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Topic: Enewetak

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	Enewetak
		Enewetak (or Eniwetok) is an atoll in the Marshall Islands of the central Pacific Ocean.
		Technically a Spanish colony, Enewetak was not known to Europeans until visited in 1794 by the British merchant sloop Walpole, who called it "Brown's Range" (thus the Japanese name "Brown Atoll").
		Along with the rest of the Marshalls, Enewetak was captured by Japan in 1914 and mandated to them by the League of Nations in 1920.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/en/Enewetak.html (290 words)

	Marshall Islands: Enewetak Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After an initial series of nuclear tests on Bikini Atoll in 1946, local inhabitants of Enewetak Atoll were relocated to a new home on Ujelang Atoll in December 1947 in preparation for scheduling of the first series of nuclear tests on Enewetak.
		Most nuclear tests conducted on Enewetak Atoll were detonated in the northern reaches of the atoll and produced highly localized fallout contamination of neighboring islands and the atoll lagoon.
		Enewetak Atoll continued to be used for defense programs until the start of a cleanup and rehabilitation program in 1977.
	eed.llnl.gov /mi/enewetak.php (701 words)

	Marshall Islands -- Enewetak Atoll -- Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces in operations against and from the ...
		B-24s from Kwajalein Atoll bomb Wake Island; B-25s flying out of Enewetak Atoll hit Ponape Island; and Tarawa Atoll-based B-25s strike Maloelap and Jaluit Atolls, commencing a series of B-25 shuttle-missions between Tarawa or Makin Island and the USN's new base at Majuro Atoll which is used as the rearming base for the return strike.
		B-25s and B-24s from Tarawa Atoll hit Maloelap, Mille and Wotje Atolls; B-25s from Enewetak Atoll bomb Jaluit Atoll and strafe and cannonade Ponape Island; and a single B-24 from Tarawa Atoll bombs Jabor in Jaluit Atoll.
		An attack during the night of 12/13 Jun by B-24s from Enewetak Atoll against Truk Atoll and Ponape Island is followed by a daylight attack by Makin Island-based B-25s against Nauru and Ponape Islands.
	marshall.csu.edu.au /Marshalls/html/atolls/AAF_Enewetak.html (2422 words)

	iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1952 - In The News - Enewetak and the first hydrogen bomb test
		Enewetak, also known as Eniwetok, is an atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
		While Enewetak was technically a Spanish Colony, the islands didn't become well-known to Europeans until a British merchant ship, the Walpole, visited the islands in 1794.
		Together with the rest of the Marshall Islands, Enewetak was captured by the Japanese in 1914, and mandated to them by the League of Nations in 1920.
	www.iwannagetthat.com /NewFiles/1952-enewetak.html (405 words)

	Earlham College - Geology 211 - Template
		Enewetak is elliptical in shape, measuring 40 kilometers by 32 kilometers.
		Enewetak is situated above two adjoining, submerged basaltic seamounts, and consists of carbonate sand and gravel islands 2-3 meters above sealevel.
		Enewetak Atoll, along with Bikini, consists of 1200 meters of Tertiary and Quatenary carbonate sidements overlying an olivine basaltic foundation.
	www.earlham.edu /~danglha/BikiniandAnewetakAtolls.htm (815 words)

	Enewetak - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		ENEWETAK [Enewetak] Enewetok, or Eniwetok, circular atoll, central Pacific, one of the Ralik Chain in the Marshall Islands.
		Mandated to Japan by the League of Nations in 1920, Enewetak was captured in World War II by U.S. forces.
		Former residents, evacuated before the tests started, began returning in the early 1970s, and the island was declared to have been rendered safe in 1980.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-enewetak.html (224 words)

	Asia Times: Enewetak islanders seek compensation for US nuclear testing
		The Enewetaks were moved to Ujelang, a small island with very few resources and lacking necessary medical and educational facilities.
		But the Enewetak people suffered tremendously as a result of the testing that occurred on their island.
		If the Enewetak people receive their settlement, about $125 million will be invested in a trust fund, with interest earned to be used to clean the land.
	www.atimes.com /oceania/BE10Ah01.html (652 words)

	Enewetak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 2000, the Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal awarded in excess of $340 million to the people of Enewetak for loss of use, hardship, medical difficulties and further nuclear cleanup.
		Note that this award does not include the approximately $6 million annually budgeted by the U.S. for education and health programs in the Marshall Islands.
		The U.S. government referred to the atoll as "Eniwetok" until 1974, when it changed its official spelling to "Enewetak" (along with many other Marshall Islands place names) to more properly reflect their proper pronunciation by the Marshall Islanders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enewetak (630 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Enewetak
		Enewetak ENEWETAK [Enewetak] Enewetok, or Eniwetok, circular atoll, central Pacific, one of the Ralik Chain in the Marshall Islands.
		Enewetak is c.50 mi (80 km) in circumference and comprises about 40 islets surrounding a large lagoon.
		Mandated to Japan by the League of Nations in 1920, Enewetak was
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Enewetak (268 words)

