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Topic: Enewetak Atoll

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	Enewetak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enewetak (or Eniwetok) is an atoll in the Marshall Islands of the central Pacific Ocean.
		Along with the rest of the Marshalls, Enewetak was captured by Japan in 1914 and mandated to them by the League of Nations in 1920.
		This was done by mixing the contaminated soil and debris from the various islands with Portland cement and burying it in one of the blast craters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enewetak (642 words)

	Marshall Islands: Enewetak Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		After an initial series of nuclear tests on Bikini Atoll in 1946, local inhabitants of Enewetak Atoll were relocated to a new home on Ujelang Atoll in December 1947 in preparation for scheduling of the first series of nuclear tests on Enewetak.
		Most nuclear tests conducted on Enewetak Atoll were detonated in the northern reaches of the atoll and produced highly localized fallout contamination of neighboring islands and the atoll lagoon.
		Enewetak Atoll continued to be used for defense programs until the start of a cleanup and rehabilitation program in 1977.
	eed.llnl.gov /mi/enewetak.php (701 words)

	Enewetak
		Technically a Spanish colony, Enewetak was not known to Europeans until visited in 1794 by the British merchant sloop Walpole, who called it "Brown's Range" (thus the Japanese name "Brown Atoll").
		After the war, the residents were evacuated, often involuntarily, and the atoll was used for atomic bomb testing.
		The people began returning in the 1970s, and on May 15, 1977 the US government began removing contaminated soil and othe material of the atoll, declaring it safe for habitation in 1980.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/en/Enewetak.html (290 words)

	Enewetak Atoll - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Enewetak Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Atoll in the Marshall Islands, in the central Pacific Ocean; population (1990) 700.
		The atoll is made up of 40 small islands which encircle a lagoon 40 km/25 mi in diameter.
		It was taken from Japan by the USA in 1944, which made the island a naval base and resettled the inhabitants at Ujelang; 43 atomic tests were conducted there from 1947.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Enewetak+Atoll (164 words)

	Enewetak - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Enewetak, also known as Eniwetok and Eniwetak, atoll in the northwestern Marshall Islands, in the northern Pacific Ocean.
		Following developmental tests in the spring of 1951 at the U.S. Enewetak Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands during Operation Greenhouse, a...
		- circular atoll in the northwestern Marshall Islands in the Northern Pacific Ocean, a former testing ground for nuclear weapons.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Enewetak.html (69 words)

	Enewetak Summary
		Enewetak is a Pacific Atoll overseen by the United States under a “Trust Agreement” with the United Nations.
		The core drilling activities and seismic studies are used to determine the makeup of the subsoil and strata of Enewetak and the nuclear craters.
		Enewetak is their ancestral homeland and are crucially affected by the defendants’ actions.
	www.hawaii.edu /ohelo/digests/EnewetakSummary.html (714 words)

	Earlham College - Geology 211 - Template
		Atolls are coral islands that form around the flanks of volcanic islands.
		Enewetak is elliptical in shape, measuring 40 kilometers by 32 kilometers.
		Enewetak Atoll, along with Bikini, consists of 1200 meters of Tertiary and Quatenary carbonate sidements overlying an olivine basaltic foundation.
	www.earlham.edu /~danglha/BikiniandAnewetakAtolls.htm (815 words)

	Pleading Paper
		Enewetak atoll is a low-lying coral atoll located in the northwestern corner of the Marshall Islands, approximately 600 miles from the capital, Majuro.
		Second is that for rural lands (which all of Enewetak was determined to be) the rental rate was similar regardless of the rural use, e.g., residential or agricultural.
		Thus, although a portion of the atoll was damaged through the destruction of the vaporized islands, the atoll as a whole is the relevant unit for characterization of the loss.
	www.nuclearclaimstribunal.com /final.htm (12474 words)

	Asia Times: Enewetak islanders seek compensation for US nuclear testing
		The Enewetaks were moved to Ujelang, a small island with very few resources and lacking necessary medical and educational facilities.
		But the Enewetak people suffered tremendously as a result of the testing that occurred on their island.
		If the Enewetak people receive their settlement, about $125 million will be invested in a trust fund, with interest earned to be used to clean the land.
	www.atimes.com /oceania/BE10Ah01.html (652 words)

