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Topic: English orthography

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		English is a Germanic language originating in England, and is the mother tongue or one of the languages of the inhabitants of several countries, especially of the United Kingdom and its old colonies, of which the United States, South Africa, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (collectively: Anglophonia).
		English is one of the languages most spoken in the world: in a number of native speakers, the estimates vary 2nd, after Chinese (Mandarin), and 4th, after possibly Spanish and/or Hindi.
		The English language was coined in the country of England, and American English - the primary language and dialect of The United States of America - is commonly considered to be the most dominant language in the world.
	www.bwdp.org /chat/english (733 words)

	[No title]
		The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest, and English itself was eclipsed by French for three centuries, eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French.
		English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, which for reasons of prestige and familiarity kept their French spellings.
		English, it seems, is somewhere in between: its spelling system is highly irregular, but it is regular to some degree and mastery only requires knowledge of the 26 letters of the alphabet, whereas mastering written Chinese or Japanese is much more difficult, requiring the memorization of thousands of different characters.
	www.bibliodata.com /article/orthography.htm (1365 words)

	English language at AllExperts
		English was spread to many parts of the world through the expansion of the British Empire, but it did not acquire a lingua franca status in other parts of the world until the late 20th century.
		English is also the most widely used language for young backpackers who travel across continents, regardless of whether it is their mother tongue or a secondary language.
		English is the most widely learned and used foreign language, and as such, some linguists believe that it is no longer the exclusive cultural sign of 'native English speakers', but is rather a language that is absorbing aspects of cultures world-wide as it continues to grow.
	en.allexperts.com /e/e/en/english_language.htm (6043 words)

	English
		English is descended from the language spoken in the English Isles by the Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who came to the British Isles around 450 AD and drove the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants to areas that are
		English is now the most widely studied second language in the world because a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations as well as for international communication.
		English spread from Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries to North America, the Caribbean, and northern Ireland; and in the 18th and 19th centuries to South Asia and Africa.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/december/English.html (1303 words)

	Traditional English Orthography - History
		This article reveals some of the absurdities of the spelling system used in English speaking countries since 1800, explains the difference between a language, a script, and a spelling system, and chronicles some of the attempts to "break the spell"* advanced by advocates of simplified and regularized spelling.
		In English, the /short e/ and the /long e/ are represented by the same grapheme.
		The problem, illustrated in Figure 3, is that English is so irregular that 30% to 60% of the words look strange no matter what phonemic writing system is used.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/trublspl1.html (2174 words)

	Traditional English Orthography - History
		Hanna's study of 17,000 English words showed that 84% were spelled according to a regular pattern.
		The 15th century was a period of rapid change referred to as "the great English vowel shift." This was followed by a rise in the affordability and popularity of the printed word.
		We teach traditional English spelling because it is regarded as a mark of an educated person and because it unlocks some of the treasures of the past.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/spelng.html (6142 words)

	Akses and Phonemes, Understanding a Phonemic Writing System
		Learning written English assets is so stressful that, with very few exceptions, none have sight-word or spelled-word lexicons that equal their spoken vocabularies.
		Babies become aware of oral English after their growing brains develop connections for hearing, interpreting, and remembering spoken words as well as for voluntary control of speech organs for uttering the remembered words.
		Traditional written English communication requires a child to develop 2 additional word lexicons, for sight-reading and for spelling, and separate brain functions to process written words into thoughts and thoughts into written words.
	www.akses.org /amws07.htm (4854 words)

