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Topic: Energy balances

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	Energy balance -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In (The science of matter and energy and their interactions) physics, "energy balance" is a systematic presentation of ((physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs) energy flows and transformations in a system.
		Theoretical basis for an energy balance is the first law of (The branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of energy) thermodynamics according to which energy cannot be created or destroyed, only modified in form.
		Common methodology for compilation and presentation of energy balances allows simple addition of national energy balances to form supranational ones, such as is compiled for the (An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members) European Union.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/en/energy_balance.htm (414 words)

	Energy balances for Vestas wind turbines
		The energy balances show that it takes 7.7 and 9 months for the two turbine models to generate as much energy as is used in their entire life cycles.
		Energy balance for a wind turbine is an expression of the time that the turbine must operate to generate as much energy as is used in its entire life cycle – from the extraction of raw materials to final disposal.
		The energy balance is calculated on the basis of a Life Cycle Assessment, performed on the basis of ISO 14040-43.
	www.vestas.com /uk/environment/2005_rev/energybalance.asp (457 words)

	Energy Balances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving system because of its velocity.
		Potential energy is due to the position of the system in a gravitational or electromagnetic field, or due to the conformation of the system relative to an equilibrium position (e.g., compression of a spring).
		Internal energy is the sum of all molecular, atomic and sub-atomic energies of matter.
	www.fse.missouri.edu /be210/EnergyBalance-1.htm (366 words)

	Net Energy Balances
		Calculating the balance of energy used and energy saved is straightforward for some of the strategies, particularly those that are energy producers, such as municipal waste combustion.
		Calculating the energy balance becomes complex when the secondary effects of energy recovery by recycling are included; however, this study does analyze primary energy use and recovery achieved by the MSW management strategies that include recycling.
		Usually the excess energy (which is referred to as "exported energy') is generated and sold as electricity, and it therefore displaces the need to generate the same amount of electricity from a virgin fuel or other sources.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/11/10516/bal.html (758 words)

	8106-03, Energy Balances of the Czech Republic - Methodical contens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		We consider, under energy processes in the energy balance, only those processes in which it is balanced on the one hand charge/input into processes and on the other hand production and losses in charge.
		It is the quantity of energy that was, after its use in definite energy or technological process, newly utilized in form of fuels or heat, either in the identical process or for other energy purposes.
		It is the fuels and energy consumption ascertained before their input into consumers/appliances in which they are utilized for final utility effect, not for other energy production (with the exception of secondary energy sources).
	www.czso.cz /eng/edicniplan.nsf/otisk/8106-03-1999_2001-methodical_contens_ (2019 words)

	8106-03, Energy Balances of the Czech Republic - Development of the Czech Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Energy inputs into the Czech Republic national economy were permanently decreasing from 1990 till 1994.
		Onward structure change, in favour of noble kinds of energy, became evident in reduction of solid fuels share in primary energy sources from 64.9% in 1990 and 57.4% in 1995 to 50.7% in 1999.
		Final consumption of fuels and energy used in national economy including households consumption decreased in 2001, in comparison with 1990, from 1303.2 PJ (62.8% of primary energy sources) to 1056.6 PJ (62.4% of primary energy sources), i.e.
	www.czso.cz /eng/edicniplan.nsf/otisk/8106-03-1999_2001-development_of_the_czech_republic (706 words)

	Levington (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Energy balances in the growth of oilseed rape for biodiesel and of wheat for bioethanol.
		The energy value of oil seed rape and wheat crops is summarised in Table 5 (Energy values of oilseed rape and wheat crops).
		It was assumed that the energy equivalent for diesel fuel is 43 MJ/l (26).
	www.biodiesel.co.uk /levington.htm (4548 words)

	Unit Operations in Food Processing - R. L. Earle
		The first material balances are determined in the exploratory stages of a new process, improved during pilot plant experiments when the process is being planned and tested, checked out when the plant is commissioned and then refined and maintained as a control instrument as production continues.
		Energy balances are used in the examination of the various stages of a process, over the whole process and even extending over the total food production system from the farm to the consumer's plate.
		Energy balances are often complicated because forms of energy can be interconverted, for example mechanical energy to heat energy, but overall the quantities must balance.
	www.nzifst.org.nz /unitoperations/matlenerg1.htm (575 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Water and Energy Balances at Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interfaces
		Energy from sunlight is seen to be the principle driving force for evaporation from soil and plants.
		The interactions between water in and entering the soil and the balances of sunlight and heat energies are explored.
		The interactions between the soil water balance and the surface energy balance are explored, and methods of measurement of the soil water balance are given.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=113146 (317 words)

	Approximate Energy Balances
		The purpose of the energy balance is then to determine the rate at which heat which must be supplied to or removed from the unit to maintain this temperature.
		For compression, energy requirements are comparable with those of sensible heating, but this operation requires mechanical energy, or work, which is more expensive than heat.
		However, energy is always relative to something: a boulder on top of a hill has energy compared to that of one at the bottom by virtue of its height.
	www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk /~jwp/procalcs/procalcs/energy/energy.html (1541 words)

