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	Architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In every usage, an architecture may be seen as a subjective mapping from a human perspective (that of the user in the case of abstract or physical artifacts) to the elements or components of some kind of structure or system, which preserves the relationships among the elements or components.
		Vitruvius states: "Architecture is a science, arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning: by the help of which a judgement is formed of those works which are the result of other arts." He adds that an architect should be well versed in fields such as music and astronomy.
		In many ancient civilisations such as the Egyptians' and Mesopotamians' architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, while in other ancient cultures such as Iran architecture and urban planning was used to exemplify the power of the state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Architecture (1867 words)

	Architecture - Simple English Wikipedia
		Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures like gates, bridges, and other things that are built.
		Indian architecture is famous for the stone carving of its temples and palaces.
		Industrial architecture is the architecture of factories, mills, and other working buildings.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Architecture (426 words)

	Palladian architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Palladio's architectural treatises, as well as the buildings he designed and built, he followed the principles defined by the Roman architect Vitruvius and his 15th-century disciple Leon Battista Alberti, who adhered to principles of classical Roman architecture based on mathematical proportions rather than the rich ornamental style also characteristic of the Renaissance.
		The book was basically a book of design containing architectural prints of British buildings, which had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio; at first mainly those of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects.
		English Palladian houses were now no longer the small but exquisite weekend retreats from which their Italian counterparts were conceived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Palladian_architecture (3040 words)

	American architecture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Colonial architecture was subsequently adapted to the topography and climate of the chosen site, the availability of building materials, the dearth of trained builders and artisans, and the general poverty of the settlers.
		The formality and classicism of 18th-century English architecture was almost immediately reflected in the colonies, as in the official buildings of Williamsburg, Va. or the Pennsylvania Statehouse in Philadelphia (begun 1731).
		Architectural schools were established in the United States along the model of the École, beginning with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1865.
	www.bartleby.com /65/am/Amer-arch.html (1732 words)

	English art and architecture. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Georgian style in architecture (see Georgian architecture), decoration, furniture, silver, and the minor arts was developed during the reigns of the Hanoverian kings (1714–1820).
		An outstanding architectural fantasy employing Chinese decor was manifested in the Regency style, of which George IV’s Royal Pavilion at Brighton (1815–22) is an example.
		In the minor arts, English pottery became justly famous, and such wares as Chelsea, Derby, Doulton, Staffordshire, and the pottery of Josiah Wedgwood continue to be highly prized.
	www.bartleby.com /65/en/Englsha.html (1990 words)

	Free-TermPapers.com - English Architecture During Medeival Times
		English Architecture During Medieval Times Corey Frentress English IV November 15, 200 Architecture is the practice of building design and the technology applied in constructing a building.
		Medieval or, English architecture is very appealing in the variety of castles and cathedrals throughout England.
		English architecture is based on the Gothic principal of architecture that has designed the vast castles and cathedrals from early to the late Gothic structures.
	www.free-termpapers.com /tp/46/tvh55.shtml (1054 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Georgian architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE [Georgian architecture] It includes several trends in English architecture that were predominant during the reigns (1714-1830) of George I, George II, George III, and George IV.
		A vast increase in population and the birth of industrialism brought an increasing demand for formal mansions for the aristocracy and for dwelling houses for the middle classes.
		A purely English type of dwelling, somewhat standardized as to plan and materials, was produced for the needs of town and country.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/Georgn-ar.asp (591 words)

	English Super Bargains, English Academic, English Archaeology, English Architecture, English Art, English Astrology, ...
		In tracing the historical development of the English language, it is customary to divide it into three periods: Old English, which dates from earliest times to 1150; Middle English, 1150-1500; and Modern English, 1500 to the present.
		The history of the English language may be said to have begun with the arrival in Britain of three Germanic tribes about the middle of the 5th century.
		in the case of English it was the arrival in Britain of a small Germanic tribe from an "angle" of land on the Continent.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/English.htm?CalledFrom=210325 (1424 words)

	English Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This comprehensive, well-illustrated survey of English architecture provides an evenhanded, straightforward history from Anglo-Saxon times to the end of the twentieth century.
		The emphasis is on the high points of English creative genius as expressed in the art of architecture by Edwin Lutyens, Inigo Jones, Christopher Wren, John Soane, James Stirling, Richard Rogers, and a host of others.
		David Watkin is a Fellow of Peterhouse and Reader in the History of Architecture at the University of Cambridge.
	www.wwnorton.com /thamesandhudson/new/fall00/520338.htm (193 words)

