by treatment in our study, perhaps because of variation or a combination of both effects increasing milk production by cows fed fat.
		intake and energetic efficiency were not affected by fat supplementation, although average BCS was numerically lowest for cows fed the control diet.
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc156/sc156_30.html (2189 words)

	ACROSS SPECIES COMPARISONS IN SELECTION FOR EFFICIENCY
		For example, given a heritability of 0.20 for feed efficiency, a correlated trait with a genetic correlation of 0.5 or 0.6, in magnitude, would require a heritability of at least 0.80 or 0.56 to have a greater response in feed efficiency than direct selection, per unit selection differential.
		Although, selection on one correlated trait is theoretically less efficient than direct selection, it should still be possible to identify a single trait or a combination of traits on which to select, such that the correlated response in feed efficiency is maximised.
		In terms of the response in feed efficiency, selection for lean growth in beef cattle, sheep and pigs may be more consistent with selection for fat and protein yield in dairy cattle, than selection solely for growth.
	www.projects.roslin.ac.uk /lean_growth/refs/6W.html (3484 words)

	Harlan Ritchie's Beef Research and Review
		Pork and broiler chicken production are much more efficient at 14% and 21%, respectively, although it should be noted that a high percentage of the total life cycle diet used in beef production is composed of high-fiber forages which cannot be utilized by monogastric species such as swine, poultry, and humans.
		Biological efficiency was expressed as grams (g) of calf weaned per kilogram (g) of dry matter intake per cow exposed.
		Although biological efficiency is well-documented in the literature, there is little research on economic efficiency of the Bos indicus crossbred female.
	www.msu.edu /~ritchieh/papers/optimumcow.html (4493 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| High calcium and dobutamine positive inotropy in the perfused mouse heart: myofilament ...
		However, recently, studies in both isolated hearts and myocytes [3,4], examining the energetic effects of increasing inotropy with the calcium sensitizing agent EMD 57033 have suggested that the energetic cost associated with increasing inotropy is largely related to calcium cycling.
		High perfusate calcium results in less myofilament calcium responsiveness and reduced energetic efficiency compared to dobutamine and also is dependent in part on protein kinase C activation.
		The unique aspects of the present study are that we use the calcium sensitive fluorescent dye rhod-2 to measure intracellular calcium [6,7], and that we have related these measurements to both myocardial oxygen consumption and developed pressure.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6793/1/12 (4502 words)

	Efficiency of Walking and Stepping: Relationship to Body Fatness -- Chen et al. 12 (6): 982 -- Obesity
		A sample output of simultaneous measurements of EE and MW from the whole-room indirect calorimeter/force platform system for a 24-hour study period and efficiency derivation of an exercise bout.
		as the average efficiency of morning and afternoon bouts.
		Relationship between body fatness (% fat) and efficiency of walking at various intensities: W1, W2, and W3, walking at 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 m/s.
	www.obesityresearch.org /cgi/content/full/12/6/982 (4118 words)

	Intermittent Swimming by Mammals: A Strategy for Increasing Energetic Efficiency During Diving -- Williams 41 (2): 166 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		the biomechanics and energetics of swimming in mammals.
		Fish, F. Aerobic energetics of surface swimming in the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus.
		Energetic cost of generating muscular force during running: A comparison of large and small animals.
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/41/2/166 (4263 words)

	ScienceDaily: Swimming Proficiency Of Marine Mammals Ranks Them Among The World's Elite Animal Athletes
		Some may achieve higher speeds than others, but their efficiency -- the amount of energy required to move a set distance -- appears to be constrained by a physiological limit for the mammalian way of life.
		Williams found that the energetic cost of swimming for semiaquatic mammals is two-and-a-half to five times higher than for fully aquatic marine mammals.
		Williams views sea otters as living on an "evolutionary edge," meeting their energetic requirements by such a slim margin that they are highly vulnerable to environmental perturbations, such as oil spills and coastal pollution.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/01/990120074432.htm (1730 words)

