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Topic: English Armada

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Spanish Armada
		Froude and the older panegyrists of Queen Elizabeth frequently justify the English piracies as acts of retaliation against the cruelties of the Inquisition, and maintain that Philip had given cause for war by encouraging plots against Elizabeth's throne and life.
		Among the many side-issues which meet the student of the history of the Armada, that of the cooperation or favor of the Pope, and of the Catholic party among the English, is naturally important for Catholics.
		On the English side, the most representative of the old school are J. Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic, and J. Froude, History of England, XII, and English Seamen of the Sixteenth century.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01727c.htm (2627 words)

	Wikipedia: Spanish Armada
		The Spanish Armada (la felicissima armada or "most fortunate fleet") is the term conventionally applied in English historiography to the fleet which the Habsburg King Philip II of Spain used as part of an attempt to invade England in 1588.
		English casualties were much lighter, initially in the low hundreds from the battle itself, but a raging typhus epidemic soon swept throughout the defensive fleet, killing thousands of English sailors.
		English losses were less than half those of the Spaniards and no ships were sunken, but the English sailors were themselves hit hard by the deadly typhus epidemic, as well as a possibly concurrent outbreak of dysentery, which killed an estimated 6,000-8,000 soldiers according to different estimates.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/s/sp/spanish_armada.html (1901 words)

	Spanish Armada - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Armada followed the coast as far as Plymouth, where the 55 ships of the English fleet had set sail on the night of the 19th.
		The Armada was forced to return to Spain by sailing around the northern coasts of Scotland and Ireland – a dangerous voyage during which the Armada was buffeted by severe September storms that caused enormous damage.
		English losses were less than half those of the Spaniards and no ships were sunk, but the English sailors were themselves decimated by the deadly typhus epidemic, as well as a possibly concurrent outbreak of dysentery, which killed an estimated 6,000–8,000 soldiers according to varying estimates.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Spanish_Armada (1795 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Armada,
		Spanish Armada A large naval and military force that PHILIP II of Spain sent to invade England at the end of May 1588.
		Armada, Spanish (1588) Fleet launched by the Catholic Philip II of Spain against England to overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I. English support for the rebels in the Spanish Netherlands and pirate attacks on Spanish possessions convinced Philip that England must be conquered.
		Armada Funds Introduces New Small/Mid Cap Value Fund; Spans Attractive Small-to-Mid Sector.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Armada, (1184 words)

	Spanish Armada Information
		In 1588, in support of the Armada and the hoped for invasion of England, Pope Sixtus V renewed the solemn bull of excommunication against the Queen Elizabeth I, for the regicide of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 as well as the previously catalogued offences against the Roman Catholic Church.
		Indeed, the 1597 armada was in sight of the English coast and was unopposed.
		Fifty years after the Armada expedition, the Dutch, who had been steadily increasing their naval power, broke the back of Spanish dominance at sea (Battle of the Downs), and it was only during the Napoleonic Wars that the British navy finally established its overwhelming mastery, at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.
	www.bookrags.com /Spanish_Armada (4657 words)

	Spanish Armada information - Search.com
		In 1588, to support of the Armada and the hoped for invasion of England, Pope Sixtus V renewed the solemn bull of excommunication against the Queen Elizabeth I, for the regicide of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 as well as the previously catalogued offences against the Roman Catholic Church.
		English casualties were much lighter, initially in the low hundreds from the battle itself, but a raging typhus epidemic soon swept throughout the defensive fleet, killing thousands of English sailors.
		Indeed, the 1597 armada was in sight of the English coast and was unopposed.
	www.search.com /reference/Spanish_Armada (4689 words)

	Spanish Armada 1588
		English and Dutch warships lay in wait off Dunkerque to attack Parma's vulnerable barges, but it was too risky for the Armada to approach closer than Calais - the Dutch had removed navigation markers and buoys from the treacherous sandbanks all along the Flemish coast.
		Sidonia did not realise that the English had again run out of ammunition, and believed that he had no chance of succeeding in his mission of gaining control of the sea between Flanders and England.
		Armada ships were organised to fight at sea in the medieval way: soldiers set the guns ready to fire, then went up on deck ready to grapple and board the enemy ship.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/span-armada.htm (2284 words)

	Armada Information
		The Spanish Armada, an attempted invasion of England by Spain in 1588.
		English Armada, the unsuccessful English response in 1589 to the Spanish Armada.
		Armada, a London-based rock/jazz group formed in the mid-1970s by former members of the Open Mind.
	www.bookrags.com /Armada (125 words)

