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	Enigma Machine
		The Enigma machine was used by all branches of the German military as their main device for secure wireless communications until the end of World War 2.
		In the age before digital electronics and computers, code breaking the ciphered messages produced by the Enigma machine was almost impossible even if the code breaker had a working copy of the Enigma machine, as long as he didn't know the right combination of initial electric and mechanical settings, which were also periodically changed.
		The great efforts to code break the Enigma required the combined efforts and talents of brilliant mathematicians, code breakers, intelligence officers, and communications experts, deeply familiar with German language and mentality and with radio operator mentality and procedures.
	www.2worldwar2.com /enigma.htm (1410 words)

	MCHS::The NCR Archive & Photos::NCR and WWII Code Breaking
		The primary use of the Enigma code was for communication between German U-boats (submarines) and their commanders in Europe.
		Until the Enigma code was broken, England would be unable to locate the U-boats or effectively protect the supply ships.
		Due to the lack of success by the British in breaking the four rotor Enigma code, the U.S. Navy decided to undertake their own attempt at deciphering the code.
	www.daytonhistory.org /codebreaker.htm (708 words)

	Bletchley Park - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Codes and ciphers of several Axis countries were deciphered there, most famously the German Enigma.
		Coded messages were taken down by hand and sent to Bletchley on paper or, later, by teleprinter.
		Bletchley Park is mainly remembered for breaking messages encyphered on the German Enigma cypher machine, but its greatest cryptographic achievement may have been the breaking of the German "Fish" High Command teleprinter cyphers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bletchley_Park (1719 words)

	Nazi Enigma Code \| AlienZoo.com
		The ripples from the race to crack the Nazi Enigma Code lead to the door of the National Security Agency and the CIA - and even have reverberations in the accident (some call it sabotage) that befell lunar flight APOLLO 13, the subject of another blockbuster film from Universal Pictures.
		The code name MAGIC is one that should instantly raise the eyebrows of all who studied the UFO enigma.
		Hoagland interprets this as an "inside code" for an extremely crucial event in the "metaphysical history" of both the Freemasons and the Nazis - the arrest of the Knights Templar, on October 13th, 1307.
	archive.alienzoo.com /filmandtv/nazienigmacode.html (2522 words)

	Enigma Code - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Enigma Code - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Enigma Code, device, developed by German military intelligence, whereby information could be encrypted.
		An early version of the Enigma machine was...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Enigma_Code.html (101 words)

	[No title]
		The actual enigma box itself used five points for letter swaps and for this reason you may see consecutive letters replacing repeated letters in the original message.
		This code only uses three wheels in a set position and can be used to encode/decode a message as well as pass an encrypted string to it to figure out the initial position of the wheels used to encode the message.
		Extrapolating, to decode a "true" Enigma message (with three of six wheels to choose from) the application would take about two minutes to run (which is a remarkable improvement over the original "engines" that would take six months on average to figure out the wheels and their initial positions from a message).
	www.myke.com /enigma1.htm (983 words)

	Enigma and a way to its decryption
		Much of the credit for breaking the code must be given to a group of accomplished Polish mathematicians, and the famous, and in the computer community well known mathematician Alan Turing.
		Enigma was patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, an inventor who thought of it as a ciphering device for businesses that needed to communicate confidential documents.
		When Poland was attacked by Germany, the heads of the code cracker team fled the country, and all their knowledge went to France and England.
	www.cs.miami.edu /~harald/enigma/enigma.html (3057 words)

	[No title]
		As I understand the it, Enigma could only encrypt the twenty-six letters of the alphabet (which means all messages had to be in characters with no numbers, blanks or punctuation).
		The reason why "Ultra" (which was the British code name for the decoding effort) was kept secret for so long seems to be motivated by protecting the governments of the time and avoid the embarrassment of having to explain why they allowed the Germans to bomb cities without taking measures to protect civilians.
		The decoding of the "Enigma" messages by the English was accomplished by knowing parts of messages (such as the transmitting station's call letters) and trying every possible wheel and initial position to find those parts of the message that matched.
	www.myke.com /enigma.htm (810 words)

	Deception - Ultra and Enigma
		With Enigma at their disposal, the German submarines were able to sink devastating amounts of Allied shipping between 1940 and 1942.
		They were totally confident that the Enigma code could not be broken.
		A few practice messages sent by the Germans in Enigma code were intercepted and deciphered.
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /normandy/deception/ultra_enigma.htm (1019 words)

	The Enigma Code Machine
		Although the weather ships were not enciphering their weather reports on enigma machines, they had to have one of the machines on board if they were to decode the enigma signals transmitted to them.
		Her replacement, the Brake, arrived and the Admiralty was reluctant to attack as it could again compromise Enigma intercepts but the heavy signal rate from and between U Boats alleviated that particular concern as they could have been found by normal means and so the Brake was to be put to the sword also.
		Enigma codes had been in allied hands and the Germans failed to heed the warning from surviving crew members who sent back word from the POW camp in Canada.
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/enigma.html (12567 words)