	Architecture
		The period of architecture covered in this source is the classical period of English architecture.
		The main focus of the source is architecture because the architecture of the Middle Ages had such a large impact on modern architecture.
		The AAF is an educational organization whose goal is to raise awareness of the importance of architecture in daily life.
	www2.spsu.edu /library/bibs/architecture.html (3157 words)

	English Baroque Architecture
		The origin of the term 'baroque" is uncertain, though it may have evolved from the Portugese 'barocco', meaning a grotesque or deformed pearl.
		Perhaps this was due to an inbred inclination towards understatement by the English, or to isolation from continental ideals.
		But by the third decade of the 18th century the opulent cascades of ornamental elements of Baroque gave way to the careful - and in some cases rigid - sense of proportion of the Georgian classical period.
	www.britainexpress.com /architecture/baroque.htm (367 words)

	American Domestic Architecture ~ Chapter One
		English Queen Anne houses, moreover, were predominantly built of brick and stone (with limited use of terracotta tiles or mouldings), and this choice of materials gave English houses a more homogeneous character than American designs constructed from wood.
		Architectural publications had a dramatic impact particularly in rural areas, where no architectural services were available, permitting builders in the country to erect the latest designs.
		Architectural historians should be allowed many diversions, but their first responsibility is to show how, through a compelling rendering of the elements of architecture and their assembly, vital ideas become transmuted into vivid and memorable form.
	www.infosentialpress.com /adach1.htm (7890 words)

	Religious Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		During the Colonial era the prevailing architecture was English Georgian, which was founded securely on the work of the late Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, as interpreted by Indigo Jones and subsequent English architects.
		The English aesthete Edmund Burke later described St. Philip's as "spacious, and executed in a very handsome taste, exceeding everything of that kind which we have in America." The proud new edifice was sited to protrude into Church Street, so that the tower and porticoes provided a terminus to the vista.
		The style was derived from earlier medieval church architecture, before the rise of the Gothic, and is distinguished from the latter mainly in the use of round, rather than pointed, arches.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/Charleston/architecture.htm (3424 words)

	gothicoverview.html
		By 1600 the dominant architectural style for public buildings, churches, and private estates was neoclassical, except in areas like Oxford and Cambridge, where the Gothic style continued unchecked in reverence for tradition.
		English landscape designers associated the new freer style of garden with the freedom of the English political system, which they traced to the "Merry Old England" of the Middle Ages.
		Thus during a period of what was otherwise neoclassical ideals in architecture (and other arts as well), the Gothic art and architecture of the Middle Ages became associated with traditional English values, particularly liberty.
	www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu /~rviau/gothicoverview.html (1661 words)

	Gothic architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gothic architecture is any of the styles of architecture particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches in use throughout Europe during the high and late medieval period from the 12th century onwards.
		The style was adopted first in France and by the English and spread throughout France the Low Countries and parts of Germany and also to Spain and northern Italy.
		The Gothic cathedral was to be a microcosm representing the world each architectural concept mainly the loftiness and dimensions of the structure were intended to a theological message: the great glory of God versus the smallness and insignificence of mortal being.
	www.freeglossary.com /Gothic_architecture (1125 words)

	Japanese Arts - Architecture (English)
		An open air museum of modern Japanese architecture from the Meiji period (1868-1912).
		An introduction to the Ise Shrine and the basis of it's architecture.
		A guide to some of the architecture of Kyoto, which is famous for its beauty.
	www.nihongo.org /english/arts/architecture (137 words)

	English Gothic Architecture - Decorated Gothic
		A description with pictures of the main types of English gothic architecture in the 14th century, in the decorated gothic style.
		The Lord of the Manor still held his Court in the hall (diagram 3), and his vassals and serfs met at one large table for meals in this feudal period when the English peasantry were slaves, the absolute property of their lord, "to be bought and sold as the livestock of an estate".
		The smaller town houses of the period had most commonly the lower vaulted story of stone and the upper part of wood-framing as may be seen at Winchelsea, where, however, the original timber upper part has disappeared.
	www.furniturestyles.net /european/english/homes/005-decorated.htm (1234 words)

