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Topic: Enflurane

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Desflurane

Isoflurane

Epidural anaesthesia

Anesthesia

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	Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to enflurane (ethrane) in operating room personnel. - HighBeam ...
		Enflurane in the ambient atmosphere was determined in 18 operating theaters of eight hospitals in Italy.
		Enflurane was detected in urine of 159 exposed subjects (anesthetists, surgeons, and nurses).
		Enflurane disappears rapidly from body tissues and disappears completely from blood during the period after the workshift,[31] thus precluding the use of blood fluorides 16 h after exposure as an indicator of the mean level of exposure during previous days.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-15170459.html (2780 words)

	Enflurane
		Enflurane is a general inhalation anesthetic used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
		Induction of and recovery from anesthesia with enflurane are rapid.
		3 Desflurane, enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane induce anesthetic preconditioning.
	www.mongabay.com /health/medications/Enflurane.html (531 words)

	Enflurane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluomethyl ether) is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s.
		Clinically, enflurane produces a dose-related depression of myocardial contractility with an associated decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption.
		Between 2% and 5% of the inhaled dose is oxidised in the liver, producing fluoride ions and difluoromethoxy-difluoroacetic acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enflurane (126 words)

	ENFLURANE AND HALOTHANE - (Organic Method #29) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		) for enflurane and 1.87 µg/sample (0.023 ppm or 0.19 mg/m
		) for enflurane and 1.87 µg/sample (0.023 ppm or 0.10 mg/m
		The average breakthrough air volumes are 18.5 L for enflurane and 15.9 L for halothane.
	www.osha-slc.gov /dts/sltc/methods/organic/org029/org029.html (2718 words)

	Product Clinical Information - COMPOUND 347™
		Enflurane is stable to strong base, does not decompose in contact with soda lime (at normal operating temperatures) and does not react with aluminum, tin, brass, iron or copper.
		The partition coefficients of enflurane at 25°C are 74 in conductive rubber and 120 in polyvinyl chloride.
		Enflurane was given at 1/2, 1/8, and 1/32 MAC for four in-utero exposures and for 24 exposures to the pups during the first nine weeks of life.
	www.minrad.com /clin/s347.html (2240 words)

	JPMA ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of 'reverse second gas effect' with enflurane and to see whether the variables like age, gender, body weight and American society of anaesthesiology (ASA) status of the patient has any influence on the existence of the reverse second gas effect with enflurane.
		Enflurane vaporizer was turned on only when the anaesthesia analyzer showed a reading of 0.6% end tidal enflurane.
		Time in seconds for the descent of end tidal concentration of enflurane from 0.9% to 0.6% was measured using a stopwatch, which was turned 'on' simultaneously on the turning 'off ' of the enflurane vaporizer.
	jpma.org.pk /jpma/6june06/fulltex4.htm (1915 words)

	Manchester 1994
		This is in contrast with a 5% enflurane vaporizer which struggles at similar flows to maintain circle concentrations at perhaps only 30% of the vaporizer setting whilst operating at the limit of its range.
		This enzyme is solely responsible for the biotransformation of sevoflurane, enflurane and isoflurane but defluorination of methoxyflurane is also catalysed by a number of different hepatic and renal isoforms in the liver and kidney.
		Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anaesthesia in volunteers.
	www.alfanaes.freeserve.co.uk /Session943.htm (1605 words)

	Data Sheet
		Enflurane displaces the myometrial response curve to oxytocin so that at lower concentrations of Enflurane oxytocin will restore uterine contractions; however, as the dose of Enflurane progresses (somewhere between 1.5 and 3.0% delivered Enflurane) the response to oxytocin is diminished and then abolished.
		Enflurane was given at 1/2, 1/8 and 1/32 MAC for 4 in-utero exposures and for 24 exposures to the pups during the first 9 weeks of life.
		Enflurane is a stable to strong base, does not decompose in contact with soda lime and does not react with aluminium, tin, brass, iron, or copper.
	www.medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/datasheet/e/Ethraneliq.htm (2202 words)

	MedicineHouse.com
		Enflurane attenuates baroreceptor reflex responses (tachycardia) to hypotension and vasomotor reflex responses (increased peripheral resistance) to hypovolemia.
		Enflurane compared with isoflurane or halothane produces the greatest dose-related decrease in the amplitude and increase in the latency of cortical components of somatosensory-evoked potentials.
		Enflurane increases both the rate of production and resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid,, which may contribute to sustained increases in intracranial pressure associated with administration of this drug.
	www.medicinehouse.com /cgi-bin/drug1.php?drug=enflurane (1204 words)

	Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity
		Inorganic fluoride nephrotoxicity: prolonged enflurane and halothane anesthesia in volunteers.
		The effects of prolonged enflurane and halothane administration on urine-concentrating ability were determined in volunteers by examining their responses to vasopressin before anesthesia and on days 1 and 5 after anesthesia.
		Since surgical patients generally are exposed to lower enflurane doses than were the volunteers in the present study, and, therefore, have lower serum inorganic fluoride levels, (14) it is likely that enflurane anesthesia will not adversely aifect their renal function and fluid homeostasis.
	www.slweb.org /mazze-nephrotoxicity.html (1511 words)

	TheMediWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Enflurane should be used with caution in patients considered more susceptible to the cortical stimulation produced by enflurane Enflurane may cause slight increases in
		Enflurane should only be used if the benefits are considered to outweigh the risks It must also be noted that chronic, accidental exposure e.g.
		Administration of enflurane should be stopped, the airway should be checked to ensure it is open and assisted or controlled ventilation with pure oxygen should be maintained.
	www.themediweb.net /pharmacy/Enflurane.htm (1000 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Pre- and postsynaptic volatile anaesthetic actions on glycinergic transmission to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This was 0.6 mM for enflurane, 0.3 mM for isoflurane, and 0.3 mM for halothane.
		Enflurane reduced the amplitude of glycine-induced inward currents (Figure 8B) in most but not all cells (Figure 8A); mean amplitudes were not significantly changed.
		Enflurane is of particular interest, since unlike the other agents it is associated with seizure-like EEG activity (Modica et al., 1990).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v136/n5/full/0704760a.html (6600 words)

	Effects of the volatile anesthetic enflurane on spontaneous discharge rate and GABA(A)-mediated inhibition of Purkinje ...
		Effects of the volatile anesthetic enflurane on spontaneous discharge rate and GABA(A)-mediated inhibition of Purkinje cells in rat cerebellar slices.
		The effects of the volatile anesthetic enflurane on the spontaneous action potential firing and on gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A))-mediated synaptic inhibition of Purkinje cells were investigated in sagittal cerebellar slices.
		At 1 MAC, enflurane attenuated the mean amplitude of IPSCs by 54 +/- 3% while simultaneously prolonging the time courses of monoexponential current decays by 413 +/- 69%.
	www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de /publication.html?publ=489 (311 words)

	Anesthesia
		Because of the disadvantages of the available anesthetics at the time, enflurane was developed in 1963 by Terrell and released for use in 1972.
		Enflurane is slightly less potent than halothane with a MAC of 1.68%.
		The respiratory drive is depressed to a greater extent with enflurane than halothane, and the ventilatory response to hypoxemia is also decreased.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Anesthesia-040609/Anesthesia-040609.htm (9059 words)

	[No title]
		Enflurane is known to have the potential to cause seizures.
		Enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane produce skeletal muscle relaxation that is about twice as high than that associated with halothane.
		Halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane are all known to react with the CO2 absorbents.
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlPrinter=true&xmlFilePath=journals/ija/vol3n3/inhal2.xml (2281 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications
		Pipecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during nitrous oxide- fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in surgical patients.
		The dose-response lines for the enflurane and isoflurane groups were displaced significantly (P less than 0.01) to the left of the line for the fentanyl-N2O group.
		The enhancing effects of the volatile anesthetics were reflected by significant prolongation of the clinical duration of neuromuscular blockade by pipecuronium.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=0001321569 (233 words)

	Physiologic Effects of Anesthesic and Analgesic Agents
		Enflurane induces seizure-like spike activity that may be accompanied by tonic-clonic twitching and increased tone at deep surgical planes of anesthesia.
		The decrease in pressure with enflurane and halothane is attributable to decreased cardiac contractility and cardiac output while isoflurane-, desflurane- and sevoflurane-induced decreases are due to decreased vascular resistance.
		Enflurane is the most respiratory depressant and causes rate to decrease severely.
	info.med.yale.edu /yarc/vcs/anesthesiaeffect.htm (11447 words)

	Effects of the Volatile Anesthetic Enflurane on Spontaneous Discharge Rate and GABAA-Mediated Inhibition of Purkinje ...
		Because the solubility of enflurane is twice as high at 21-23°C as at 34-36°C, ACSF was bubbled with 1 vol% enflurane to obtain
		Effects of enflurane on the discharge pattern of a Purkinje cell in the presence and absence of the
		The overall effects of enflurane on the discharge patterns of Purkinje cells appear to be rather complex.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/5/2525 (5919 words)

	ebme.co.uk - ISO 9001 - 2000 Quality Management System - Business Case
		Enflurane depresses ventilation more than isoflurane, which in turn is slightly more depressant than halothane.
		With halothane and enflurane, the decrease in arterial pressure is a consequence of the decrease in cardiac output, with isoflurane it is a consequence of decreased peripheral resistance.
		Halothane and enflurane are not directly toxic, but their metabolites appear to be responsible for a rare form of hepatic necrosis (Johnston 1976).
	www.ebme.co.uk /arts/agents/index.htm (2117 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| PKQuest: volatile solutes – application to enflurane, nitrous oxide, halothane, ...
		O and enflurane is negligible [24,27,28], and that the loss through the skin can be neglected [29].
		The PKQuest output using this "enflurane" input procedure is shown in the left hand column of fig 1 along with the experimental data (squares) of Carpenter et al.
		This use of the enflurane data to determine the fat blood flow illustrates one of the main advantages of having a PBPK program such as PKQuest that is general enough that it can be applied to a large variety of solutes.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2253/2/5 (8046 words)

