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Topic: Energy spectrum

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	Energy level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Energy levels are said to be degenerate, if the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state.
		The energy of its state is mainly determined by the electrostatic interaction of the (negative) electron with the (positive) nucleus.
		Fine structure arises from relativistic kinetic energy corrections, spin-orbit coupling (magnetic dipole interaction of the electron spin with the magnetic field due to the movement in the electric field of the nucleus) and the Darwin term (contact term interaction of s-shell electrons inside the nucleus).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_level (585 words)

	Energy spectrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An energy spectrum is a distribution of energy among a large assemblage of particles.
		It is a statistical representation of the wave energy as a function of the wave frequency, and an empirical estimator of the spectral function.
		An example of an energy spectrum in the physical domain is ocean waves breaking on the shore.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Energy_spectrum (257 words)

	TransWorld Energy
		The useful energy exists and may be harnessed for as long as the Ambient Background is disturbed, which occurs easily and requires no physical motion on the part of the device.
		While solar energy can translate into electrical power, the spectrum of visible light is only a tiny portion of total resonate magnetic energy spectrum, and can therefore only translate comparatively into a tiny amount of energy.
		Indirect acquisition of electrical energy by mechanical means (as in a dynamo - a combination collector and pump) drawing energy from the earth's ambient energy background) is wasteful in its low energy yield and costs to operate, troublesome to maintain, and degrades and pollutes the environment.
	www.altenergy-pro.com /rec.htm (1131 words)

	Energy spectrum for solar neutrinos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This spectrum is independent of conditions in the solar interior to an accuracy of 1 part in 100,000.
		The principal effects of the solar environment are the motions of the ions, which lead to Doppler shifts of the neutrinos, and the gravitational redshift caused by the solar mass.
		The energy Spectrum of neutrinos from the pp chain of interactions in the Sun, as predicted by the standard solar model.
	www.sns.ias.edu /~jnb/SNviewgraphs/SNspectrum/energyspectra.html (397 words)

	NASA Observatorium Education-Reference Module (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The shorter the wavelength of the radiation, the higher the energy.
		is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 400 and 700 billionths of a meter (400 to 700 nanometers).
		It is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we see, and coincides with the wavelength of greatest intensity of sunlight.
	observe.arc.nasa.gov /nasa/education/reference/emspec/emspectrum.html (725 words)

	Radioactivity
		Beta emission is accompanied by the emission of an electron antineutrino which shares the momentum and energy of the decay.
		Positrons are emitted with the same kind of energy spectrum as electrons in negative beta decay because of the emission of the neutrino.
		Because either a neutrino or an antineutrino is emitted as well, there is a spectrum of energies for the electron or positron, depending upon what fraction of the reaction energy Q is carried by the massive particle.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nuclear/beta.html (364 words)

	Kolmogorov's Theory of Turbulence and the Energy Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		the spectrum is affected by the viscosity of the fluid.
		The energy spectrum is the relation between E and k with ψ held fixed.
		The energy spectrum in terms of the scale of the vortices is found by noting that if F(L) is the energy spectrum in terms of the scale L of a vortex then
	www.applet-magic.com /kolmo.htm (476 words)

	How can full-spectrum light sources be compared? \| Full-Spectrum Light Sources \| Lighting Answers \| NLPIP
		First, the SPD of an equal energy spectrum is, indeed, "full" across the entire visible spectrum and, second, an equal energy spectrum is neutral with regard to any prejudicial associations, positive or negative, with "natural" light sources.
		The lower limit of the FSI reference spectrum range (380 nm) was chosen because it is the shortest wavelength tabulated in the abridged International Commission on Illumination (CIE) color matching functions, and because invisible UV radiation should be excluded as part of the definition of full-spectrum light sources (see "Is ultraviolet radiation production important?").
		The cumulative SPD for an equal energy spectrum is shown (blue) with the cumulative SPD of the example light source (green).
	www.lrc.rpi.edu /programs/NLPIP/lightingAnswers/fullSpectrum/comparisons.asp (1218 words)

	Sun Energy / Electromagnetic Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Incoming energy (Insolation) from the sun is mostly in the form of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared energy.
		The majority of the energy (Shortwave absorption) is used in the planet's heat cycle, evaporation of water to run the water - weather cycle, wind, and waves.
		The Greenhouse Effect Energy stored in the atmosphere is calculated by computing how much radiation is on average produced by the surface temperature (using a conversion method called the fl body model) and then subtracting the amount that leaves the atmosphere (i.e.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/sunenergy.html (351 words)

