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Topic: Energies per unit mass

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	Unit Operations in Food Processing - R. L. Earle
		In the analysis of the energy balance, it must be remembered that energies are normally measured from a datum or reference level.
		The energy of motion, or kinetic energy, for 1 kg of fluid is therefore given by E
		The total energy of one kg of fluid entering at section 1 is equal to the total energy of one kg of fluid leaving at section 2, less the energy added by the pump, plus friction energy lost in travelling between the two sections.
	www.nzifst.org.nz /unitoperations/flfltheory2.htm (1980 words)

	Results
		However this is not enough to offset the overall decrease in kinetic energy and the magnitude of the dispersion decreases.
		Mass beyond the LMC tidal radius is assumed to be lost.
		Recall, the relative number of points at different radii in these plots do not trace mass; the lower binding energies are preferentially represented as described in §3.2.2 in order to better resolve the mass loss.
	donald.phast.umass.edu /~weinberg/papers/lmc2/node8.html (1228 words)

	UCSF Office of Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety Training Manual Chapter 2
		The roentgen (R) was adopted in l928 as a unit of exposure to medium-energy x-radiation.
		The rad is the unit of absorbed dose and is a measure of the energy deposition per unit mass by all types of ionizing radiation.
		An important unit in the practical application of radioactivity is the number of disintegrations per unit time (typically seconds or minutes).
	www.ehs.ucsf.edu /Manuals/RSTM/oehsRSTMC2.asp (824 words)

	Nuclear Binding Energy
		Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron, but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it.
		The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons.
		The binding energies of nucleons are in the range of millions of electron volts compared to tens of eV for atomic electrons.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/nucbin.html (409 words)

	Mass-energy equivalence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the concept of mass-energy equivalence, we combine together the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy, allowing mass to be converted to forms of active energy (such as kinetic energy, heat or light) while still retaining mass.
		Energy cannot be created or destroyed, and in all of its forms, trapped energy exhibits mass.
		The relativistic mass of an object is expressed as a function of its relative speed to that of light.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mass-energy_equivalence (341 words)

	ooBdoo
		The ton of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit for measuring energy.
		It is the rounded-off amount of energy that would be produced by burning one metric ton of crude oil.
		The toe is commonly used for large amounts of energy, since it may be easier to understand in a practical context than the proper SI unit for energy, the joule.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=GTOE (212 words)

	NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients - Section 3
		In (eq 7), coherent scattering has been omitted because of the negligible energy transfer associated with it, and the factors f represent the average fractions of the photon energy E that is transferred to kinetic energy of charged particles in the remaining types of interactions.
		The fluorescence energy X in (eq 8), (eq 9), and (11) depends on the distribution of atomic-electron vacancies produced in the process under consideration and is in general evaluated differently for photoelectric absorption, incoherent scattering, and triplet production.
		13) represents the average fraction of the kinetic energy of secondary charged particles (produced in all the types of interactions) that is subsequently lost in radiative (photon-emitting) energy-loss processes as the particles slow to rest in the medium.
	physics.nist.gov /PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/chap3.html (1030 words)

	Units of Radioactivity and Dose
		The original unit is the rad [100 erg/g]; it is now being widely replaced by the SI unit, the gray (Gy) [1 J/kg], where 1 gray = 100 rad.
		This dose reflects the fact that the biological damage caused by a particle depends not only on the total energy deposited but also on the rate of energy loss per unit distance traversed by the particle (or "linear energy transfer").
		Over a wide range of incident energies, Q is taken to be 1.0 for electrons (and for x-rays and gamma rays, both of which produce electrons) and 20 for alpha particles.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/wallchart/chapters/15/2.html (415 words)

	Science (HESSI SMEX Proposal)
		How the Sun releases this energy, presumably stored in the magnetic fields of the corona, and how it rapidly accelerates electrons and ions with such high efficiency, and to such high energies, is presently unknown.
		At energies of a few hundred keV the spectrum often shows a flattening, indicating that a different mechanism may be accelerating the relativistic electrons.
		The energy and arrival time of every photon, together with SAS and RAS data, are recorded in the spacecraft's on-board 2-Gbyte solid-state memory (sized to hold all the data from the largest flare) and automatically telemetered within 48 hours.
	hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov /~kim/Science.html (12169 words)

	Fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent conversion coefficients
		A 30 cm diameter sphere of unit density tissue and composition as specified by ICRU (H, 10.1%; C, 11.1%; N, 2.6%; O, 76.2%; %-compositions are given by weight) was exposed to a parallel particle beam uniformely expanded over its front surface.
		Therefore the energies deposited per unit mass have been directly multiplied by the quality factor appropriate to the linear energy transfer of the charged particle imparting energy to the matter.
		is the fluence of primary particle of energy
	www.mi.infn.it /~battist/DoseCoeff/node5.html (260 words)

