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	Enigma machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations â” most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II (WWII).
		Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, it was, in practice, only their combination with other significant factors which allowed codebreakers to read messages: mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, and the occasional captured machine or codebook.
		In early Enigma models, the alphabet ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enigma_machine (5106 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Masterpieces - Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		From the time of Enigma onwards, the history of computer technology was strongly influenced by enciphering techniques and the efforts expended in breaking unknown codes.
		Thus, Enigma's role as hero is rather a negative one as far as its technical superiority and importance to the German final victory are concerned.
		In Germany, the Enigma was taken over by the Reichswehr (German Army of the Reich), and when the massive military build-up began under Adolf Hitler in 1933, the Enigma machine remained part of the programme.
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/meister/e_enigma.htm (1123 words)

	Enigma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enigma (novel) a novel by Robert Harris named after the cypher machine
		Enigma (2001 film), the 2001 movie adaped from the above novel
		Enigma (Wing Commander), a fictional region in the Wing Commander universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enigma (149 words)

	BletchleyPark.net - Enigma
		Although, arguably the most famous cipher machine in the history of cryptography, the Enigma machine is a clunky and slowly operative mechanical device (comparing it with today's computers).
		In fact, Enigma's precursor was the very first known mechanized cipher, known as the cipher disk, invented by Leon Alberti, an Italian architect in the 1400's.
		Of course, this is a monoalphabetic substitution cipher.
	www.bletchleypark.net /stationx/enigma.html (1358 words)

	Marian Rejewski
		The main ciphering device, partially visible in the photograph, consists of three ciphering drums put on a common axle and a fourth - a stationary one - the so called reverting drum witch with the use of a lever can be shifted toward and outward of the ciphering drums.
		The three ciphering drums carry upon their circumferences the letters of the alphabet (Phot.2), the upper of witch are visible by small windows of a lid.
		Since that time the Enigma operator had to choose himself the basic position which was different for ciphering the individual key of each message and this basic position was placed without ciphering (as a plain text) in the message heading.
	www.impan.gov.pl /Great/Rejewski/article.html (4090 words)

	WW2 Enigma Cipher Machine
		The Enigma machine is an electro-mechanical device that relies on a series of rotating 'wheels' to scramble plaintext messages into incoherent ciphertext.
		The German authorities believed in the absolute security of the Enigma, but British code breakers stationed at Bletchley Park during WW2 managed to exploit weaknesses in the machine and how it was used and were able to crack the Enigma code.
		The Enigma I use in my demonstrations is a genuine machine, built in 1936 and used by the army in France during the war.
	www.simonsingh.net /WW2_Enigma_Cipher_Machine.html (217 words)

	The Enigma cipher machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Poles began to suspect a machine ciphered the cryptograms, this notion was confirmed by either spies, or German radioman chatter.
		Classical substitution ciphers are attacked using letter frequency and a general understanding of the language.
		It was especially important to obtain German naval ciphers because the German navy, by the start of the war, equipped their enigmas with five rotors instead of three making their messages much harder to decipher than those of the Luftwaffe or the Army.
	web.usna.navy.mil /~wdj/sm230_cooper_enigma.html (2604 words)

	Enigma
		The German Enigma is surely the best known of the WW2 cipher machines used by either side in the conflict.
		Enigma is an electro-mechanical device that utilizes a stepping wheel system to 'scramble' a plaintext message to produce ciphertext via polyalphabetic substitution.
		Enigma was set up according to whatever procedural instructions prevailed at the time by adjusting the following parameters.
	www.eclipse.net /~dhamer/Enigma1.htm (555 words)

	The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma
		Enigma cryptographers had a choice of how many different cables could be inserted (from zero to thirteen) and which letters were connected.
		The third variable component of Enigma was the initial rotational position of the three rotors containing the wired discs.
		Since the fourth rotor had no ratchets and the Enigma had no fourth stepping lever, the fourth rotor did not move; once the Enigma operator had set the initial rotational position by hand, it remained constant for the duration of the message.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00004.cfm (3887 words)

