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Topic: Energy transfer

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	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - FRET - Introductory Concepts
		In many commonly applied techniques, the energy transfer efficiency is determined by steady state measurements of the relative average donor fluorescence intensities in the presence and absence of the acceptor (not by measuring the lifetimes).
		In summary, the rate of energy transfer depends upon the extent of spectral overlap between the donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra (see Figure 4), the quantum yield of the donor, the relative orientation of the donor and acceptor transition dipole moments, and the distance separating the donor and acceptor molecules.
		Because fluorescence resonance energy transfer requires the donor and acceptor molecules to have the appropriate dipole alignment and be positioned within 10 nanometers of each other, the tertiary structure of the reagents to which the molecules are attached must be considered.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/techniques/fluorescence/fret/fretintro.html (7888 words)

	Energy - Engineering - A Wikia wiki
		Energy can be in several forms: mechanical potential—due to possible physical interactions with other objects (for example, gravitational potential energy); kinetic—contained in macroscopic motion; chemical—potential stored in chemical bonds between atoms; electrical—potential due to possible charge interactions; thermal—contained in the kinetic energy of individual molecules[[2]]; nuclear energy[[3]]—potential stored between constituents of atomic nucleus [[4]].
		In contrast to kinetic energy, which is the energy of a system due to its motion, or the internal motion of its particles, the potential energy of a system is the energy associated with the spatial configuration of its components and their interaction with each other.
		Internal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the motion of molecules, and the potential energy associated with the rotational, vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules.
	engineering.wikia.com /wiki/Energy (2611 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: FRET Introductory Concepts
		In many commonly applied techniques, the energy transfer efficiency is determined by steady state measurements of the relative average donor fluorescence intensities in the presence and absence of the acceptor (not by measuring the lifetimes).
		In summary, the rate of energy transfer depends upon the extent of spectral overlap between the donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra (see Figure 4), the quantum yield of the donor, the relative orientation of the donor and acceptor transition dipole moments, and the distance separating the donor and acceptor molecules.
		Because fluorescence resonance energy transfer requires the donor and acceptor molecules to have the appropriate dipole alignment and be positioned within 10 nanometers of each other, the tertiary structure of the reagents to which the molecules are attached must be considered.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /applications/fretintro.html (7876 words)

	Fluorescense Resonance Energy Transfer
		FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) is a technique for measuring interactions between two proteins in vivo.
		This eliminates the energy transfer from donor to acceptor and should cause an increase in the emission from the donor (due to the fact that it is not transferring energy to the acceptor).
		The physics of the FRET energy transfer between donor and acceptor (which is non-radiative) is such that the efficiency falls off with the sixth power of the distance between molecules.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Fluorescense_Resonance_Energy_Transfer (556 words)

	Course 3, Module 8, Energy Transfer in Molecular Lasers
		Energy transitions involved in neutral atom and ion lasers are electronic transitions in which an electron in an atom or ion moves from one orbit to another (in the simplified Bohr model) by absorbing or emitting a photon.
		The energies absorbed or released during these rotational transitions are in the form of photons in the far IR or microwave region of the spectrum, or in the form of increased or decreased kinetic energy of the molecules.
		Energy transfer mechanisms in a CO laser include the excitation of nitrogen molecules by collisions with electrons, transfer of this energy to CO molecules through collision, lasing in CO molecules, and collisions between CO molecules and helium atoms to remove waste heat.
	cord.org /cm/leot/course03_mod08/mod03_08.htm (6805 words)

	Healing As Energy Transfer
		It is the transfer and alteration of energy.
		Energy healing means forging forward with no concern about those who want to bind people to the status quo of medicine, but focussing on Universal Mind, and the new levels of understanding and "Miracles" manifestation.
		Spirit, energy, is the basis for all things from the body of the galaxy, to the subatomic bodies that move then ever smaller.
	www.angelfire.com /pr/energy1/page3.html (470 words)

	Energy Transformation on a Roller Coaster
		Potential energy - the energy of vertical position - is dependent upon the mass of the object and the height of the object.
		Kinetic energy - the energy of motion - is dependent upon the mass of the object and the speed of the object.
		The work-energy bar charts for the coaster car illustrate that the car's energy is transformed from potential to kinetic and vice versa; yet the total amount of mechanical energy remains the same during the course of the motion.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/mmedia/energy/ce.html (874 words)

	SNOW HYDROLOGY (GEOG 4321): ENERGY BALANCE
		Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, the only form of energy transfer that doesn't require a medium, therefore the only way energy can be transferred through outer space.
		Transfer of energy by molecule to molecule contact, in response to a temperature gradient, where the substance itself does not mix.
		Transfer of energy by conduction in response to a temperature gradient.
	snobear.colorado.edu /Markw/SnowHydro/energy.html (3055 words)