	BrainConnection: The Brain and Learning
		Before that time, though, everyone spelled English words every which way—sometimes within their own writing—until scribes got caught up in the 14th century enthusiasm for things neoclassical and started to trace words to their origins and respell them to fit.
		For the most part, English orthography respects the order in which the phonemes of a word are pronounced.
		In doing so, written English becomes something more than written speech; it is a map of the jungle of words and of their history.
	www.brainconnection.com /content/3_1/printable (1795 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : A new orthography.
		In English the morphematic relationship in suggests that the "long vowels" in are unit phonemes differing in one feature from the corresponding "short vowels" in .
		The traditional orthography uses	for 8 different values in , and the traditional pronunciation of , which are better spelt: /ðis (ddis), θing (thing), taim, hot-huws, eitθ, (eitth), klowz, *redrif/.
		English punctuation is a much later development than the traditional spelling and is in most respects entirely satisfactory.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j4/morfo.php (4769 words)

	Xerox Arabic Morphology: Romanization
		English and most of the languages of Western Europe have a Roman orthography culturally associated with them because these areas were conquered by the Romans and later proselytized by the Roman Catholic Church.
		For example, a well-formed ASCII encoding of English text is nothing more or less than a transliteration of standard English orthography, using the same orthographical conventions, but carefully substituting integers (or bit patterns) for the set of graphic characters traditionally used to write English.
		The character distinctions of English orthography are reflected faithfully (and reversibly) in the ASCII encodings themselves, but some of the facts of English orthography are relegated to the Rendering Program, in particular the fact that English is rendered from left to right.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~cis639/arabic/info/romanization.html (2193 words)

	Shadow
		When the orthography and pronunciation are adjusted, the etymology or derivation is next to be considered, and the words are to be distinguished according to the different classes, whether simple, as day, light, or compound, as day-light; whether primitive, as, to act, or derivative, as action, actionable; active, activity.
		In English phonology, consonant length is not distinctive.
		Finally, English and French are characterized by a weak phonology-to-orthography consistency that did not vary as a function of the units considered in the analyses.
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/index.php?tag=english (5907 words)

	Traditional English Orthography - History
		Hanna's study of 17,000 English words showed that 84% were spelled according to a regular pattern.
		The 15th century was a period of rapid change referred to as "the great English vowel shift." This was followed by a rise in the affordability and popularity of the printed word.
		We teach traditional English spelling because it is regarded as a mark of an educated person and because it unlocks some of the treasures of the past.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/vangogh/555/Spell/spelng.htm (6085 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : Optimality of English spelling.
		Ever since English spelling settled down in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the consensus seems to have been that the conventions we have inherited are ill-suited...
		McDonald (1970) suggests "it is more valuable to have an orthography which protects the obvious visual similarity in word families than one which obliterates such relationships in favor of broad phonetic accuracy" (p.325).
		An algorithm was developed to determine the optimality of English spelling in terms of its morphophonemic, or rather, its morphographemic basis.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j29/optimality.php (4453 words)

	Fanetik: Thoroughgoing Spelling Reform for English, At Least for Teaching
		English is by far the most important international language in the history of the world, used by more people, across a larger area, and in more fields, than any other, ever.
		But English spelling is so far from either phonetic or consistent that even people who were born and raised in English and use it extensively every day have to resort to wordlists, dictionaries, and spellchecking programs to see how to spell something they want to say or pronounce something they see written.
		Since, in English, vowels in final position are almost always long or pronounced as schwa, silent-E at the end of a word may but need not be dropped, except in the case of AE, which must retain the silent-E to avoid confusion with schwa: I, me, no, and yu, but mae.
	members.aol.com /Fanetiks (8462 words)

	English Language History, with excursus on Technology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		English speakers don't walk around with the history of the English language in their heads.
		English spelling is the way it is because of the timing of the introduction of printing in England.
		Before printing, in the Middle English period (and even in the first part of the Early Modern English period, which conventionally starts with Caxton), spelling was simply a personal representation of speech, and there wasn't any such thing as a standard spelling system.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue/enghist.html (1568 words)