	The Challenge of Rural Energy Poverty in Developing Countries
		Even with conventional energy sources, such as electricity and kerosene, a disaggregation of the major demand categories into end-uses is difficult, since organised efforts to study patterns of rural energy use are few and far between.
		Sometimes these balances are developed on a regular annual basis but, particularly in developing countries, they may exist for only a few sample years.
		Currently, most national energy balances are based only on supply data, which has two serious consequences for assessment and analysis of the rural sector.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/rural/energy_use_in_rural_areas/2_2.asp (1680 words)

	Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes.
		The analysis of the environmental impact is based on the net energy consumption which is the difference between the energy input and the energy generated by the thermal utilization of renewable waste.
		The energy input amounts to 5 328 GJ, 6 577 GJ and 8 003 GJ for the sheds from wood, steel and concrete, respectively.
		Thus, for the wood shed the energy consumption and the relating environmental impact potentials are reduced.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/Y3609E/y3609e04.htm (1999 words)

	Mass and Energy Balances
		Thermal heat energy from electrical power plants can result in increased temperature in rivers used for cooling water; ``greenhouse'' pollutants in the atmosphere alter the energy balance of the earth and may cause significant increases in global temperatures in the future; and many of our uses of energy are themselves associated with emissions of pollutants.
		Energy which is a part of the molecular structure or organization of a given substance is internal.
		The energy flux in is equal to the solar energy intercepted by the earth.
	www.cee.mtu.edu /~reh/courses/ce251/251_notes_dir/node3.html (6484 words)

	Effects: Energy Balances and Microclimate Impacts
		This reflected energy is unavailable for sensible and latent heating, therefore the albedos of watershed surfaces determines their relative rates of heating.
		Heat energy not utilized in evapotranspiration is released to the atmosphere as sensible heat.
		The summer sensible heat indices for deserts, impervious urban surfaces, and deciduous forests are 95%, 80%, and 25% respectively.
	chesapeake.towson.edu /landscape/impervious/energy.asp (325 words)

	Materials and Energy Balances
		For the performance of these balances only, let us envision that the feed actually consists of two streams: a methane-free stream and a stream of pure methane.
		The flowrate of the condensate stream is known from the overall balances.
		An energy balance yields the temperature of stream 10.
	www.adeptscience.co.uk /products/mathsim/mathcad/add-ons/free_ebooks/m_e_bal_samp.htm (235 words)

	OECD Databases - Energy
		The Energy Balances of OECD Countries database contains data on energy supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas, combustible renewables and waste as well as for electricity and heat in detailed energy balances.
		Thus, the nature and structure of the renewable energy market impedes data quality and reliability when compared to that of the traditional fossil fuels, which are mainly pro-duced in grid-connected plants.
		Energy data for all Member countries are presented in this publication and included in all OECD totals or regional aggregates.
	www.oecdwash.org /PUBS/ELECTRONIC/epenergy.htm (3391 words)

	Is ethanol energy-efficient?: Journey to Forever
		In this updated paper the numbers look even more attractive: more energy is contained in the ethanol and the other by-products of corn processing than is used to grow the corn and convert it into ethanol and by-products.
		A 2002 study by the US Department of Agriculture that accounts for gasoline and diesel fuel use, fertilizers and a variety of other energy inputs in the production, concluded that the energy balance of ethanol is 1.34:1.
		This means that ethanol "yields 34% more energy than it takes to produce it, including growing the corn, harvesting it, transporting it and distilling it into ethanol." These data are consistent with a study by Dr. Bruce Dale, Michigan State University (2002), and a study by Argonne National Laboratory (1999).
	journeytoforever.org /ethanol_energy.html (2062 words)

	Enerdata: detailed energy balance by country
		An energy balance is a strategic tool to understand the energy market shares of a given market.
		Enerdata is the only one to provide energy balances for any energy markets in the world (country or region) and for any year from 1970 until last year.
		Based on our extensive statistical expertise of energy accounting, we are able to give a clear and easy-to-read statistical overview of the market you analyse.
	www.enerdata.fr /enerdatauk/statistics/statdata/energy_balances.html (132 words)

	Environmental and energy balances of wood products and substitutes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The analysis of the environmental impact is based on the net energy consumption which is the difference between the energy input (see Table 5/Total) and the energy generated by thermal utilization of renewable waste.
		Although this approach does not consider waste wood as energy source and is, consequently, in favour of Building 2, the figures in Table 8 indicate the dominance of wood as an environmentally sound building material.
		In this case, the energy input amounts to 5 328 GJ, 6 577 GJ and 8 003 GJ for the sheds from wood, steel and concrete, respectively.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/004/Y3609E/y3609e08.htm (4431 words)