	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
		FRET involves the transfer of energy from the excited state of the donor to the excited state of the acceptor.
		This results in the transfer of energy from the donor to the acceptor and the relaxation of the donor to its ground state.
		Energy transfer is then detected as a decrease (or quenching) in the donor fluorescence and an increase (or enhancement) in the acceptor fluorescence, in comparison to control experiments with each of the flourophores alone (Figure 3).
	bioscience.jbpub.com /cells/Tech4.aspx (3112 words)

	Use of MD in FRET Analysis
		In the analysis of fluorescence-detected resonance energy transfer (FRET) data, it is typically assumed that both chromophores rapidly sample all orientations on a timescale that is faster than energy transfer.
		The resonance energy transfer rate is in turn a measure of the distance between the chromophores and their relative orientations as is given in the Förster equation:
		Transfer slows with increasing distance and as the dipoles tend towards an orthogonal orientation.
	www.chem.hope.edu /~krieg/zwier (1503 words)

	ETP \| Investor FAQ
		Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. - Distributions are typically paid by ETP approximately 45 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, which is estimated to be on or about January 15, April 15, July 15, and October 15.
		Energy Transfer Equity, L.P. - Distributions are typically paid by ETE approximately 50 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, which is estimated to be on or about January 20, April 20, July 20, and October 20.
		Energy Transfer Partners, L.P. was formed in 1996 and was traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol HPG until March 1, 2004 when the ticker symbol was changed to ETP.
	www.energytransfer.com /InvestorFAQ_ETP.asp (967 words)

	Glossary N-Z Trends in International Energy R&D Investment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Storage of Energy: The retention of energy available at one point in time in a form that permits the energy to be made available in a useful form at a later point in time.
		Transmission: The movement or transfer of electric energy at high voltage over an interconnected group of lines and associated equipment between points of supply and points at which it is either transformed for distribution and delivery to consumers or delivered to other electric systems.
		The rate of energy transfer equivalent to 1 ampere of electric current flowing under a pressure of 1 volt at unity power factor.
	energytrends.pnl.gov /glosn_z.htm (2556 words)

	Energy Density
		Accumulation is the energy density being increased and inversion is the energy density being decreased.
		Supposed that the source energy point is a billiard ball excited with a velocity, and this source billiard ball is adjacent to a string of similar balls, then the energy of the source ball is transferred to the next ball and so on.
		Energy densities in the universe are able to combine, volume is able to increase or energy density is able to tend infinity.
	www.geocities.com /ibrahim_hijazi/energydens.htm (799 words)

	Excitation Energy Transfer and Energy Migration : Some Basics and Background
		Excitation energy is in the form of a couple, an electron that is in the excited state of the molecule with the "hole" it has left behind in the ground state.
		The occurrence of heterogeneous energy transfer from various pigments to chlorophyll a is inferred from the action spectra (or "excitation spectra") of chlorophyll a fluorescence in vivo.
		Energy level diagrams of Chl b and Chl a, indicating energy transfer from the lowest singlet excited state of Chl b to that of Chl a.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /govindjee/biochem494/foerster.htm (3711 words)

	Basic hydraulic circuit design: energy transfer systems Diesel Progress North American Edition - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These classes of energy transmission systems can be characterized by mechanical rotary input in the form of an input speed, [N.sub.i], which can be constant or variable and an input torque, [T.sub.i], which is variable, responding to the instantaneous demand of the energy transmission system, i.e., the output impedance of the prime mover.
		Energy output devices receive the energy transmitted by the energy transmission system, transduce it into a mechanical output and deliver it across the energy transmission system load interface to the load.
		Thus, there is an interface between the energy input devices and energy control devices section as well as between the energy control devices and the energy output devices section of the overall energy transmission system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FZX/is_4_71/ai_n13698183 (859 words)

	Wireless energy transfer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is distinct from electromagnetic transmission for the purpose of transferring information (radio), where the amount of power is not as important as the integrity of the signal, though similar physics are usually involved.
		The development of wireless energy transfer began in earnest with the lectures and patents of the electrical engineer Nikola Tesla (and is described in his 1916 deposition on the history of wireless and radio technology).
		The wireless transfer of energy is used in various devices, such as electric toothbrushes (to recharge their batteries), the transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) systems in artificial hearts like AbioCor and most notably in mobile phones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wireless_energy_transfer (1570 words)

	Fundamentals of Heat Transfer - Applications Note
		In a gas, the 'hotter' molecules, have greater energy and motions, and impart energy to adjacent molecules at lower energy levels.
		Examples of conduction are heat transfer through the surfaces of a cold plate or through the walls of a refrigerator.
		Examples of radiation include the transfer of heat from the sun to the earth, and from a quartz lamp to a cool object that requires warming.
	www.lytron.com /support/heat_transfer.htm (1009 words)