	General Anesthesia
		Enflurane is typically avoided in epileptic patients because of a CNS excitatory property occasionally seen.
		Enflurane Status: Enflurane is used as an inhalational agent for adults; but is not widely used for pediatric cases.
		If the first gas is nitrous oxide and the second enflurane, the concentration effect due to NO which pull more gas from the breathing circuit into the lung, pulls both fresh NO and fresh enflurane.
	www.pharmacology2000.com /Central/General_Anesthesia/GAobj1.htm (3076 words)

	ding
		However, the use of enflurane versus propofol for maintenance of anesthesia did not significantly prolong the time from arrival in the recovery room to sitting, tolerating oral fluids, walking, or being judged "fit for discharge." There were no differences among the three groups with respect to postoperative pain or analgesic requirements.
		Finally, patients who received enflurane for maintenance of anesthesia had a significantly higher frequency of nausea and vomiting than the propofol maintenance group.
		Maintenance of anesthesia with enflurane did not prolong recovery compared with maintenance with propofol, but enflurane was associated with increased frequency of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
	www.sivauk.org /Education/ding.htm (399 words)

	Procedures in Epilepsy Patients : Epilepsy.com/Professionals
		Except for enflurane, which has been associated with a higher risk for seizures, all of the anesthetics in use may be safely administered to epilepsy patients if the proper approach in epilepsy patient care is observed.
		Enflurane is the inhalation agent that anesthesiologists most often avoid when caring for patients with epilepsy, because it lowers seizure threshold.
		Although low enflurane concentrations (1.0—1.5%) administered to a normocarbic patient (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide [PaCO2] equals 40 mm Hg) are not frequently associated with seizure activity,32 increasing enflurane concentrations (2—3%) or hyperventilating an anesthetized patient enhances seizure activity.
	professionals.epilepsy.com /wi/print_section.php?section=procedures (7201 words)

	[No title]
		Enflurane does not depress cardiac conduction nor does it sensitize the myocardium to catecholamine-induced arrhythmias like halothane.
		EEG seizure complexes have been seen with higher doses especially associated with hypocarbia; therefore, it is not recommended for use in patients with seizure history.
		Enflurane dilates the cerebral vasculature and may, in certain conditions, increase intracranial pressure.
	www.musc.edu /pharmacyservices/Drugs/E/Enflurane.doc (230 words)

	Polish Journal of Pharmacology - Vol. 50 /1998/
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5-, 15-, and 60-min enflurane anesthesia on the levels of Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin and neuropeptide Y in discrete areas of the rabbit brain.
		We also evaluated the effect of enflurane anesthesia on energetic, transport and catabolic processes by measuring the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and acid phosphatase in the rabbit striatum and hypothalamus.
		In conclusion, enflurane affects the levels of Met, Leu-enkephalins and NPY in a manner depending on the duration of anesthesia and the brain structure.
	www.if-pan.krakow.pl /pjp/984_5.htm (311 words)

	JPMA ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		To investigate the existence of 'reverse second gas effect' with enflurane and to find out any influence of the variables; age, gender, body weight and American society of anaesthesiologist (ASA) status of the patient over the existence of reverse second gas effect.
		The existence of reverse second gas effect was investigated in terms of rate of decline of exhaled concentration of enflurane with and without nitrous oxide.
		Collected data included age, weight, gender, ASA status, rate of decline of exhaled enflurane, heart rate and blood pressure of patients during the research protocol.
	jpma.org.pk /jpma/6june06/abstract4.htm (236 words)

	Enflurane - Drug information from Medic8.com
		Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) is a halogenated ether that was commonly used for inhalational anaesthesia during the 1970s and 1980s.
		Clinically, enflurane produces a dose-related depression of myocardial contractility with an associated decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption.
		Between 2% and 5% of the inhaled dose is oxidised in the liver, producing fluoride ions and difluoromethoxy-difluoroacetic acid.
	www.medic8.com /medicines/Enflurane.html (227 words)

	Interaction between artificial membranes and enflurane, a general volatile anesthetic: DPPC-enflurane interaction ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		ABSTRACT The structural modifications of the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) organization induced by increasing concentration of the volatile anesthetic enflurane have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle, and wide-angle x-ray scattering.
		The interaction of enflurane with DPPC depends on at least two factors: the enflurane-to-lipid concentration ratio and the initial organization of the lipids.
		Namely, enflurane and halothane were shown to induce a dehydration of both the P=O group and the C=O group of the glycerol backbone of DMPC bilayers by breaking the hydrogen bonding (Tsai et al., 1990).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3938/is_200305/ai_n9273691 (929 words)

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