	Reading on Color & Light, Part I
		The electromagnetic spectrum, which encompasses the visible region of light, extends from gamma rays with wave lengths of one hundredth of a nanometer to radio waves with wave lengths of one meter or greater.
		For example 1.5 electron volts is the energy gained by an electron moving from a negative metal plate to a positive plate which are connected to the terminals of a common 1.5 volt "C" batter.
		Orange light with a wavelength of 620 nanometers is composed of photons with energy of 2 eV.
	acept.la.asu.edu /PiN/rdg/color/color.shtml (1624 words)

	Solar Energy Technologies Program: Light and the PV Cell
		Each wavelength corresponds to a frequency and an energy: the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and the greater the energy (which is expressed in electron-volts, or eV).
		Red light is at the low-energy end of the visible spectrum and violet light is at the high-energy end, where it has half again as much energy as red light.
		Still, the amount of the sun's energy that reaches the surface of the Earth every hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the world's human population uses in a year.
	www1.eere.energy.gov /solar/pv_cell_light.html (1312 words)

	Space Today Online - What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
		The electromagnetic spectrum is a vast band of energy frequencies extending from radio waves to gamma waves, from the very lowest frequencies to the highest possible frequencies.
		The spectrum is arranged by the frequency of its waves, from the longest, lowest energy waves to the shortest, highest energy waves.
		For instance, radio is part of the spectrum, and it was only in the 20th Century that humans began to be able to use any of the electromagnetic spectrum, starting with radio at the long-wave end of the spectrum.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Telescopes/GreatObservatories/Chandra/ElectromagneticSpectrum.html (981 words)

	Lesson Plans -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Waves of Energy -- (6-8, Physical Science) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Understand that the sun’s energy is transferred to Earth by electromagnetic waves, which are transverse waves.
		Explain that electromagnetic radiation is arranged in the spectrum from the longest wavelength to the shortest.
		Knows the range of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, gamma rays); electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated, and the energy of the electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is inversely proportional to the wavelength
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/activities/electromagneticspectrum (1993 words)

	Calphysics Institute: Introduction to Zero-Point Energy
		The spectral energy density is determined by the density of modes times the energy per mode and thus increases as the cube of the frequency per unit frequency per unit volume.
		Thus zero-point energy would appear to be identical with the mysterious dark energy, but unfortunately if the energy spectrum does continue up to the Planck frequency, there may be 120 orders of magnitude more energy per cubic centimeter than the observations of cosmic acceleration permit.
		Although zero-point energy is usually regarded as a quantum phenomenon and a consequence of the Heisenberg uncertainty relationship, the existence of zero-point energy was inferred by Einstein, Planck, Nernst and others in the context of flbody radiation prior to the discovery of quantum mechanics.
	www.calphysics.org /zpe.html (3500 words)

	Electromagnetic Spectrum - Introduction
		The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is just a name that scientists give a bunch of types of radiation when they want to talk about them as a group.
		Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes-- visible light that comes from a lamp in your house or radio waves that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
		Radio: yes, this is the same kind of energy that radio stations emit into the air for your boom box to capture and turn into your favorite Mozart, Madonna, or Coolio tunes.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html (1290 words)

	solar neutrino energy spectrum
		B solar neutrino energy spectrum outside the range given in the present work could be considered as evidence, at an effective significance level of greater than three standard deviations, for physics beyond the standard electroweak model.
		Abstract:The shapes of the neutrino energy spectra produced by beta-decays or by nuclear reactions in the solar interior are compared to the corresponding spectral shapes that are produced in a terrestrial laboratory.
		Any currently measurable difference between the observed shape of a solar neutrino energy spectrum and the spectrum shape for a terrestrial neutrino source must be due to a departure from the standard electroweak model.
	www.sns.ias.edu /~jnb/Papers/Preprints/neutrinoenergy.html (548 words)

	Energy Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Energy Spectrum Advisors provides investment banking and financial advisory services to the oil and gas industry, primarily in the upstream sector.
		Energy Spectrum has a reputation for conducting its activities with the highest degree of professionalism and integrity, which in turn lends credibility to the client and the transaction.
		Energy Spectrum Advisors publishes a quarterly report of U.S. upstream MandA activity for the trailing 12 months.
	www.energyspectrum.com /html/advisors.html (171 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		The cosmic-ray neutron energy spectrum in the equilibrium region of the atmosphere was measured with several different calibrated detectors from thermal energies to about 1 Bev at 44 deg north magnetic latitude and up to 40,000 feet.
		By combination of the data from these measurements with those from other experiments, a complete differential energy spectrum is obtained which shows the characteristic maximum near thermal energies and a roughly 1/E variation up to about 100 kev.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4187052 (216 words)

