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Topic: Energy carrier

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	Energy carrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An energy carrier is simply any system or substance used to transfer energy from somewhere to somewhere else.
		For example, If energy from a nuclear power plant is used to produce Hydrogen by electrolyzing water which is then burned in a fuel cell to drive a car, then Hydrogen is the energy carrier moving energy from natural Uranium to the vehicle.
		This is usually differentiated from "sources" of energy such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc, whose energy was not "put there" by human beings but rather by various natural processes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_carrier (156 words)

	Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hydrogen energy may be used in centralized fuel cells and in the transport sector, resulting in a reduction of carbon dioxide from the energy system to an attractive reduction price for CO Introduction
		The bio gasification plants are attractive in connection with hydrogen as energy carrier, as they have the same buffer capacity as the coal gasification plants.
		If an amount of renewable energy is introduced in the system, this electricity overflow will increase considerably, and an electricity overflow of 15-20% does not seem unrealistic at the fitting in of about 4000 MW renewable energy, corresponding to 30% of the expected demand for electricity.
	www.risoe.dk /sys/esy/techn/hydrogen.htm (3529 words)

	Energy End-Use Technologies for the 21st Century
		The World Energy Council’s (WEC) 2001 study, Energy Technologies for the 21st Century, was aimed at understanding the role that new energy technologies may play in accelerating energy improvements throughout the world—to meet increasingly stringent environmental standards, and to broaden the commercial availability of energy and energy services.
		Electricity, the most ubiquitous energy carrier today, is produced by the conversion of a number of energy sources, the local choice for any carrier being made based on economic, reliability, convenience, and environmental factors.
		Natural gas is an energy source that is also an effective energy carrier and is often used directly with an end-use technology (i.e., conversion to building heat, grid electricity, or transportation power).
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/et2104/intro/intro.asp (2214 words)

	Hydrogen - Energy
		It is the lightest element, and it is a gas at normal temperature and pressure.
		We convert energy to electricity because it is easier for us to move and use.
		NASA is the primary user of hydrogen as an energy carrier; it has used hydrogen for years in the space program.
	www.eia.doe.gov /kids/energyfacts/sources/IntermediateHydrogen.html (708 words)

	Utilizing Hydrogen as an Intermediate Energy Carrier - Nestor Siu
		In order to supply energy to automobiles under an energy economy, an intermediate energy carrier needs to be used to transfer an store energy into automobiles.
		In this storage technology, hydrogen is settled in several layers of graphite fibers with diameters between 5 to 100 nanometers and lengths of 5 to 100 micrometers.
		Only 20 percent of the energy released when burning hydrogen is transmitted to the surrounding air in the form of heat, compared to 40 with burning gasoline, so its explosion is not as destructive.
	www.sfu.ca /~nsiu/fuel_cells/fuel_cells.html (3753 words)

	FWF Austrian Science Fund - Press - Alternative energy carrier
		On the one hand, this amino acid is an important component of proteins, which play a major role in the immune defence system – similar to interferon in humans – and helps to keep the molecular concentration in the blood constant.
		In summer the produced energy is used as alternative "fuel", while in winter the bees could use it to rapidly heat the hive, if required, and thus to guarantee the survival of the workers and the queen.
		The high energy reserves in the hive allow the bees to fly earlier, faster and further than their competitors.
	www.fwf.ac.at /en/public_relations/press/alternative_energy.html (376 words)

	Department of Energy - Hydrogen
		Hydrogen is a clean energy carrier (like electricity) made from diverse domestic resources such as renewable energy (e.g.
		The Energy Hydrogen Program is making progress towards the goal of a 2015 commercialization decision on hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles and the infrastructure to fuel them through an aggressive research program that accelerates the timeline for resolving technical and economic barriers.
		Energy also co-chairs an Interagency Taskforce which is a mechanism for collaboration among nine federal agencies (Energy, Agriculture, NASA, Transportation, Commerce, State, Defense, Environmental Protection Agency, and the National Science Foundation).
	www.energy.gov /energysources/hydrogen.htm (387 words)

	ATP - Energy Carrier
		ATP functions as a carrier of energy in all living organisms from bacteria and fungi to plants and animals including humans.
		ATP captures the chemical energy released by the combustion of nutrients and transfers it to reactions that require energy, e.g.
		They found that, as opposed to the view generally held, the step requiring energy was not the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, but that energy was required to bind ADP and the phosphate to the enzyme and to release ATP.
	www.eyesight.org /Research/Research-ATP/research-atp.html (2756 words)