	Exposure, air kerma and absorbed dose
		The definition refers to all electrons set in motion by photons in the volume of air with mass m, and the charge is collected from throughout the electron's path as it slows down (fig 1).
		Nonetheless kerma plays an important role in radiation dosimetry because it is the energy released per unit mass of material, and not surprisingly this is closely related to the energy absorbed per unit mass of material.
		The most straightforward is by calorimetry which determines the energy deposited per unit mass of material by measuring the temperature rise.
	www.irs.inms.nrc.ca /inms/irs/papers/pic/node3.html (724 words)

	Promising Packages
		Per unit mass, the thin-walled tubes offer much more surface area for gas molecules to latch onto than a flat substrate would.
		Migone and his students have measured the binding energies of different gases—how strong the attachment is between the tube and the gas—at various temperatures and pressures.
		Although scientists in the energy field had hoped that the gaps between tubes in a nanotube bundle also could store hydrogen through adsorption, one of Migone's more important findings is that this isn't possible.
	www.siu.edu /~perspect/03_sp/nanotubes.html (1666 words)

	Energy density - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume or per unit mass, depending on the context.
		In some cases it is obvious from context which quantity is most useful: for example, in rocketry, energy per unit mass is the most important parameter, but when studying pressurized gas or magnetohydrodynamics the energy per unit volume is more appropriate.
		Energy density is the amount of energy (kilojoules or calories) per milliliter of food.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_density (801 words)

	The MSDS HyperGlossary: Energy Unit Conversions
		A Joule, J, is the SI unit of energy and is defined as one kg
		The prefix "kilo" means 1,000, so one kJ = 1,000 J. As the energies associated with a single molecule or atom are quite small, we often find it easier to discuss the energy found in one mole of the substance, hence "per mole".
		A calorie was originally defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
	www.ilpi.com /msds/ref/energyunits.html (671 words)

	Radiation Safety Guide
		The Roentgen (R) is the special unit of exposure, which is the measure of the ionization produced in air by x or gamma radiation.
		The energy actually absorbed by a sample or a biological system is obviously more important than the effect the incident energy has on air, especially when attempting to relate dose and effect.
		The special unit of absorbed dose, the rad, is equivalent to the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of material.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/ehs/radsafeguide/rsg_app_e.htm (784 words)

	NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients - Section 2
		g Cohen and Taylor 1986) is the atomic mass unit (1/12 of the mass of an atom of the nuclide
		Values for the relative atomic mass A of the target elements were taken from Martin (1988) and can be extracted from the values of Z/A given in Table 1; values for the individual contributing cross sections are those found in the current NIST database (see Berger and Hubbell, 1987), as outlined below.
		His data were extended to higher energies (where the photoelectric cross section is quite small) by connecting them to the high-energy asymptotic values of Pratt (1960) through use of a semi-empirical formula (Hubbell, 1969).
	physics.nist.gov /PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/chap2.html (1098 words)

	clc9/15/02
		This small angle result is at the heart of the derivation of the expression for energy loss of charged particles moving in matter which you studied in the Particle Detectors laboratory, and can be readily derived by an impulse approximation treatment of Coulomb scattering.
		Remember that the energies and angles are still in the center of mass.
		This complicates the experiment because the energy is not unique, but makes it more interesting because you can investigate equation (1) as a function of alpha energy.
	www.phys.ksu.edu /personal/cocke/classes/phys506/ruth.htm (1310 words)

	Introduction
		are the electron classical radius, atomic number, ratio of kinetic energy of the electron to its rest energy, velocity of the electron relative to the velocity of light in vacuum, Avogadro's constant and molar mass of the substance (g/mole), respectively.
		In addition to studying the relation of the mass scattering power to the electron energy by Monte Carlo and analytical methods, particular attention has been focused on the differences between the analytic Molière calculations and the Monte Carlo calculations which are based on the same multiple-scattering theory but also include other effects.
		A major objective of this paper is to examine the range of validity of the concept of a mass scattering power which is defined for a zero thickness slab but which is used in practical situations for slabs of finite thickness.
	www.irs.inms.nrc.ca /papers/MSP95/node1.html (1067 words)

	Why does the nuclear fusion reaction yield more energy than the nuclear fission reaction?
		The energy per event is greater (in these examples) in fission, but the energy per nucleon (fusion = about 7 MeV/nucleon, fission = about 1 Mev/nucleon) is much greater in fusion.
		Fusion releases the energy of the strong force (much stronger at short distances than the EM force) when the small pieces are captured and held into one nucleus.
		Now looking at the graph the binding energy per nucleon for Uranium is about 7.6MeV and for Barium around 8.3 giving an increase in binding energy during fission of about 0.7MeV per nucleon, or a total of 164.5MeV in total.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae534.cfm (460 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The conventional unit of measure for radiation activity is the Curie (Ci).
		The conventional unit of measuring absorbed dose is the rad (radiation absorbed dose).
		The conventional unit of measuring absorbed dose is the rem (roentgen equivalent man).
	www.dtc.dla.mil /radpro/measure/measuremain.htm (877 words)