	Report Evaluating the Request of the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Presented to the Congress of ...
		The northernmost atolls are: Bikini, Ailinginae, Enewetak, Rongelap, Rongerik, and Utrik.
		Four of the health assistants are stationed, respectively, on the atolls of Enewetak and Utrik and on the islands of Kili and and Mejatto.
		Enewetak: In its 1967 radiological survey, the Atomic Energy Commission stated that Bikini and Eneu Islands could be readied, and President Lyndon Johnson announced that Bikini Atoll was safe for habitation.
	www.state.gov /p/eap/rls/rpt/40422.htm (13835 words)

	The Honolulu Advertiser \| Opinion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is particularly sad that residents of tiny Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands will have to travel to Washington soon to plead for a gesture that the United States should long ago have willingly made.
		That gesture is payment of a $341 million claim for the residents of Enewetak recently awarded by the Marshall Islands Nuclear Claims Tribunal.
		Residents of Enewetak were relocated to inhospitable Ujelang Atoll in 1947 so the United States could conduct a series of atomic tests at Enewetak.
	the.honoluluadvertiser.com /2000/May/10/opinion1.html (317 words)

	Oceania Nuclear Testing
		The atolls of Bikini, Enewetak and Johnston, along with other Pacific waters, provided sites for nuclear weapons testing of devices far too powerful and unpredictable to be conducted on the U.S. mainland.
		The cleanup of Enewetak atoll involved contaminated soil being dumped into one of the atoll's smaller craters on Runit Island.
		This crater was created during Operation Cactus which left a 30-foot deep and 350-foot wide crater which was filled with 111,000 cubic yards of radioactive soil which was then entombed beneath a dome of 358 concrete panels, each 18 inches thick.
	www.janesoceania.com /oceania_bombs/index.htm (706 words)

	Nuclear Claims Tribunal: Claims
		Expert testimony presented to the Tribunal was in agreement that the major pathway of radiation exposure to residents of Enewetak would be ingestion of locally grown foods and that the primary radionuclide of concern was Cesium 137.
		Extensive and compelling evidence was presented regarding the hardships suffered by the people of Enewetak during their relocation to Ujelang.
		This includes $199,154,811 for past and future loss of use of Enewetak Atoll, $107,810,000 to restore the atoll to a safe and productive state, and $34,084,500 for the hardships suffered by the people as a result of their relocation to Ujelang.
	www.nuclearclaimstribunal.com /enewetak.htm (955 words)

	About the PPG
		In the east is the Ratak or Sunrise chain, to the west is the Ralik or Sunset chain.
		Enewetak is located at 11 degrees, 21 minutes N and 162 degrees 20 minutes E; Bikini lies 270 km almost directly east at 11 degrees 35 minutes N and 165degrees 20 minutes E. Enewetak Atoll was 30 km wide and 50 km long and comprised about 47 coral islands strung along the reef.
		Enewetak Island, the largest at Enewetak Atoll, lay on the southeastern edge and was only 4 km long and 1 km wide.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Ppg.html (554 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		John is part of a delegation of people from Enewetak Atoll who will travel to Washington, D.C., next week with a Hawaii attorney to meet with federal officials.
		The award is intended to compensate Enewetak natives for damages suffered as a result of nuclear testing on their land.
		Enewetak council member Renny Robert said people starved and suffered while in exile on Ujelang Atoll because of the shortage of food and supplies.
	starbulletin.com /2000/05/09/news/story8.html (494 words)

	Rongelap Atoll Marshall Islands Press Release
		Bikini and Enewetak were chosen as test sites because they were far from the United States and difficult for other countries to spy on.
		This nuclear testing and the movement of people from one island to another, away from their land (weto), are among the most critical events in the history of the Marshalls.
		Enewetak people thank the members of an Ebeye Protestant church and the Rongelap people for sending them clothing during the crisis on Ujelang.
	www.visitrongelap.com /MediaCenter/Press_Releases/2004_1119.htm (937 words)

	About Facts Net
		Picture Source: U.S. Bikini and Enewetak Atolls are part of the Marshall Islands.
		The area is about the size of Washington, D.C. and the population was estimated to be 56,429 in 2003.
		From 1946 to 1958 there were 66 nuclear test explosions held on Bikini and Enewetak plus one that didn't explode.
	aboutfacts.net /Places16.htm (564 words)