	Bermuda's Architecture
		Bermuda architecture began as English stone architecture of the mid 17th century, modified to suit local conditions.
		Smaller, older, private dwelling homes are basically English cottages, built by the original settlers and adapted to the specific and unique conditions existing in Bermuda, such as the limestone shown below.
		Larger Bermuda homes, including many properties now hotels, are also mostly English in architecture too, more in the line of mansions instead of cottages, in some cases, instead of English, along the lines of Scottish manses.
	www.bermuda-online.org /architecture.htm (2886 words)

	English Architecture - a history
		English architecture did not, of course, follow a rigid timeline, with clear divisions between periods and styles of building.
		What follows is an attempt to organize themes and philosophies of building styles in a rough chronological order, realising that many periods overlapped each other and many styles may well have been in use in the same region or even in the same building at the same time.
		The Pevsner Architectural Guides - Pevsner architectural guides are the authoritative resource for anyone interested in exploring the architectural heritage of Britain and Ireland.
	www.britainexpress.com /architecture (196 words)

	Open Directory - Reference: Museums: Arts and Entertainment: Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Architecture Center Vienna: Architektur Zentrum Wien (AZW) - Platform for reflections on the international development of architecture and urban planning in relation to contemporary Austrian and Viennese architecture.
		Architecture Net Austria - Architekturnetz Oesterreich - A national platform of different institutions to increase the public awareness of architecture as an important cultural factor through exhibitions and publications.
		Latvian Architecture Museum in Riga - Collection of material on the history of the national architecture, with emphasis on the 20th century.
	dmoz.org /Reference/Museums/Arts_and_Entertainment/Architecture (887 words)

	Architecture: Georgian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Georgian architecture developed in England out of the Classical Revival which dominated Europe during the Renaissance and Enlightenment.
		The English used the common Dutch practice of contrasting reddish brick with white window trimming.
		Although many of the same elements of Georgian architecture exist in American and British buildings, American structures usually have less elaborate elements and fewer elements over all.
	www.nps.gov /inde/Franklin_Court/Pages/archgeorge.html (354 words)

	Georgian architecture
		It includes several trends in English architecture that were predominant during the reigns (1714–1830) of George I, George II, George III, and George IV.
		architecture: The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era - The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era The Romans and the early Christians also used the...
		English art and architecture: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries - The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries During the 18th cent.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0820579.html (420 words)

	Gothic Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gothic architecture is the term used to describe the building styles which were used between 1200 to 1500.
		This phased Gothic Architecture terminology was devised by the English architect Thomas Rickman and used in his book 'An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation' which was published in 1817.
		The style of Gothic Architecture of the Medieval era is demonstrated in the innovative design of the Concentric Castles.
	www.castles.me.uk /gothic-architecture.htm (1212 words)

	Eighteenth Century England
		One of the foremost factors in the changing English society was the increase in commerce with the Far East.
		It is important to become familiar with the components of English eighteenth century architecture, as it is understood that the many exotic East styles were not fully adopted by the English rather just adapted.
		There were various styles in English architecture during the reigns of the first four members of the house of Hanover, between the accession of George I in 1714 and the death of George IV in 1830.
	www.umich.edu /~ece/student_projects/exoticism/English.htm (627 words)

	Architecture Coach: English Expressions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The early English colonists played a big role in the settlement of America, shaping all aspects of life in the New World—not the least of which was architecture.
		The English cottage is considered a subclass of the broader Tudor style, so the exterior might feature stone, brick, or stucco, and half-timbering isn’t uncommon.
		Created by English architect Richard Norman Shaw, the Queen Anne style was popularized after the Civil War by architect Henry Hobson Richardson and spread rapidly, especially in the South and West.
	www.realtor.org /rmomag.NSF/pages/arch20050531?OpenDocument (906 words)

	Gothic Architecture in England: The Cathedrals
		The technical revolution in architecture know as "Gothic" began at the end of the 12th century and lasted just over two hundred years.
		The advances made in architecture paralleled those in intellectual life.
		Often using local materials, Gothic architecture is generally tall and inspiring and was a significant structural improvement upon the Romanesque buildings that preceded it.
	members.tripod.com /gothic_architecture (158 words)

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