	Paper for 11th Canadian Hydrogen Conference (19 June 2001)
		In any case, these energy carriers would either accumulate after use as large heaps of oxide, or go back to the power station to be deoxidized again.
		Specific energy is the ratio of heat produced to boria produced by the boron-oxygen reaction upstream of the turbine: 18.0 megajoules per kilogram.
		Boria's high specific binding energy and the undemanding nature as cargoes of both it and elemental boron means they will convey energy lightly and compactly, even in small shipments.
	www.eaglebusiness.com /~gcowan/Paper_for_11th_CHC.html (3697 words)

	The Hydrogen Economy — Energy and Economic Black Hole \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		In the United States, ninety percent is made from natural gas, with an efficiency of 72% (2), which means you've just lost 28% of the energy contained in the natural gas to make it (and that doesn’t count the energy it took to extract and deliver the natural gas to the hydrogen plant).
		Making LNG is so energy intensive that it would be economically and environmentally insane to use it as a source of hydrogen (3).
		Hydrogen’s properties require energy to overcome waters’ hydrogen-oxygen bond, to move heavy cars, to prevent leaks and brittle metals, to transport to the destination.
	www.energybulletin.net /2401.html?ENERGYBULL=3f111b51386b890bdf16abbd3c38e150 (2144 words)

	Department of Energy - Energy Sources
		Energy is the vital force powering business, manufacturing, and the transportation of goods and services to serve the American and world economies.
		Energy supply and demand plays an increasingly vital role in our national security and the economic output of our nation.
		The Department’s activities are instrumental in establishing the safety, reliability, and efficiency of energy supplies in a global marketplace.
	www.energy.gov /energysources/index.htm (182 words)

	GLOSSARY
		SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) - The total cooling output of a central air conditioning unit in Btus during its normal usage period for cooling divided by the total electrical energy input in watt-hours during the same period, as determined using specified federal test procedures.
		An energy carrier which has been produced from primary energy in a conversion process (e.g.
		SOURCE ENERGY - All the energy used in delivering energy to a site, including power generation and transmission and distribution losses, to perform a specific function, such as space conditioning, lighting, or water heating.
	www.consumerenergycenter.org /glossary/s.html (2353 words)

	The Energy Story - CHAPTER 20: Hydrogen and Future Energy Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hydrogen as a fuel is high in energy, yet a machine that burns pure hydrogen produces almost zero pollution.
		The "free energy" area is filled with con artists selling unintelligible information, often clouded with technical sounding jargon, and seeking people with money to develop their inventions or ideas.
		With energy and the universe (at least as we know it today), there's no such thing as a free lunch; or free energy.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter20.html (1093 words)

	Hydrogen Technologies -- Generators, Fuel Cells
		Hydrogen as an energy carrier - Report by the Royal Belgian Academy Council of Applied Science reviews and summarizes in simple terms the extensive and evolving knowledge available on the hydrogen economy, making practical recommendations for research and development, demonstration projects and applications.
		Alternate Energy Corp. Perfecting Hydrogen from Water - AEC has derived a means of generating hydrogen through a proprietary metallurgic alloy composed of readily available elements.
		Clean Patagonian Energy from Wind and Hydrogen - A laboratory situated in the southern Patagonia region of Argentina is producing hydrogen from wind energy to supply power to a village -- and prove that it is possible to replace the polluting fuels derived from petroleum.
	www.freeenergynews.com /Directory/Hydrogen/index.html (3824 words)

	Tidepool \| Features
		The University of Montana in Missoula is pursuing a "Futures Park" centered on hydrogen energy education, including a development center to create hydrogen energy products and find new ways to use hydrogen as an energy source.
		In comparing the energy available when the carrier medium is either hydrogen or electricity, it turns out electricity delivers substantially greater end-use energy.
		And a 100-turbine wind farm that stores energy at 75 percent efficiency using conventional means, such as batteries, balloons into a 160-turbine farm using hydrogen (stored at 47 percent efficiency) if it is to provide the same amount of end-use energy.
	www.tidepool.org /original_content.cfm?articleid=121358 (1086 words)

	Hydrogen Hijacked \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		On the second point, it is not necessarily the innocent fuel cell that is foolish, but the people who believe that hydrogen holds the magic key to a future of clean and never-ending supplies of energy that will free the world from fossil fuels.
		Sustainable energy solutions are those which do not compromise the well-being of future generations.
		By and large, environment lobby groups like Greenpeace, the Climate Action Network and several energy and environment institutes are rushing forth to free the hydrogen hostage, launching vicious attacks on big oil, gas and coal in the process.
	www.energybulletin.net /3203.html (1012 words)

	Energy Services, technical help
		Logically, the choice of primary energy source and energy carrier would be based on the full fuel cycle economic and environmental cost.
		The system that is developed to meet an energy need will balance the nature of the primary resources available (continuously available or intermittent), the need for storage (grid connected or not grid connected), the desired end use (heat, motors), the economics, and the environmental impacts.
		Hydrogen is an energy carrier and thus competes with electricity
	www.wapa.gov /es/techhelp/powerline/00Dec.htm (1532 words)

