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Topic: English Elm

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	Elm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elms are deciduous trees of the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
		There are between 20 to 45 species of elm; the ambiguity in the number is a result of difficult species delimitations in elms, owing to the ease of hybridization between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively-propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm group.
		Elm wood is valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in chair seats and coffins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elm (2448 words)

	Elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		From ca 1850 to 1920 the most prized small specimen elm was the Camperdown Elm, a contorted weeping mutation of the Wych Elm, grafted on a standard Wych elm trunk to give a wide, spreading and weeping fountain shape in large garden spaces.
		This is a fungal disease that is borne by a vector, the elm-bark beetle.
		Since elm trees take decades to grow to maturity, and these introductions are recent, the performance of these trees in actual landscape conditions is not known with certainty.
	www.icyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/el/elm.html (502 words)

	Dutch elm disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dutch elm disease is a fungal disease of elm trees, originally believed to be native to Asia.
		Dutch elm disease was first noticed in Europe in 1910, and spread slowly, reaching Britain in 1927.
		In 2001, English Elm was genetically engineered to resist disease in experiments at Abertay University, Dundee, by transferring anti-fungal genes into the elm genome using minute DNA-coated ball bearings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_elm_disease (1748 words)

	Ohio Trees, Bulletin 700-00, Ulmus – Elm
		One cultivar, the ‘Camperdown' elm, is commonly planted for its weeping habit and is often budded on a Siberian elm understock.
		The state champion English elm is on the Columbus campus of The Ohio State University and is 100 feet high and 70 feet across.
		The rock elm is found in the northwestern part of the state and reported as far south as Greene and Lawrence counties.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b700/b700_30.html (2615 words)

	Royal Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland Home Page
		Elms were chosen as they are majestic when mature, and make good hedges as they grow vigorously from suckers produced from the roots of any felled trees (procera).
		In some countries, elm leaves are or were used as fodder for domestic livestock and were lopped or "shredded" for that purpose.
		The advent of a virulent strain of Dutch Elm Disease decimated the English elms from the 1970's and changed the face of the countryside here, especially in the Shire counties.
	www.rfs.org.uk /thirdlevel.asp?ThirdLevel=170&SecondLevel=33 (288 words)

	Biodiversity Plants
		Elm trees have suffered from a terrible fungal infection, known as Dutch Elm Disease (named after the Dutch who first discovered the disease).
		Elm wood remains good even underwater and this quality has meant that too many were cut down in the past to make doors, wheels, pumps and other items.
		English Elm is known as "the tall elm" and is the shape of a tall, thick cloud.
	www.naturegrid.org.uk /biodiversity/plants/fpelm.html (509 words)

	Ulmus procera - English Elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Before the devastation of Dutch Elm Disease, a fungal infection that wiped out most of the mature elm trees in Britain during the 1970s, the English Elm was a very common sight in Wales.
		An English Elm can grow to more than 30 metres, but of those growing in Wales today few reach 10 metres in height before the bark crinkles and the tree dies.
		The leaves of Wych Elm are generally larger (typically 10 x 7cm) and rather darker than those of English Elm; they also have more pairs of veins - 12 to 18 compared with 8 to 12 for English Elm.
	www.first-nature.com /trees/ulmus_procera.htm (160 words)

	T. Driscoll (Veneers) Ltd. - Elm Veneer
		English and Dutch elm are similar in their general characteristics.
		Elm is basically a fairly difficult timber to work, tending to pick up during planing and moulding, and to bind on the saw.
		English and Dutch elms, and is considered not quite as coarse in texture.
	www.tdveneers.co.uk /elm.htm (725 words)

	Elms in Worcestershire
		English Elm Ulmus procera is by far the most widespread of the three species.
		The reasons for English Elm's U. procera continued widespread distribution is that it is native to our region and was widely planted right throughout the medieval period through to the 20th century, mainly in hedgerows (Rackham 1994).
		Although all mature English Elm trees have succumbed to the disease it survives in hedgerows because of its ability to produce vegetative suckers.
	www.wbrc.org.uk /WorcRecd/Vol1Iss3/elms.htm (1539 words)

	Hull LBAP : Elm Trees
		The English Elm is thought be native to Britain and was once a common species of wet woods, hedgerows and drain banks.
		The most common Elm species in Hull, prior to the Dutch Elm disease outbreak in the 1970s were Wych Elm, English Elm and Wheatley Elm (a cultivated form of the Smooth-leaved Elm).
		English Elm had a high population in the area but being perhaps most susceptible to disease due to its thick bark, was decimated in the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.hull.ac.uk /HBP/ActionPlan/Elm.htm (1004 words)