	Light Energy Full Spectrum Lighting
		Full spectrum light closely simulates sunlight and therefore can be used to improve conditions that result from a lack of sunlight, especially during the darker winter months.
		When sunlight or full spectrum light enters the eyes, it is transmitted throughout the body, including the bloodstream, where it causes an unclumping of the blood counteracting the adverse effect.
		When Data Control of Kansas City redesigned their facility using full spectrum light they experienced a savings of $235,000 annually from reduced computer errors by the employees who were entering the data.
	lightenergycompany.com /lightenergy/fullspectrum.cfm?custID=85566152 (1071 words)

	Geography4Kids.com: Earth Energy: Electromagnetic Spectrum
		There are waves of energy and light moving all around us in the form of TV and audio transmissions, gamma radiation from space, and heat in the atmosphere.
		The waves of energy are called electromagnetic (EM) because they have both electric and magnetic characteristics.
		The photons are specific units, or packets, of energy.
	www.geography4kids.com /files/en_emspectrum.html (459 words)

	Cohen, Michael (1956-01-01) The energy spectrum of the excitations in liquid helium. ...
		Cohen, Michael (1956-01-01) The energy spectrum of the excitations in liquid helium.
		The resultant energy spectrum is correct for phonons [...] and has the qualitatively correct feature of exhibiting a minimum at [...] (roton region).
		The strength of the dipole is finally chosen to minimize the energy yielding the new value [...].
	etd.caltech.edu /etd/available/etd-03192004-153651 (314 words)

	beta-minus energy spectrum
		It was this form of the energy spectrum that has required the physicists to introduce the neutrino in the beta decay reactions.
		If you were wondering why is there finite "cutoff" at 0 kinetic energy and not finite (in the sense it's zero) at 0 momentum, I don't know.
		energy, and sum of energies in this case and in the case where they are both just "standing" is different.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=80915 (381 words)

	The Purpose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The energy spectrum shown in Figure 6 of germanium is a good example of one of our fluoresced elements with a low atomic number.
		The energy levels of erbium are spread far enough apart so that our detector could resolve specific electron transitions as opposed to germanium where the two peaks were mixtures of electron transitions.
		The separation of the energy levels within the L shell is much smaller than the separation of the energy levels of the L shell and those of the K shell.
	ie.lbl.gov /xray (1584 words)

	TransWorld Energy
		Capture of these energy at resonance does not diminish the source, after all, resonate electrons have been in flux since the beginning of time and remain undiminished.
		Action at a distance by this magnetic resonance multiplies the energy present through electron spin.
		However, Magnetic Resonance Energy is very real and useful, and we have demonstrated it for audiences from around the world.
	altenergy-pro.com (424 words)

	Unscrupulous Marketing by Spectrum Energy, Bournemouth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Spectrum seem to think that, because they first obtain, by phone, the potential customer’s agreement that they may visit, that the contract is not covered by a right to cancel.
		If Spectrum Energy is effectively denying the right to cancel to people whom they approach with a clever sales pitch, then the law is failing people like my parents.
		Spectrum Energy called my parents and said that they would cancel the ‘contract’ my parents had signed on condition that I remove this page from the web.
	home.btconnect.com /tg/spectrum.htm (2450 words)

	Full Spectrum Energy
		Full Spectrum Energy (FSE) provides clients with commercially viable, reliable, and environmentally sound solutions for their energy needs.
		FSE applies state-of-the-art modeling and optimization tools to address areas where energy demand is growing, where natural resources are plentiful, but where the conventional power grid is nonexistent, prohibitively expensive or unreliable-or where water management issues adversely impact energy development.
		FSE evaluates the full spectrum of energy options, from renewable systems (solar, wind and photovoltaic); to stand alone gas fired electric generation systems to renewable-conventional-grid "hybrid" systems.
	www.fullspectrumenergy.com (112 words)

	Synchrotron Radiation
		The energy spectrum of photoelectrons reflects the energy levels of surface atoms, which identify an atom and its neighbors via chemical shifts.
		Undulators at the Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) are optimized for the 10-100 eV energy range, which represents the best energies for exciting the valence electrons.
		Energy bands of nickel close to the Fermi level, measured with high-resolution at the SRC.
	uw.physics.wisc.edu /~himpsel/synrad.html (893 words)

	The Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum above (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The analysis method and the energy resolution of the AGASA experiment are described in some detail.
		The flattening of the spectrum around 10 19 eV (ankle) is observed with a significance of 2.9oe.
		If we express the differential energy spectrum of cosmic rays of energy E (in eV) with an ankle energy E a as J(E) = (E=E a)...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /84421.html (407 words)

	Energy Spectrum: Private Equity Capital for the Energy Industry
		Energy Spectrum: Private Equity Capital for the Energy Industry
		Energy Spectrum Capital is a leading private equity firm focused exclusively on the energy industry with over $1.0 billion in assets.
		Energy Spectrum Capital invests through the energy cycles and is proven to be a valuable partner with high quality management teams to create superior investor returns.
	www.energyspectrumcapital.com (65 words)

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