	Energy Efficiency - Carrier Residential
		Carrier is aware of this also, and offers options for making your system more environmentally sound.
		Energy Star air conditioners are 20 percent more efficient than ones currently meeting the federal government standards.
		Energy Star air-source heat pumps and central air conditioners could save consumers over $350 million per year by the year 2000 in heating and air conditioning bills.
	www.commercial.carrier.com /res/details/0,,CLI1_DIV109_ETI7861_MID3683,00.html?SMSESSION=NO (905 words)

	Boron: A Better Energy Carrier than Hydrogen? (27 July 2004)
		Release of the energy in a hot flame at high pressure should mean good ratios of power to mass in boron motors, and quickness in boron cars.
		Boron is a fairly deep chemical energy well for oxygen, less so than metals just below it and to its left, but in section Energy-Specific Ash Mass, when its own lightness is added in, it beats some of them.
		It is unusual in fuels, except for one odd case of a fuel that is a metal, and has a very high flame temperature, and in air can't be ignited with a blowtorch because its superficial oxide layer is so strongly protective.
	www.eagle.ca /~gcowan/boron_blast.html (6664 words)

	HyperEnergy: Electricity as an Energy Carrier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Energy conversion devices such as generators can be used to apply electric fields on a transmission line in such a way that the electrons in the line develops a potential relative to a reference voltage such as the Earth.
		This relationship allows a large amount of energy to be carried without significant loss if electrons are transferred at high voltage but low current.
		Electricity is the most common energy carrier in the world, carrying ??% of our global energy usage.
	www.stanford.edu /~weston/Carriers/ElectricityCarrier.htm (349 words)

	Hydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As a nearly ideal energy carrier, hydrogen will play a critical role in a new, decentralized energy infrastructure that can provide power to vehicles, homes, and industries.
		If hydrogen is produced from water and powered by renewable energy, the energy lifecycle of hydrogen is entirely pollution-free.
		Small Is Profitable, which makes the case that energy efficiency and cheaper electricity from small, renewable sources of energy will gradually replace the output of large, centralized fossil fuel-powered generating stations and nuclear plants.
	www.energyfinder.org /renewable/hydrogen.asp (221 words)

	EERE: Hydrogen Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Hydrogen is produced from sources such as natural gas, coal, gasoline, methanol, or biomass through the application of heat; from bacteria or algae through photosynthesis; or by using electricity or sunlight to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.
		The use of hydrogen as a fuel and energy carrier will require an infrastructure for safe and cost-effective hydrogen transport and storage.
		The vision of building an energy infrastructure that uses hydrogen as an energy carrier — a concept called the "hydrogen economy" — is considered the most likely path toward a full commercial application of hydrogen energy technologies.
	www.eere.energy.gov /RE/hydrogen.html (274 words)

	Tanner Home & Energy - Carrier Gas Furnaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Carrier's condensing furnace technology stretches efficiency and performance to provide custom made indoor weather.
		The primary heat exchanger extracts 80% of the heat from the gas you use, then the secondary heat exchanger extracts an additional 14% to 16%.
		When you compare the difference we think you'll agree that a Carrier High efficiency gas furnace along with quality installation from Tanner is second to none in comfort and efficiency.
	www.thebestheat.com /pages/gasfurn.php (304 words)

	Hydrogen as Australia's Future Energy Carrier by Stephen Zorbas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Australia is energy secure and has excellent energy market structures in place.Its energy security supports the international community greatly.
		However Australia is an energy consumer indeed and the growth projections for the future are high,and when this demand is met with supply a problem is going arise.
		One of Stephen's achievements to date, was to play his part in securing hydrogen as Australia's future energy carrier.
	www.hydrogen-zorbas.com.au /Australias-Future-Energy-Carrier.htm (246 words)

	Hydrogen
		Learn where it came from, where it can be found today, how it can be used in the future and how it is being used in hundreds of ways around the...
		If you look at the hydrogen energy levels at extremely high resolution, you do find evidence of some other small effects on the energy.
		The goal of AHA is to stimulate interest and help establish the renewable hydrogen energy economy by the year 2010.
	sodiumcarbonate.moatsodium.com /hydrogen (711 words)

	Hot Electron Modeling III: Energy Transport Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The last term in (40) is the energy loss rate due to collisions.
		Based on the similarity of the functional expressions in (47) and (48), an extended Scharfetter-Gummel method can be applied for self-consistent discretization of both carrier continuity equation and energy balance equation.
		The energy transport approach is appealing for practical simulation applications, because the numerical procedure developed for drift-diffusion problems can be easily adapted.
	www-ncce.ceg.uiuc.edu /tutorials/hot_electron/html/node3.html (673 words)

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