	Enigma Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Enigma cipher is most well known for it's contributions to World War II on the Germans' side.
		The trick that made Enigma so powerful for its time though, was the spinning of the rotors.
		The Enigma cipher was eventually broken by Alan Turing and a group of scientists at a later date during the war.
	starbase.trincoll.edu /~crypto/historical/enigma.html (595 words)

	doracipher
		Probably Elgar's most popular work is his 'Enigma' Variations which, apart from its undoubted musical merit, still tantalises the musical detectives with the hidden 'secrets' which Elgar cleverly wove into the fabric of the score.
		The unusual feature of the letter was that it was in a cipher which, a century later, still presents a challenge.
		The cipher here reproduced - the third letter I had from him, if indeed it is one - came to me enclosed in a letter from [Elgar's wife] to my stepmother.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/4056/cipher.html (1039 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Enigma: The Battle for the Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		_Enigma: The Battle for the Code_ (John Wiley and Sons) by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore tells plenty about the cerebral efforts within Bletchley Park, but expands the story to include the cloak-and-dagger work and military captures of German vessels that were able to bring codebooks, Enigma machines, and encoding wheels into the purview of the cryptographers.
		The victory over Enigma is a thrilling story that first started being revealed only twenty years ago, and this book helps to describe the difficulties the decoders went through because of the hazards of getting information from the field.
		"Enigma" by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore is an up-to-date look at the history of the cracking of the code, from the initial efforts in Poland through the final changes the German's made in May of 1945.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471407380?v=glance (2937 words)

	The Polish Attack on Enimga
		The brains of the German Cipher office, the three mathematician- cryptologists the Polish had, had no knowledge of the Polish-French contacts or of the origin of the information which was supplied to them on the Enigma.
		Rejewski discovered that in the commercial Enigma the letters of the alphabet were represented on the circumference of the entry ring in the same order which they appeared on a German typewriter keyboard.
		The cipher was broken by an engineer, who, while maintaining the Enigma ciphers and radios, restored his old cryptological specialty.
	math.ucsd.edu /~crypto/students/enigma.html (5564 words)

	The Infography about the Enigma Cipher Machine
		The German Enigma Cipher Machine: History of Solving.
		Miller, A.R. The The Cryptographic Mathematics of Enigma.
		Wilcox, J. Solving the Enigma: History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe.
	www.infography.com /content/573218937298.html (336 words)

	Enigma and a way to its decryption
		Mechanical ciphering devices based on rings and cylinders have been described as early as in the 4th century B.C. The Roman Aeneas Tacitus talked about a cipher disk and its usage [6].
		Enigma was patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, an inventor who thought of it as a ciphering device for businesses that needed to communicate confidential documents.
		The commercial Enigma was not of too much help, but gave some clues on how the machine supposedly worked.
	www.cs.miami.edu /~harald/enigma/enigma.html (3058 words)

	The enigma code machine
		The word enigma means a mystery or a riddle.
		The Enigma cipher machine, designed to protect the secrecy of business messages, was adapted for the purposes of combat.
		The Enigma machine looks a like an old-fashioned typewriter, but it has several components unlike a typewriter: a plug board, a light board, a keyboard, a set of rotors and reflector (half rotor).
	ilil.essortment.com /secretenigmaco_rqzc.htm (474 words)

	ENIGMA CIPHER MACHINES FIALKA NEMA AND OTHER CIPHER MACHINES, EARLY COMPUTERS: TELEGRAPH & SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT MUSEUMS
		Since the Enigma code had to be readable by all of the armed services, they designed the Navy 4 rotor enigma so that fixing the leftmost rotor in the 'A' position made the machine work exactly as though it was a 3 rotor machine.
		She was particularly fascinated by the Enigma machine and wanted to own one but an original was out of reach and she decided to build her own.
		The Enigma and NEMA cipher machines used light bulbs to illuminate letters that had to be written down by hand and then manually sent and received by Morse code or manually typed into another cipher machine.
	w1tp.com /enigma (9343 words)