	Marshall Islands - Enewetak
		Enewetak is the most northwestern atoll of the Marshall Islands group, located 350 km west from Bikini Atoll.
		The atoll consists of around 40 small islets — with a total land area of 6 km² — spread around an elliptical-shaped reef with a circumference of some 80 km.
		The atoll, measuring 40 km in length and 32 km across contains a deep central lagoon —; one of the deepest to found amongst the Marshall Islands — covering over 1,000 km² (the third largest lagoon of the Marshall atolls).
	www.oceandots.com /pacific/marshall/enewetak.htm (135 words)

	iWannaGetThat - Retroville - 1952 - In The News - Enewetak and the first hydrogen bomb test
		Enewetak, also known as Eniwetok, is an atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
		While Enewetak was technically a Spanish Colony, the islands didn't become well-known to Europeans until a British merchant ship, the Walpole, visited the islands in 1794.
		Together with the rest of the Marshall Islands, Enewetak was captured by the Japanese in 1914, and mandated to them by the League of Nations in 1920.
	www.iwannagetthat.com /NewFiles/1952-enewetak.html (405 words)

	Marshall Islands -- Enewetak Atoll -- Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Forces in operations against and from the ...
		B-24s from Kwajalein Atoll bomb Wake Island; B-25s flying out of Enewetak Atoll hit Ponape Island; and Tarawa Atoll-based B-25s strike Maloelap and Jaluit Atolls, commencing a series of B-25 shuttle-missions between Tarawa or Makin Island and the USN's new base at Majuro Atoll which is used as the rearming base for the return strike.
		B-25s and B-24s from Tarawa Atoll hit Maloelap, Mille and Wotje Atolls; B-25s from Enewetak Atoll bomb Jaluit Atoll and strafe and cannonade Ponape Island; and a single B-24 from Tarawa Atoll bombs Jabor in Jaluit Atoll.
		An attack during the night of 12/13 Jun by B-24s from Enewetak Atoll against Truk Atoll and Ponape Island is followed by a daylight attack by Makin Island-based B-25s against Nauru and Ponape Islands.
	marshall.csu.edu.au /Marshalls/html/atolls/AAF_Enewetak.html (2422 words)

	Enewetak - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Enewetak, also known as Eniwetok and Eniwetak, atoll in the north-western Marshall Islands, at the north-western end of the Ralik Chain, in the...
		In 1952, Teller became professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and founder and director of the Livermore, the California...
		Following developmental tests in the spring of 1951 at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands, a full-scale, successful experiment with a...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Enewetak.html (92 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii News
		John, 68, who today represents the Western Pacific coral atoll as a senator in the Marshall Islands Parliament, said chiefs back then didn't have enough time to make informed decisions and were pressured to vacate the small chain of islands.
		The award is intended to compensate Enewetak natives for damages suffered as a result of nuclear testing on their land.
		Enewetak council member Renny Robert said people starved and suffered while in exile on Ujelang Atoll because of the shortage of food and supplies.
	starbulletin.com /2000/05/09/news/story8.html (494 words)

	About the PPG
		Two atolls were selected to form the PPG, Bikini Atoll and Enewetak (formerly Eniwetok) Atoll, both at the northern extreme of the Ralik chain.
		Enewetak is located at 11 degrees, 21 minutes N and 162 degrees 20 minutes E; Bikini lies 270 km almost directly east at 11 degrees 35 minutes N and 165degrees 20 minutes E. Enewetak Atoll was 30 km wide and 50 km long and comprised about 47 coral islands strung along the reef.
		Enewetak Island, the largest at Enewetak Atoll, lay on the southeastern edge and was only 4 km long and 1 km wide.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Usa/Tests/Ppg.html (554 words)