	NUCLEAR FALLOUT: People of Enewetak File Lawsuit in U.S. Court :: Everything Marshall Islands :: http://www.yokwe.net
		The Enewetak lawsuit seeks compensation and/or damages under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution for several separate takings by the U.S. of Enewetak land and lagoon.
		The people of Enewetak seek compensation in the amount of $385,894,500 less the payment made by the Tribunal ($1,647,483) for a total of $384,247,017, plus interest from the date of the award.
		The people of Enewetak, the class of plaintiffs for which this claim is filed, were citizens of the United States Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but are now citizens of theMarshall Islands.
	www.yokwe.net /index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1326 (469 words)

	Marshall Islands: Plutonium Urinalysis (Bioassay) Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The geometric mean in the urinary excretion of plutonium-239 from Enewetak residents during the period between 2001 and 2003 was ~0.2 µBq per 24-hour void (N = 196).
		The vast majority of the individual bioassay samples collected from Enewetak Island residents contained less than the critical level of plutonium to provide measurements with an acceptable level of precision and accuracy.
		The range of estimates for the committed effective dose equivalent from systemic burdens of plutonium measured in the Enewetak Atoll agricultural workers and island residents during measurement years between 2001 and 2003 are shown in Figure 14.
	eed.llnl.gov /mi/plutonium.php (2893 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Marshall Islands Chemical, Biological Tests Revealed - 11/6/02
		News of 12 of a reported 113 secret experiments including one at the former nuclear test site of Enewetak was revealed late last month in the U.S. media.
		Marshall Islands officials said they planned to seek details this week from U.S. representatives meeting in Honolulu about biological and chemical weapons testing done at Enewetak and possibly other islands that a Marshall Islands official says may have been responsible for an influenza outbreak in 1968 at Rongelap Atoll that claimed two lives.
		The U.S. Defense Department sprayed nerve, chemical and biological gas on ships and sailors in the 1960s, including one test in 1968 in the Enewetak area that involved a plane dumping "PG" staphylococcal enterotoxin B over an area that covered 926 square miles.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/articles/marshallislandsreport.htm (616 words)

	Goldstein
		The only process that can explain the chemistry and distribution of the Enewetak dolomite is one in which relatively recent fluids evaporated to salinities slightly above seawater in Enewetak lagoon.
		Gross, M.G., and Tracey, J.I., Jr., 1966, Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestones and dolomites, Bikini and Enewetak Atolls: Science, v.
		Ludwig, K.R., Halley, R.B., Simmons, K.R., and Peterman, Z.E., 1988, Strontium-isotope stratigraphy of Enewetak Atoll: Geology, v.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~pbrown/fi/pac6/goldstein.html (989 words)

	Internet Archive: Details: Operation HARDTACK Military Effects Studies: Underwater Tests
		The first test, Yucca, was a nuclear device attached to a helium balloon launched from the USS Boxer near Enewetak Atoll.
		This was a continuation of the type of testing conducted at Enewetak and Bikini during the early and mid-1950s.
		Wahoo was detonated in the deep, open ocean southwest of Boken Island, and Umbrella inside the western end of the lagoon at Enewetak.
	www.archive.org /details/OperationHARDTACK_UnderwaterTests1958 (1144 words)

	Operation Ivy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Too unwieldy to be deployed as a weapon, it was built to demonstrate the power and possibility of using nuclear fusion as a principle for larger-yield nuclear weapons than previously possible.
		It was detonated on Elugelab Island in the Enewetak atoll of the Marshall Islands.
		It yielded 10.4 megatons of explosive power, over 450 times the power of the bomb that fell on Nagasaki.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Ivy (345 words)

	RMI Changed Circumstances Petition 9/11/00
		The full award of $386 million addresses the claims of the Enewetak people for loss of use of their land, for costs of restoration, and for hardship suffered while in exile for a 33 year period.
		The Enewetak trust fund for the rehabilitation and resettlement of Enjebi Island is only $10 million while evidence presented before the Claims Tribunal demonstrated that over $148 million is required for environmental restoration of the atoll and resettlement of a portion of its population, the Enjebi people.
		Congressional Research Services report on the Republic of the Marshall Islands Changed Circumstances Petition to Congress [PDF] [order code RL32811], March 14, 2005: this is a middle of the road response from the CRS that takes into account the September 2000 RMI Changed Circumstances petition and the Bush Administration November 2004 response to the CCP.
	www.bikiniatoll.com /petition.html (2145 words)

	Los Alamos National Laboratory: History: Postwar to H-Bomb: Operation SANDSTONE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The remote atoll of Enewetak, with its relatively large land area and the world's second largest lagoon, seemed ideal.
		After negotiations with U.S. Naval representatives, the Enewetak people agreed to be relocated to Ujelang Atoll.
		Just before sunrise on April 14, 1948, the first of three nuclear devices detonated 200 feet over the sands of Enewetak atoll.
	www.lanl.gov /history/postwar/sandstone.shtml (447 words)

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