	Genetic Influences on the Response of Body Fat and Fat Distribution to Positive and Negative Energy Balances in Human ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		in response to chronic alterations in energy balance are common.
		Changes in abdominal visceral fat with the negative energy balance protocol in seven pairs of young adult male identical twins.
		The genes responsible for these individual differences in sensitivity to alterations in energy balance remain to be identified.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/127/5/943S (3705 words)

	Energy balance 2pl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		If there is a total temperature and pressure balance in a system and no energy transfer takes place in any direction, the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
		The enthalpy is an energetic property of state deviated from the internal energy, the pressure and the volume.
		For a true balance, the investigated components/ system elements of any energetic system have to be separated, so that a simple but clear balance is possible.
	metp02.mw.tu-dresden.de /Energy_balances/EnergyBal/ENRGYBL.htm (1896 words)

	Horizontal Convection and Ocean Energy Balances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		I'll prove that if the viscosity and thermal diffusivity are lowered to zero the mechanical energy dissipation per unit mass also vanishes.
		Despite this 'anti-turbulence theorem', horizontal convection exhibits a transition from a steady to an eddying flow which is controlled by the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers.
		The implications of these results is that the global ocean circulation is energetically sustained by winds and tides, rather than the pole-to-equator surface density gradient.
	galcit.caltech.edu /Seminars/Fluids/PastFluids/2002-2003/Young_abs.html (208 words)

	Publications at The Centre For Water Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A model of terrestrial water and energy balances is applied to a catchment with heterogeneous vegetation cover.
		The model couples the surface energy balance with the soil and surface water balance.
		The seasonality of this relationship is due to the soil moisture control of surface energy balance in summer.
	www.cwr.uwa.edu.au /internationalisation/publications/detail1262 (291 words)

	Cardiac energy balances, heart failure processes exposed
		Disturbances in the energy balance of heart muscle can trigger a number of major heart diseases, including heart failure and myocardial infarction.
		The coupling between foodstuff (the glucose or fatty acids that are eaten) and contraction requires the conversion of chemical energy (foodstuff elements) into concentration gradients of ions (hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium) in billions of cell and intracellular compartments within the heart.
		The controllers of this conversion between the energy stored in chemical compounds and ionic gradients are enzymes called ATPases, complex proteins that could consume ATP to generate ionic gradients or vice versa.
	mediswww.meds.cwru.edu /public_affairs/bulletin/vol5-no2-1999/cardener.html (1562 words)

	Jenkins, B. M. and G. Knutson, Energy balances in biomass handling systems: net energy analysis of electricity from ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		An analysis of a system to generate electricity from rice straw in a 25 MW power plant reveals a substantial input of fossil fuel energy to support the handling and conversion operations.
		Transforming the energy in one tonne of straw to 4,000 MJ of electricity requires an expenditure of 3,838 MJ of fossil fuel for engines, oil, manufacturing, repairs, labor, and replacement of nutrients.
		Solar energy input for field drying the straw is a critical input to the system.
	www.calricestraw.org /library/abstracts/energy0036.html (171 words)

	Drexel ChE - CHE 202 - Process Energy Balances - Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Covers use of first law to analyze chemical processing operations, energy balances for non-reactive and reactive processes, chemical reaction equilibria, and application to specific commercial processes.
		CHE 202 introduces the student to the fundamentals of energy balances, control volumes, and physical property relationships as applied to simple process calculations.
		It provides technical skills and engineering judgment needed to analyze chemical processes, solve open-ended, complex material and energy balances, evaluate the adequacy of the balance equations, solve the governing equations, and analyze the processes effectively.
	www.chemeng.drexel.edu /new/info/syllabi_html/che202.htm (254 words)

	[No title]
		Since the marginal product of energy is the amount of extra output producted, the price of that extra output times the extra output is how much extra revenue an additional unit of energy brings in called the marginal revenue product (MRP).
		The exceptions for income are on coal, residential energy, residential gas, and industrial gas consumption.
		Non-petroleum energy sources are more income elastic than oil and the heavier end of the barrel.
	www.mines.edu /Academic/courses/econbus/dahl/pw/ch20.doc (1602 words)

	Cuba
		Annual Energy and Energy-Related Data: Data for Cuba for the years 1980-2003, reported by fuel (energy) category, are available to be downloaded in Excel (xls) spreadsheet format.
		To see a complete energy balance for Cuba for a recent year scroll down to the next item.
		Country Energy Balance [html] - This energy balance is presented for the most recent year for which complete and final data are available.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/international/cuba.html (232 words)

	Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries 2002-2003: 2005 Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This volume contains data on the supply and consumption of coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste presented as comprehensive energy balances, expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent for over 100 non-OECD countries.
		More detailed data in original units are published in Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries 2002-2003, the sister volume of this publication.
		Middle East and North Africa Insights provides a detailed assessment of energy prospects throughout the Middle East and North Africa region, and the implications of these for world energy markets.
	www.oecd.org /LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2825_34669_2387884_119656_1_1_1,00.html (197 words)

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