	Oceania Nuclear Testing
		The civilians and servicemen left the atoll by ship before the device was remotely detonated from some thirty miles away.
		The atolls of Bikini, Enewetak and Johnston, along with other Pacific waters, provided sites for nuclear weapons testing of devices far too powerful and unpredictable to be conducted on the U.S. mainland.
		The cleanup of Enewetak atoll involved contaminated soil being dumped into one of the atoll's smaller craters on Runit Island.
	www.janesoceania.com /oceania_bombs/index.htm (706 words)

	Pre-MINE THROW
		Enewetak is a Pacific atoll administered by the United States under a "Trust Agreement" with the United Nations pertaining to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, the former Japanese Mandated Islands.
		Enewetak, also commonly spelled Eniwetok, is the westernmost atoll of the Western (Ralik) Chain of the Marshall Islands and is located north of the equator in the west-central part of the Pacific Ocean between 11°20' and 11°46' north latitudes, and 162°02' and 162°24' east longitudes.
		This suit was brought by the hereditary and elected leaders of the people of Enewetak Atoll seeking a preliminary injunction against defendants Melvin R. Laird, Robert C. Seamens, Philip N. Whittaker, Noel Gayler and Caroll H. Dunn.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/ops/mine-throw.htm (1041 words)

	Marshall Islands: Bikini Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Bikini Atoll is one of two sites in the northern Marshall Islands used by the United States for testing of atmospheric nuclear weapons.
		During this period, predictive dose assessments for both Bikini and Enewetak Atolls clearly indicated that the most significant pathway for human exposure to residual fallout contamination in the Marshall Islands was ingestion of cesium-137 contained in locally grown produce such as coconut, breadfruit and Pandanus (Robison et al.
		Bikini Atoll is one of two sites in the Republic of the Marshall Islands that was used by the United States for testing of atmospheric nuclear weapons.
	eed.llnl.gov /mi/bikini.php (1798 words)

	RE: We owe it to them... [ Enewetak Atoll ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One visitor told me that its typical for these Pacific Ocean atolls to be periodically (~ every 100 yrs-or-so) swept clean of almost all life and vegetation by a passing typhoon -- the only way humans might survive is by tying themselves to a tree trunk and hope for the best.
		Among other things, I find the geological science of atolls interesting - from their volcanic origin several million years ago, to their eventual and inevitable erosion and sinking (sub-oceanic surface "guyots") some thousands of years in the future: on a geological time scale, they are far from permanent features of planet earth's environment.
		In Enewetak's case in particular, there is/was also the peculiar problem of beryllium contamination from a couple of failed tests of the beryllium-hydride-fueled HEUS (High Energy Upper Stage) rocket.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0005/msg00459.html (992 words)

	Report Evaluating the Request of the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Presented to the Congress of ...
		Local atoll governments are responsible for maintaining census records for their respective atolls and qualifying individuals as "persons of the atoll." Criteria for qualification as a "person of the atoll" vary by jurisdiction, but in general relate to traditional and historical factors based on blood lineage, land rights, marriage and extended family.
		Four of the health assistants are stationed, respectively, on the atolls of Enewetak and Utrik and on the islands of Kili and and Mejatto.
		Enewetak: In its 1967 radiological survey, the Atomic Energy Commission stated that Bikini and Eneu Islands could be readied, and President Lyndon Johnson announced that Bikini Atoll was safe for habitation.
	www.state.gov /p/eap/rls/rpt/40422.htm (13835 words)

	Johnston Atoll - United States Nuclear Forces
		Johnston Atoll has also been used by the military since the mid-1930s, serving as a refueling point for aircraft and submarines during World War II and as a base for airlift operations during the Korean War.
		The atoll was briefly shelled by Japanese naval units shortly after the Pearl Harbor attack but combat soon shifted west and the island's role changed from an outpost to an aircraft and submarine stopover and refueling base.
		Host-management responsibility for Johnston Atoll was given by the Deputy Secretary of Defense in July 1973 to DSWA (formerly the Defense Nuclear Agency), which continues to perform that mission.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/facility/johnston_atoll.htm (2655 words)