	Metabolic efficiency and amino acid composition in the proteomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis -- Akashi ...
		Metabolic efficiency and amino acid composition in the proteomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis -- Akashi and Gojobori 99 (6): 3695 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		Metabolic efficiency and amino acid composition in the proteomes of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
		efficiency in the proteomes encoded in the Escherichia coli and
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/6/3695 (4479 words)

	economi
		Thus by converting the energy in dung to methane, the potential energetic efficiency of dung increases from perhaps 3–5% to 20% (0.60 × 0.34).
		Assuming 5% efficiency for open-fire heating with dried dung, and using the calorific values in Table 3, 12.3 kg of dung provides 5.4 MJ (8.8 × 0.05 × 12.3) of energy.
		Although the estimate for gas efficiency is very conservative, the second implication suggests that gas output is overvalued in the analysis.
	www.ilri.org /InfoServ/Webpub/Fulldocs/Bulletin30/economi.htm (4072 words)

	INTERSTELLAR PROBES: A NEW APPROACH TO SETI
		To find the energetic efficiency of matter-markers the transmission rate must be divided by total energy (rest energy plus kinetic energy) of the material system.
		Photon efficiency is represented by the vertical line at far fight, which shows energetic efficiency as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (primarily a technological choice).
		Since starprobes and signals are energetically equivalent exercises for technically proficient extraterrestrial civilizations, either or both might be utilized in interstellar communication depending upon the particular purposes and needs of the societies seeking interaction.
	www.rfreitas.com /Astro/InterstellarProbesJBIS1980.htm (5296 words)

	Research Report CABIDF16
		Understanding energetic efficiency for the early identification of efficient cattle.
		Scientists should then be able to determine whether the expression of candidate genes linked to energetic efficiency correlates with direct observations of energy expenditure.
		In year two, the focus will be on what effects environmental temperature and the ratio of roughage to high concentrate in the diet have on the expression of genes and energy expenditure.
	www.albertabeef.org /CABIDF/03reports/16christpohsn.html (730 words)

	Journal of Mechanical Engineering
		The paper deals with structural and energetic efficiency of throttle systems with electro-hydraulic control.
		The structural and energetic efficiency of the research stand for positioning of the cylinder with servovalve and proportional valve has been considered.
		The diagrams of the positioning system efficiency with regard to the effect of parameters and the control structure have been determined.
	www.strojcas.sav.sk /sc4-00.htm (580 words)

	Ocean Life Institute - Funded Project Summaries - 2001 - Grosenbaugh, Gallagher, and Jiang Progress Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Their body motions take the form of a wave that travels head to tail, a swimming form termed "the anguilliform swimming" because it is like that of the common eel, Anguilla.
		We also have developed a method to calculate the mechanical energy consumption required to generate the flow field, and the associated energetic efficiency.
		The comparisons among our calculated values for mechanical energy consumption and energetic efficiency now enable us to understand how cod larvae change their swimming behavior for different developmental stages in ways that achieve a fast swimming speed, while still maintaining a low energy cost.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/oli/research/funded2001_grosenbaugh_progress.htm (885 words)

	Johnson et al., May 2003
		Concepts developed during the early phase of nutritional energetics included the concept that life is a combustion process, the laws of thermodynamics, and the Law of Hess.
		Observed maintenance requirements and energetic efficiencies, for example, have not been substantially altered during the last 100 yr of intensive beef production.
		Reasons for the lack of change in energetic efficiencies include a lack of a consistent selection goal, loose and inconsistent definitions of efficiency, concentration on output characteristics, and emphasis on population similarities rather than individual variation.
	www.asas.org /symposia/02sect/jas2460.htm (547 words)

	Circadiana: ClockTutorial #1 - What Is Chronobiology?
		Energetic approach is based on the notion of symmorphosis, i.e., that physiological adaptations are optimal in an engineering sense, particularly in their utilization of energy.
		All physiological processes are seen through the lense of energetics: how is energy acquired, stored, used, recycled and dissipated by the organism.
		It is assumed that every mutation that leads to better energetic efficiency of the organism will be preserved by natural selection.
	circadiana.blogspot.com /2005/01/clocktutorial-1-what-is-chronobiology.html (1305 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #4459366 - Aging of insects in relation to energetic efficiency
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Aging of insects in relation to energetic efficiency
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4459366 (97 words)

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