	Solar Skiff
		The charge reduction per unit mass is easy to understand as a simple result of the anomalous mass gain of the neutron, considered as the combination of a proton and an electron.
		If masses are actually charges (which they are), then the reduced charge per unit mass seen in neutron-heavy elements must be compensated for by an increased average radial charge separation, in order to maintain an equal acceleration between neutron-poor and neutron-rich elements.
		Mass is simply a count of the amount of matter, or number of particles, in a body.
	www.solarskiff.com /solar.htm (9211 words)

	Quatum Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Plank restricted this value for the energy to the equaiton E= HF where E is the energy* and F is the Frequency of the vibration, and H is the constant chosen to by Plank.
		Higher energy photons may lose only part of their energy to the atomic electron which is again ejected from its atom.
		The remaining energy is taken up by another photon of reduced energy which is scattered in a new direction.
	www.personal.psu.edu /students/p/x/pxv119/new_page_4.htm (818 words)

	Occupational Health and Safety Act - R.R.O. 1990, Reg. 861 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The employer shall ensure that a direct reading dosimeter of a suitable type is provided to each X-ray worker who in the course of his or her work may be exposed to an air kerma rate in excess of 100 micrograys per hour.
		Access doors and sample ports shall be interlocked with the X-ray source or with an adequately shielded shutter of failsafe design and, where operation has been interrupted by an interlock, it shall be possible to resume operation only from the control panel after the interlock has been reset.
		The cabinet shall be so arranged and shielded as to prevent the air kerma rate from exceeding 5 micrograys per hour at any accessible point 5 centimetres from the external surface, under all possible operating conditions.
	www.e-laws.gov.on.ca /DBLaws/Regs/English/900861_e.htm (3224 words)

	Warcraft III - Humans -> Units -> Archmage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Be sure to prevent your units from running into a Blizzard after your enemy steps out of it.
		Try to get the enemy Creeps and units to focus their attention on the Water Elemental since it will disappear after a period of time anyway.
		Mass Teleport can also be very powerful with a group of Sorceresses and Priests with the Brilliance Aura.
	www.bnetd.org /war3/human/units/archmage.shtml (1535 words)

	Open Directory - Science:Technology:Energy:Storage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		When the energy storage is located near the load (a major city or industry) it can ameliorate problems with security or reliability of linear infrastructure.
		It might be economical for uses which demand incredibly high energies per unit mass, such as space propulsion.
		Flywheels store and release kinetic energy (mass in motion) in this context, they apply to devices which may be used to store electrical energy by attaching a motor-generator to a high-speed rotating weight.
	dmoz.org /Science/Technology/Energy/Storage/desc.html (1285 words)

	Keeping Your Balance
		An energy balance is calculated by comparing the enthalpies, or energies per unit mass, of incoming streams to outgoing streams across the system boundary.
		These energy flows must be followed by the enthalpy change of the water entering the plant as its temperature and/or phase changes.
		Relationships between the mass and energy balances in water vapor-air mixtures are represented graphically in psychrometric charts.
	www.awt.org /members/publications/analyst/1996/Winter/Winter1996Art2.htm (2290 words)

	Evaluation of Moisture Limits for Uranium and Plutonium Mixed Oxides to Support On-Site Transportation Packaging
		The ratio of decay energy for the SRS PuO
		The decay energies for plutonium isotopic compositions conservatively bound the decay energies associated with depleted and natural uranium isotopic compositions that are used to form mixed oxide fuels.
		The number of adsorbed water layers is calculated by dividing the mass of water per square meter by the theoretical mass of water per square meter of surface area.
	sti.srs.gov /fulltext/tr2000048/tr2000048.html (8598 words)

	Law of Dulong and Petit
		The difference is mainly because it is expressed as energy per unit mass; if you express it as energy per mole, they are very similar.
		The similarity can be accounted for by applying equipartition of energy to the atoms of the solids.
		Energy added to solids takes the form of atomic vibrations and that contributes three additional degrees of freedom and a total energy per atom of 3kT.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /Hbase/thermo/dulong.html (456 words)

	NE 581 -- Radiation Protection -- OSU Extended Campus - Oregon State University
		Kerma is the expectation value of the energy transferred to charged particles per unit mass at a point of interest, including radiative-loss energy, but excluding energy passed from one charged particle to another
		absorbed dose is the energy retained in the medium brought about by the ionizations along the track of the charged particle.
		Mass should be sufficiently small so that it the absorbed dose is defined at a point, but not so small that statistical fluctuations become important
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/dce/ne581/five/kerma.htm (515 words)

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