	Anglo-Spanish War (1585) - Definition, explanation
		The war opened with victory for the English at Cádiz in 1587 and over the Spanish Armada in 1588, but the Elizabethans were unable to follow up their victories and the war was largely inconclusive.
		The continuing and (for the English) increasingly unsuccessful war with Spain after the Armada thus delayed English North American settlement until the early Stuart period, after James I negotiated peace with Philip III of Spain in the Treaty of London, 1604.
		While the Armada defeat therefore did not enable England to supplant Spain as a pre-eminent naval power, or initiate American colonisation, it was a valuable inspiration for later English mariners, particularly in the Anglo-French naval clashes of the 18th century when England finally emerged as Europe's leading sea power and colonising nation.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/an/anglo_spanish_war__1585_.php (865 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		At this stage the English were far more adept at artillery and naval tactics than the Spanish, who were regarded as the best soldiers in Europe.
		The English were not idle while the Spanish Armada prepared to sail.
		The English emerged victorious, although the Spanish losses were not great; only three ships were reported sunk, one captured, and four more ran aground.
	www.britainexpress.com /History/tudor/armada.htm (1483 words)

	::The Spanish Armada::
		To the English, Drake was a hero but to the Spanish he was nothing more than a pirate who, in their view, was allowed to do what he did with the full knowledge of the queen.
		What the English did do was waste a lot of ammunition firing at the Armada and not having much of an impact as the Spanish ships had well built hulls that proved to be solid.
		The victory over the Armada was to make Sir Francis Drake a very famous man. The victory was even remembered at Christmas when Elizabeth ordered that everybody should have goose on Xmas Day as that was the meal she had eaten on the evening that she learned that her navy had beaten the Armada.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /spanish_armada.htm (2332 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		The English Armada (also known as the Counter Armada, or The Drake-Norris Expedition, 1589) was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
		A pair of Spanish galleys slipped past the English fleet and repeatedly resupplied the defenders, forcing the English at length to abandon the siege and turn their attention to Lisbon, having lost four captains and several hundred soldiers in the fighting.
		But the failure of the English Armada was a turning point, and the fortunes of the various parties to this complicated conflict fluctuated until the Treaty of London in 1604, when a peace was agreed.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=English_Armada (1466 words)

	Brainboost - what was the spanish armada and who defeated them
		However, an important reason why the English were able to defeat the Armada was that the wind blew the Spanish ships northwards.
		Exploration; Defeat of the Spanish Armada - from the - England article - English seamanship and shipbuilding reached the highest point they had yet attained.
		The fleet was then to cross the English channel and defeat the armies of Queen Elizabeths England.
	www.brainboost.com /search.asp?Q=what+was+the+spanish+armada+and+who+defeated+them&lfmq=1 (277 words)

	Francis Drake
		The plan was to sail to Dunkirk in France where the Armada would pick up another 16,000 Spanish soldiers that were under the command of Alessandro Farnese, the Duke of Parma.
		This increased the English fleet by a third and was now similar in size to that of the Spanish fleet.
		The English ships did not follow as Charles Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral, was convinced that most Spanish ships were so badly damaged they would probably sink before they reached a safe port.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUDdrakeF.htm (1628 words)

	Defeat of the "Invincible" Armada 1588
		To the English, Drake was a hero but to the Spanish he was nothing more than a pirate who, in their view, was allowed to do what he did with the full knowledge of
		In fact, they were keen to let the English know about the Armada as it was felt that the English would be terrified at the news of such a large fleet of naval ships attacking them.
		Howard decided that the Spanish Armada should be attacked at both ends of the crescent.
	www.tudorplace.com.ar /Documents/defeat_of_the_armada.htm (3955 words)

	armada
		To pious Catholics everywhere--and few were as pious as King Philip himself--Mary became a Catholic martyr, and the invasion of England was seen as a way to avenge her death as well as to return England to the Roman church.
		Parma's army would not be able to come out into the Channel to rendezvous with the Armada, and the Armada could not get close enough to escort the army through the blockade of English and Dutch warships.
		The Battle of Gravelines was fought at very close range, and this time the English guns did great damage to the Spanish vessels, sinking one and causing a high rate of casualties on all that remained.
	www.salvoblue.homestead.com /armada.html (1885 words)

	The Spanish Armada
		At the end of the year the English navy seized a treasure ship bound for the Netherlands, which was controlled by Spain.
		The Armada under the control of Medina Sidonia, reached the western approaches to the English Channel.
		The defeat of the Armada may not have been due to the superiority of the English.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Tudors/spanish_armada.htm (807 words)

	Investigation: Why did the English fleet defeat the Spanish Armada?
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 has long been held as one of England's greatest military achievements, and a sign of the strength and spirit imparted to the country by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. However, some more recent historians claim that the English victory was no more than a lucky accident.
		The English defenders were too strong for the Spanish invading force.
		Although luck was on their side, the English were confident of victory and used good strategy to defeat the Armada.
	portico.bl.uk /learning/histcitizen/uk/armada/act/why.html (188 words)