	Orthography
		Orthography is neither the law of Moses nor of the Medes and Persians, but it does have much to commend it, especially in certain technical circumstances.
		"Orthography as a fundamental impediment to online information retrieval" (Feb19,1998) by Terrence A. Brooks for the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Washington, may be found here, and is still available free as a downloadable PDF document (you need the free Acrobat Reader to open and peruse this document).
		Orthography is the branch of linguistics that studies the elements of language such as letters, punctuation, and spelling.
	homepage.mac.com /owlhoot/blog/Orthography2.html (9469 words)

	Commonly Misspelled Words
		The main tenants of this word are "main" and "tenance" even though it comes from the verb "maintain." English orthography at its most spiteful.
		The medieval orthography of English even lays traps for you: everything about the MIDdle Ages is MEDieval or, as the British would write, mediaeval.
		If you are still resisting the tyranny of English orthography at this point, you must face the problem of [y] inside this word, where it shouldn't be.
	www.yourdictionary.com /library/misspelled.html (2417 words)

	Orthography:The History and Structure of English Spelling - Richard Venezky
		He was also the past-director of computing for the Dictionary of Old English at the University of Toronto and was Co-Director for research and development for the National Center on Adult Literacy.
		English, like Latin, had phonemically distinct long and short vowels; it also had guttural sounds that Latin didn’t have and it took quite a number of years to find ways to mark those.
		With the consolidation of English rule comes a movement towards standardization of spelling, which is implemented almost in time for the Norman invasion.
	www.childrenofthecode.org /interviews/venezky.htm (10199 words)

	Spelling Reform
		It is a 42 character alphabet based on the standard Roman Alphabet, complemented with new characters to represent the missing sounds from the Roman alphabet.
		Introduction to the 2002 Basic Roman Spelling of English, a 22-letter diacritic-free phonemic English orthography, and the related 2006 Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English.
		A proposed spelling reform which facilitates reading/writing English, and reassigns Teutonic spelling conventions that are more appropriate than the current orthography.
	h.webring.com /hub?ring=orthography (592 words)

	Orthography-Phonology Mapping in English and French
		In this regard, the English orthography is often claimed to provide a more ambiguous instance of mapping than the French orthography.
		All analyses were restricted to the monosyllabic words occurring in the Celex database for English (Baayen, Piepenbrock and Gulikers, 1995), and in the Brulex database for French (Content, Mousty and Radeau, 1990).
		First, for both English and French, the number of different bodies was slightly larger than the number of different leads, whereas the opposite pattern appears for rimes and leads.
	student.vub.ac.be /~acontent/OPMapping.html (1666 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions about English, Series 1 and 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As a linguistics professor, with a special interest in English and a background including some time as a teacher of English to speakers of other languages, I frequently have to explain how things work to people who don't really know much about English grammar.
		I don't find it particularly disturbing that people ask questions about English grammar; after all, this is why people ask questions, and this is what I do (in part) for a living.
		English vowel phonemes, with phonetic charts of those that occur in general and after /r/
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/aue.html (733 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Spelling: The Connection to Reading Skills - Page 1
		English orthography is not a failed phonetic transcription system, invented out of madness or perversity.
		Written English is, at first glance, a kind of torture device.
		Each English word shows some relationship between its spelling and its pronunciation; in addition, there is often a relationship between its spelling and its meaning.
	www.brainconnection.com /content/3_1 (477 words)

	Shadow » Blog Archive » Internet Archive books on English Orthography
		The pronunciation of English reduced to rules by means of a system of marks applied to the ordinary spelling - Craigie, William A. (William Alexander), Sir, 1867-1957
		Irish spelling; a lecture delivered under the title "Is Irish to be strangled?" as the inaugural address of the Society for the simplification of the spelling of Irish on the 15th of November, 1910 - Bergin, Osborn, 1873-1950
		Orthography, orthoepy, and punctuation, embodying the essential facts of the English language, with concise rules for punctuation and the use of capital letters; a text-book and book of reference for schools, colleges, and private students - Winchell, Samuel Robertson, 18431926
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/2007/04/26/internet-archive-books-on-english-orthography (610 words)

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