	The Enigma General Procedure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		down as plain text on the cipher form or preliminary cipher form.
		The cipher wheels of the Army Enigma are connected (geschaltet)
		Enigma are: Schluesselmaschine Enigma and Wehrmacht - M
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /documents/egenproc/page20.htm (273 words)

	uboat.net - Technical pages - Enigma
		The first wartime naval Enigma machine ( M3) was identical to the model used by the German Army and Air Force, but it was issued with additional rotors, VI, VII and VIII, which were reserved for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy).
		At least 14 other naval Enigma ciphers were used later in the war.
		The British codebreakers at Bletchley Park received an Enigma machine and rotors I to V from the Polish Cipher Bureau in August 1939.
	uboat.net /technical/enigma_breaking.htm (1471 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets
		Learn some of the tricks codebreakers use to solve ciphers, then use your new talents to make sense of what looks like a bunch of gibberish.
		Led by Alan Turing, inventor of the computer, the codebreakers of Bletchley Park were a brilliant, quirky bunch who broke the Engima in large part by learning to think like the German codemakers themselves.
		The Enigma looks roughly like a typewriter, but it is infinitely more complex, with fully 17,576 ring settings for each of 60 possible wheel orders -- and that is just to set it up for use.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding (263 words)

	The German Enigma Cipher Machine - History of Solving
		In the winter of 1932, Marian Rejewski, a twenty-seven-year-old Cryptoanalyst working in the Cipher Bureau of the Polish Intelligence Service in Warsaw, Poland mathematically determined the wiring of the Enigma's first rotor.
		The gift of Enigma replicas from Poland, a loyal ally, saved millions of lives during the War.
		New movie produced in UK ( Enigma) presents a real threat to historical accuracy and common sense, picturing a fictitious Polish Officer collaborating with the Nazis.
	www.enigmahistory.org /enigma.html (335 words)

	Enigma
		The best known of these machines is the Enigma, which was initially invented in 1918 for commercial applications, until it was adopted by the German Army for militairy encipherment.
		Biography of the brilliant Brittish mathematician Alan Turing who contributed to the cracking of the Enigma code and is also the father of the modern computer.
		A detailed description of the Enigma and the German codebooks is given and the full original German Enigma Manual is printed in the appendix.
	www.xat.nl /enigma (1858 words)

	uboat.net - Technical pages - Enigma
		Check out our new extensive section on all the Allied Warships during WWII in all theatres of the war.
		Enigma was the mainstream German cipher machine before and during WWII.
		Shows which cipher was used by which U-boat branch during the war.
	uboat.net /technical/enigma.htm (130 words)

	ENIGMA CIPHER MACHINES AND ROTORS FOR SALE
		This is the M-209B Cipher Machine that was used by the American Military throughout WW-2 and that was never successfully deciphered by an enemy.
		It is a small, easily concealed device with which plaintext is entered by a wheel on the left and corresponding ciphertext is printed on a roll of paper tape for transmission or delivery to a destination.
		This is the shaft on which the three Enigma Rotors are mounted.
	w1tp.com /4sale (3483 words)

	[No title]
		Initially broken by Polish cryptanalysts, Enigma decrypts from British and later American efforts were given the covername ULTRA to reflect the value of the information.
		What Allied cryptanalysts had to determine was which three of the.five possible discs were chosen and in which order they were placed into the machine.
		Movement of that fourth rotor would prevent a four-rotor Naval Enigma from communicating with a three-rotor Army Enigma, for example.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/NSA-Comb.html (4015 words)

	Enigma Machine Applet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This applet simulates the operation of an Enigma machine.
		The Germans used the Enigma machine in World War II to encrypt military messages.
		A story on the breaking of the enigma machine.
	www.ugrad.cs.jhu.edu /~russell/classes/enigma (67 words)

	The Enigma cipher machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		These pages give an introduction to substitution ciphers and then go on to explain exactly how the Enigma machine worked and how it was used.
		Substitution ciphers and the principle of the Enigma
		The military use of the Enigma and the problem facing those trying to break it.
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk /enigma (154 words)

	Alan Turing Scrapbook - The Enigma War
		The ciphers it produced were supposed to be unbreakable even by someone in possession of the machine.
		The German use of the Enigma depended on systems for setting the keys for each message transmitted, and it was these key-systems that had to be broken.
		The Nova site has some good material about the Enigma and the codebreaking process, though nothing about the central principle of the Bombe which was Turing's main contribution, and on which everything depended.
	www.turing.org.uk /turing/scrapbook/ww2.html (1909 words)

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