	Attraction of elm bark beetles, Scolytus multistriatus, to cut limbs on elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		To minimize the spread of Dutch elm disease it is suggested that pruning of elm limbs be undertaken during the fall and winter when bark beetle activity is reduced or absent.
		This attraction to cut elm logs may be caused by the release of larger quantities of alpha-cubebene, a component of the beetle's pheromone (4).
		Elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus, feeding in twig crotch of elm
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /cec/papers/ja80.htm (1256 words)

	AIE - TrunkLine - Elm
		The three dominant Elm species within the U.K were the Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra), the English Elm (Ulmus procera) and the Smooth Leaved Elm (Ulmus carpinifolia) with the Wych Elm being generally accepted as our native Elm.
		With the advent of forest clearance and the agricultural needs of man, the Elm declined and became, in the south, a field and hedgerow tree; the harsher farming conditions in the north allowed the forests of Wych Elm to survive.
		Elm was used throughout history as a source of fodder, fuel and as timber.
	www.aie.org.uk /trunkline/aie_tr_elm.html (662 words)

	Ulmus minor, ENGLISH ELM
		Both English and American elms are subject to Dutch elm disease, which has spread across the United States from the East and which is due to a fungus that is spread by bark beetles.
		The small-leaf Chinese and Siberian elms and the zelkovas are resistant.
		Diseased elms should be buried, but homeowners wishing to store firewood should know that the beetles are attracted to the potential new breeding site by smelling the saw cuts.
	trees.stanford.edu /ENCYC/ULMmin.htm (559 words)

	Guardian \| Scientists modify elm to resist disease that killed millions of trees in Britain
		Scientists have created the world's first genetically modified English elm tree in the hope of repairing the damage wreaked on the landscape by one of the most devastating plagues to strike a plant species.
		The GM elms, which have already grown as high as 1.5 metres in a laboratory at Dundee's Abertay University, are designed to be resistant to Dutch elm disease.
		The English elm, Ulmus procera, appears to be a less controversial subject for genetic modification than other elm trees because in British conditions it does not spread itself by seeds, and rarely flowers.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4246134-103690,00.html (522 words)

	Elm tree
		In England, the Common Elm is most abundant to the south of the Trent, and in this district almost every neighborhood has its famous old Elm, celebrated for age and size, beside a roadside inn, or associated with the good Queer Bess or some other historic character.
		In the home-meadow of an old English grange the row of Elms will generally be clamorous with the hoarse voices of rooks, who are seen in spring deftly arranging the dead twigs of winter to form those homes which, when deserted, wave among the bare branches like blots upon the sky.
		In many agricultural counties the Elms may be seen trimmed, to a height of forty or fifty feet, of every bough, so that they resemble nothing in nature but an aged hollyhock or a gigantic Brussels-sprout.
	www.2020site.org /trees/elm.html (1561 words)

	ElmC
		Dutch Elm disease is so named, since it was identified in 1919 in the Netherlands, although the strain had been known since 1818.
		All Elms have in common the fact that the leaves are slightly uneven at the bottom (near the stalk) and that their leaves are double-toothed (that means that the zig-zaggy edges, or teeth, around the edge of the leaves, themselves have little teeth).
		The Jersey, Guernsey and Wheatley Elms are subspecies of U.augustifolia.
	www.the-tree.org.uk /BritishTrees/TreeGallery/elmc.htm (871 words)

	Elm Leaf Beetle Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca (=Pyrrhalta) luteola, is one of the most important insects damaging urban forests in the United States and is the major pest of elm trees in California.
		Elm leaf beetle has at least one generation a year in northern California and two to three generations in central and southern California.
		Susceptibility of Elms and Elm Substitutes to Elm Leaf Beetle (ELB) and Dutch Elm Disease (DED).
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7403.html (3304 words)

	Elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		"English Elm is (or was before the advent of Dutch Elm disease) the classic hedgerow tree of the English lowlands, suckering vigorously to produce long lines of characteristic compact crowns.
		As in all elms, the base of the leaf extends further down the stalk on one side than the other, but in Wych Elm the long side crosses over the short stalk and hides it.
		Wych Elm is a common woodland tree, particularly in the north and west, and has shown considerable resistance to Dutch Elm disease.
	www.roman-britain.org /chase/elm.htm (472 words)