	Transfer of Energy: Thermodynamics
		The Transfer of Energy 2: Electrochemistry is intended to increase students' understanding of electron transfer and its role in chemical changes.
		The Transfer of Energy 3: Rust and Corrosion reinforces students' understanding of thermochemistry and electrochemistry by exposure to a process that they observe in life.
		Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules; chemical energy is in the arrangement of atoms; mechanical energy is in moving bodies or in elastically distorted shapes; gravitational energy is in the separation of mutually attracting masses.
	college.livetext.com /doc/402143 (1706 words)

	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Physics \| Energy \| Energy transfer
		Energy transfer diagrams show each type of energy, whether it is stored or not, and the processes taking place.
		This diagram shows the energy transfer diagram for the useful energy transfer in an electric lamp.
		The fraction of the energy supplied to a device which transferred in a useful form.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/gcsebitesize/physics/energy/energy_transfer_and_efficiencyrev3.shtml (365 words)

	Follow the energy
		Fleming and his colleagues expected to find that the excitation energy from harvested photons in the light-capturing pigment molecules was transported to the FMO reaction center molecules step-by-step down the energy ladder.
		Since the extra energy being transferred from one molecule to the next changes the way each absorbs and emits light, the flow of energy can be followed through optical spectroscopy, resolved on a femtosecond timescale.
		They found two main energy transfer pathways in which some molecules were by-passed in the process because of insufficient spatial overlap with potential energy transfer partners.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-03/dbnl-fte033105.php (902 words)

	Transfer of Energy
		B3a* Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical.
		energy can be carried from one place to another by heat flow, or by waves including water waves, light and sound, or by moving objects.
		A tiny fraction of that light reaches the earth, transferring energy from the sun to the earth.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /IU/5-8corrps3.html (592 words)

	[No title]
		Energy is the ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter.
		Energy exists in many forms, it cannot be created or destroyed, it merely changes form.
		Heat is energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/class/energy.html (532 words)

	Department of Energy - Homepage
		Conduct an energy audit of your home to find air leaks and to check for the proper level of insulation.
		ENERGY STAR® computers and monitors save energy only when the power management features are activated, so make sure power management is activated on your computer.
		ENERGY STAR® products meet strict efficiency guidelines set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy.
	www.energy.gov (3419 words)

	Fitness - Fitness Essentials for Golf - Energy Transfer
		During the golf swing, the transfer of energy and power from the lower body to the upper body is the most pivotal link and the most common weakness observed in recreational golfers.
		The two most common breakdowns in transferring energy from the lower body to the upper body originate with the hip segment.
		The trunk musculature therefore is unable to pass energy created by the hip segment rotation to the shoulder segment rotation, which means lost power and slower club head speed.
	www.shark.com /sharkwatch/fitness/fitness23.php (577 words)

	Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer as a Probe of Proximity in Proteins
		In this process, the quantum, or exciton, is transferred, which raises the electron in the acceptor to a higher energy state as the photo-excited electron in the donor returns to ground state.
		The conditions for this mechanism are that the fluorescent emission spectrum of the energy donor overlap the absorption spectrum of the energy acceptor.
		Energy transfer has been used to measure distances and to map spatial distribution and assembly within immunoglobulins, rhodopsin, myosin, oligopeptides and between the protein subunits of assemblies ranging from simple oligomeric proteins to ribosomes.
	dwb.unl.edu /Teacher/NSF/C08/C08Links/pps99.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/projects/gmocz/fret.htm (2087 words)

	John Caddy's Yearning to Be Round 5:Energy Flow (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Energy Transfer: Sun-energy which has been re-packaged by plants as chemical energy is transferred from life to life to life within complex community food webs.
		Energy flows in a straight line like an arrow and is used up, but is constantly renewed by sunlight.
		Energy transformation: The typical path of sunlight energy is a change of form from light to chemical energy to heat.
	www.morning-earth.org /5Yearn.html (2774 words)

	Energy Transformation for Downhill Skiing
		As the skier begins the descent down the hill, potential energy is lost and kinetic energy (i.e., energy of motion) is gained.
		This energy state is maintained until the skier meets a section of unpacked snow and skids to a stop under the force of friction.
		Potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy; and the potential energy lost equals the kinetic energy which is gained.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/mmedia/energy/se.html (721 words)

	Energy Flows from the Sun and Transfers from Life to Life (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Energy is re-packaged as it transfers along a food chain.
		So energy flows through a community and is lost, but is then restored to the community by plants.
		The crow was happy with the meat he carried back to his nestlings, the sparrow was happy with the fur lining her nest, and forty billion bacteria were living the good life in what was left.
	www.morning-earth.org /Graphic-E/Energy-Transfers.html (798 words)

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