	NUCLEAR FALLOUT: People of Enewetak File Lawsuit in U.S. Court :: Everything Marshall Islands :: http://www.yokwe.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The people of Enewetak Atoll of the Marshal Islands filed a lawsuit on April 12 against the U.S. Government in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims.
		The people of Enewetak seek compensation in the amount of $385,894,500 less the payment made by the Tribunal ($1,647,483) for a total of $384,247,017, plus interest from the date of the award.
		The people of Enewetak, the class of plaintiffs for which this claim is filed, were citizens of the United States Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but are now citizens of theMarshall Islands.
	ellokepeim.yokwe.net /print.php?sid=1326 (462 words)

	Rongelap Atoll Marshall Islands Press Release
		That amount included $199,154,811 for past and future loss of use of Enewetak, $91,710,000 for cleanup and rehabilitation of the atoll, and $34,084,500 for hardships suffered during the relocation to Ujelang.
		Enewetak Senator Ismael John thinks that the problem with all the attention on the 50th anniversary of the Bravo test is that it leads people to believe that there was only one test that did damage in the Marshall Islands.
		Enewetak — though it had the first test of a hydrogen device and more nuclear weapons tests than at Bikini — has lived in the shadow of the visibility that Bikini has gained over the years, largely as a result of the severe consequences of the Bravo test.
	www.visitrongelap.com /MediaCenter/Press_Releases/2004_0227_bravo_50th_anniversary.htm (4625 words)

	San Francisco Chronicle: 12/7/99 article about the People of Bikini Atoll
		In 1946, the people of Bikini and Enewetak atolls were evacuated from their islands to make way for a series of nuclear tests and were told they could return within a few years, once the testing was completed.
		But last year, the Honolulu-based attorney for Enewetak Atoll, Davor Pevec, discovered that in 1997, the EPA had quietly adopted a 15-millirem standard for the resettlement of radiologically contaminated sites in the United States.
		He's also asking for $310 million to clean up the soil, improve infrastructure and compensate landowners on the Enewetak atoll's southern islets, which were resettled in 1979 after a $105 million U.S. cleanup operation.
	www.bikiniatoll.com /SFChronicle.html (1393 words)

	Abstract titled Evaluation of Alternative Remediation Strategies for the Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll of the Republic of ...
		Abstract titled Evaluation of Alternative Remediation Strategies for the Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
		Evaluation of Alternative Remediation Strategies for the Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll of the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
		In support of claims litigation for the cleanup of Enewetak Atoll, one of the Northern Atolls of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) that was contaminated during weapons testing in the pacific, SCandA evaluated the costs and benefits of several remediation alternatives ranging from institutional controls to scraping and disposal of the contaminated soil.
	www.riskworld.com /Abstract/2000/SRAam00/ab0ac227.htm (260 words)

	Marshall Islands: Payback time \| thebulletin.org
		It's called Enewetak and in the 1950s the United States detonated 43 nuclear weapons here, perforating the reef with gigantic blast craters, vaporizing entire islands, and spreading radioactive debris across the atoll.
		The claims involve the people of four atolls, including those from the two test sites, Bikini and Enewetak, which were heavily irradiated, who have spent decades in bleak exile.
		A fourth atoll, Utrik, was also evacuated during the tests, though its people resettled years later.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ma00woodard (1390 words)

	Goldstein
		Gross, M.G., and Tracey, J.I., Jr., 1966, Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestones and dolomites, Bikini and Enewetak Atolls: Science, v.
		Ludwig, K.R., Halley, R.B., Simmons, K.R., and Peterman, Z.E., 1988, Strontium-isotope stratigraphy of Enewetak Atoll: Geology, v.
		Saller, A.H., 1984, Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the origin of subsurface dolomite, Enewetak Atoll: An example of dolomitization by normal seawater: Geology, v.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~pbrown/fi/pac6/goldstein.html (989 words)

	Militaryphotos.net :: Nuclear testing
		XX-43 DAKOTA, part of Operation Redwing, was fired from a barge at Enewetak Atoll on June 25, 1956.
		SEMINOLE, a weapons related surface shot, was part of Operation Redwing and was fired June 6, 1956 at Enewetak Atoll.
		IVY MIKE was fired on Enewetak on October 31, 1952.
	media.militaryphotos.net /photos/abolith?page=2 (591 words)

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