	Wes's Spanish Armada Page: History, Highlights, Myths, and Muddles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Fact: The English themselves suffered thousands of casualties among their sailors in the Spanish Armada engagement due to exposure and outbreaks of infectious disease, and the battle’s aftermath was characterized not by celebration but by finger-pointing, infighting, and bitter protestations when many sailors were not compensated for months.
		English Armada article, this piece cuts through the myths and lays out the facts of the Spanish Armada battle, still significant in numerous respects as discussed below, but in ways far more subtle and intricate than are generally appreciated.
		Queen Elizabeth I with a Catholic English usurper, as is often supposed, in spite of Pius V’s papal sanction.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/sp_armada.htm (7044 words)

	Matthew Yglesias: Who Wants What Where?
		As I mentioned above, an English Armada under Drake and Sir John Norris was dispatched to Spain and Portugal in 1589 with thousands of soldiers and sailors, and the English invasion force was utterly defeated by the Spanish both on land (mainly) and at sea.
		With the single exception of the Sack of Cadiz in 1596 (which itself was a frustration for the English, since they'd sought to steal the Spanish treasure fleet, which was instead burned by the Spanish to prevent its seizure, Mikhail Kutuzov-style), the rest of the war was an almost unmitigated disaster for England.
		English privateering expeditions were defeated in both 1591 and 1597, while 1595 was genuinely an annus horribilis for the English: both Drake and Hawkins were killed in the same expedition against Panama, one of the worst naval defeats in English history.
	yglesias.typepad.com /matthew/2005/05/who_wants_what_.html (3924 words)

	The Armada, Part 2
		Although the English outnumbered the ships of the Armada, the English vessels were inferior to their opponents, with the Spanish enjoying a two to one margin in total tonnage as well as a great superiority in the number of guns.
		Furthermore, the English had to divide their forces, 40 of their best ships were busy keeping Parma’s invasion force bottled up in their French ports.
		The English advantage lay in their gunnery, both in range and accuracy, and the fact that their ships – being smaller – were more maneuverable than the larger Spanish ships.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/titanic_retired/50901 (471 words)

	The Spanish Armada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		While the caliber of the English and Spanish ground troops which would have been engaged were very different and the logistics to be employed during the engagement were not even of the same gauge, yet the attitude of those who had to provide resupply were on totally different footing yet neither very successful.
		Here is a letter written by her two years prior to the launch of the Armada which may reflect one of the political actions that set the course of events in motion.
		This is the Mary Rose, and while she was sunk prior to the Armada engagement, she is a good example of the British warship of the period.
	www.pensacola.com /~rbethke/Armada.htm (8397 words)

	The Defeat of the English Armada: A More Detailed Look at the Spanish Armada and its Aftermath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		English Armada under the partial command of that renowned privateer, Sir Francis Drake, mounted a bold amphibious operation, motivated by a triple set of objectives to break the power of the Spanish crown.
		The Repulse of the Spanish and the Invasion of the English Armada
		The prelude to the English Armada’s disembarkation was replete with carping and mutual recriminations of incompetence and blinding self-interest among the mission’s backers and participants.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/history/eng_armada.htm (11724 words)

	The Defeat of the English Armada: A More Detailed Look at the Spanish Armada and its Aftermath
		Spanish Armada, the scattering of the Spanish ships hardly translated into a triumphant moment for the long-suffering English sailors who had manned the coastal defenses.
		Medina Sidonia’s Spanish Armada fleet was supposed to arrive at Lisbon, in Portugal, and at the primary Spanish ports of Coruna and Cadiz.
		Cheyney, Edward P. A history of England from the defeat of the Armada to the death of Elizabeth, with an account of English institutions during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
	wesulm.bravehost.com /history/eng_armada.htm (11823 words)

	Queen Elizabeth I Speech - Against the Spanish Armada
		King Philip II of Spain decided to settle the question and put an end to English attacks on his ships by invading and conquering England.
		Philip assembled a huge fleet of warships known as the Spanish Armada and in 1588 sailed into the English Channel.
		Below are the words Elizabeth spoke when she visited her troops in the field as they prepared for battle.
	www.historyplace.com /speeches/elizabeth.htm (364 words)

	The defeat of the Spanish Armada
		The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the decline of Spain as a world power and the end of the Spanish monopoly in North America.
		They had plenty of ammunition, but their guns could not easily be reloaded, and the gunners were actually soldiers who were supposed to return to their battle stations after firing an initial salvo.
		All the English crews were seamen, not land infantry.
	oh.essortment.com /defeatofspanis_rklo.htm (1915 words)

	Research guide P3: Charts of the Spanish Armada by Robert Adams in the Museum: NMM PORT
		The defeat in the Channel, of the mighty Spanish Armada by an English fleet in 1588, proved to be an event of significant military, political and religious importance in sixteenth century Europe.
		The failure of the Armada expedition to assist in a proposed large-scale invasion of England, finally extinguished the hopes and aspirations of a large group in England who deeply wished for the re-establishment of a Catholic monarch on the English throne and a return to close links with the Church of Rome.
		The Armada was pursued up the North Sea by the English fleet on the 10 and 11 August 1588 until it reached the Firth of Forth.
	www.port.nmm.ac.uk /research/p3.html (2368 words)

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