	HON Allergy Glossary, Urticalea Pollens
		Elm refers to any of about 18 species of forest and ornamental shade trees of the family Ulmaceae, which are native in northern temperate regions.
		Elm are often cultivated for their attractive foliage.
		Characterised by their petalless flowers, which appear before the leaves and the nutlike fruit, which is surrounded by a flat, hairy (sometimes), winglike structure called a samara.
	www.hon.ch /Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/urticalea.html (375 words)

	Exotic Wood elm
		In particular, both of the names "red elm" and "rock elm" each are used to refer to numerous different Ulmus species, even though in both cases the species that they refer to have characteristics that are different enough that they should NOT be give the same name.
		Well, it was INTENDED to be elm highlights, with narra highlights at 90 degrees from this, but the narra and the elm ended up swamping out the body due to poor planning on my part.
		I was, of course, turning across the grain on the narra and the elm which made the whole job rather tedious and required a lot of final turning with sandpaper.
	www.hobbithouseinc.com /personal/woodpics/elm.htm (1008 words)

	Tree Services Management Practices Review and Report - City of Sacramento Department of Parks and Recreation
		English elms are over 100 years old and were planted during the 1870 to 1910.
		The elms were topped to a height of 55 to 65-foot to prevent anymore from blowing over.
		This will be a random sample of 300 English elms along the streets and in the parks.
	www.cityofsacramento.org /parksandrecreation/urbanforest/elm.htm (333 words)

	Elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Years later, players in the new game of baseball chewed this same elm bark to produce a sticky saliva, which when rubbed into the pocket of their glove, made balls easier to catch.
		Elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish brown to light tan, while the sapwood approaches off-white.
		Burl veneers tend to be brittle and troublesome to flatten.
	www.woodmagazine.com /wood/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/wood/story/data/wood_profiles_elm.xml (685 words)

	Elms in Worcestershire
		Elms are a complex and difficult group and await DNA fingerprinting.
		In spite of the ravages of Dutch Elm Disease it is probably found within most 1 km2 in the county.
		It is described by Mitchell as an elm with a regular tall domed crown with a straight clean bole.
	www.wbrc.org.uk /WorcRecd/Issue9/elmWorc.htm (1794 words)

	ElmEnglishC
		English Elm was the main victim of the Dutch Elm Disease (DED) epidemic, which started in 1967.
		The English Elms had been planted in great numbers in the 17th and 18th century in England, usually as part of hedges and land enclosures, as well as for their ornamental and timber value.
		The fact that the trees were mainly propagated by suckers and therefore have relatively little genetic variety, may have contributed to the massive effect the epidemic had on the English landscape.
	www.the-tree.org.uk /BritishTrees/TreeGallery/elmenglishc.htm (269 words)

	Bulletin - 21st January 2005
		Indeed, until the devastating outbreak of Dutch elm disease the tree was a defining element of the English countryside.
		It seems that the closest genetic relative to our English elm is the Atinian elm from Italy, which also occurs in Spain.
		Hence, the authors suggest that the solution to our puzzle is that the 'English elm' was introduced into Britain by the Romans via Spain in order to train vines in their newly established vineyards.
	www.sussex.ac.uk /press_office/bulletin/21jan05/article18.shtml (472 words)

	Telegraph \| News
		Every English elm may be a clone of a single tree originally introduced into Britain from Spain 2,000 years ago as a part of the Roman wine industry, according to a study published today.
		On the basis of the new survey and historical evidence, Dr Luis Gil and colleagues in Madrid propose today in the journal Nature that the English elm is the same as the Atinian elm - a tree that can reproduce asexually but not by seed - which originated in Italy.
		It is because they are clones that English elms were particularly hard-hit by the Dutch elm disease outbreak in the 1970s.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/10/28/ntree28.xml&sSheet=/portal/2004/10/28/ixportal.html (303 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| English elm 'brought by Romans'
		All English elm trees could be descended from a single tree brought here by the Romans, scientists say.
		"Although it has been suggested that the English elm was introduced during the Bronze Age by Celtic tribes, our results support a hypothesis that it corresponds to the Atinian elm, which was used for vine-training by the Romans," the scientists said.
		They analysed the genetic roots of the English elm while investigating an outbreak of Dutch elm disease that ravaged the trees in the 1970s.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3959561.stm (332 words)

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