	"Enigma" - Salon
		"Enigma," a World War II thriller about British attempts to crack the German code, tells a complicated story in an often confusing manner.
		But the gamesmanship of "Enigma" never takes flight, and the script resorts to having the characters explain plot developments in big blocks of expository prose.
		And in the lead role of Tom Jericho, the top code breaker who's driven himself mad over the stress of his job and his not quite requited love for a woman, the unshaven and haggard Dougray Scott never pulls us into Jericho's precarious mental and emotional state.
	dir.salon.com /story/ent/movies/review/2002/04/19/enigma/index.html (627 words)

	The Enigma Code Breach
		Winterbotham, who claims that the British got an Enigma from Poles, who apparently had stolen a set from a German factory, thanks to their mythical agent who was employed there.
		The fact that the Enigma cipher was cracked was kept in the utmost secrecy even within the Polish General Staff's II Directorate.
		The officers got the messages signed with a code-name "Wicher" (that was the Enigma code break) that were considered fully reliable, but the source was classified.
	www.armyradio.com /publish/Articles/The_Enigma_Code_Breach/The_Enigma_Code_Breach.htm (1887 words)

	enigma
		The fact that the Enigma cipher was cracked was kept in the utmost secrecy even within the Polish General Staff's II Directorate.
		Although the French helped the Poles with the Enigma code break, all material was in the exclusive hands of Poles until July 1939.
		The Enigma code was considered so strong that it's algorithm was incorporated into the Unix Operating System developed in the late 1960's.
	www.polamjournal.com /Library/APHistory/enigma/enigma.html (2848 words)

	U-505 \| The Exhibit \| Interactives: Crack the Code
		The Enigma code machine allowed German U-boat crews to scramble and unscramble secret messages they were sending to each other.
		The Allied forces struggled for years to decode Enigma messages, but the code was nearly impossible to crack since Enigma machines could be reconfigured easily.
		Decode an “enemy” Enigma message sent by a friend in the exhibit by unlocking the correct rotor combination.
	www.msichicago.org /exhibit/U505/exhibit/c_interactives (154 words)

	WW II Codes and Ciphers
		Lecture Notes on the Enigma and the Bombe, on Naval Enigma and on the Colossus are available.
		Continue to the Index page to the Enigma General Procedure.
		Graham Ellsbury's essays on Enigma and the Bombe
	www.codesandciphers.org.uk (837 words)

	Enigma Replica Home Page
		Enigma Historian Dr. David Hamer at Drexel University and pictures here.
		New Enigma Educational package being made ready for students.
		This is a project to document the German Kriegsmarine M4 Enigma.
	www.enigma-replica.com /index1.html (209 words)

	PAN - Enigma German secret machine and the remarkable Polish success in breaking the code
		The following article on Enigma's code breaking history and the effect it had upon progress of WWII was based upon well documented books, reports written by the involved individuals and statements made by the leading Allied leaders.
		The Polish effort in breaking Enigma's code shortened World War II in Europe by 6 to 12 months, sparing hundreds of thousand of casualties and saving Western Europe from occupation by the Red Army.
		The breaking of the Enigma code has been singled out by many war historians and great leaders as one of the greatest contributions to the war effort.
	www.pan.net /history/enigma (698 words)

	Paper Enigma Machine
		Using it is a great check that you're operating your paper Enigma correctly and will give you a better understanding of the operation of the original machine.
		Also note that any rotor motions should be done in one step (the actual Enigma machine uses a pawl to rotate 1, 2, or all 3 rotors all at once when a letter key is pressed - and before a lamp is lit with the encoded letter).
		The Paper Enigma began as a lecture given to the MIT Club of Puget Sound.
	mckoss.com /Crypto/Enigma.htm (770 words)

	Amazon.com: Enigma: Books: Robert Harris (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A gripping World War II mystery novel with a cryptographic twist, Enigma's hero is Tom Jericho, a brilliant British mathematician working as a member of the team struggling to crack the Nazi Enigma code.
		Enigma is convincingly plotted, forcefully written, and filled with well drawn characters; in short, it's everything a good technomystery should be.
		The cryptanalysis is quite correct as far as the enigma is concerned, acquainting the reader with the main bludgeons used, the "kisses" and "cribs", without burying the uninitiated in detail.
	www.amazon.com /Enigma-Robert-Harris/dp/0804115486 (1950 words)

	Distributed computing cracks Enigma code - ZDNet UK News
		The M4 Project began in early January, as an attempt to break three original Enigma messages that were intercepted in 1942 and are thought never to have been broken by the Allied forces.
		Cryptologists at Bletchley Park in the UK managed to break Enigma through their development of early computers, led by Alan Turing, and also by using intelligence to cut down the number of possible set-ups.
		However, this does not include the machine's plugboard, which allowed the operator to swap two letters around before they were processed by the machine's rotors.
	news.zdnet.co.uk /0,39020330,39254661,00.htm (617 words)

	ENIGMA CIPHER MACHINES FIALKA NEMA AND OTHER CIPHER MACHINES, EARLY COMPUTERS: TELEGRAPH & SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT MUSEUMS
		By this point in the war, the German Navy suspected that the Enigma coded messages were being intercepted and they added a fourth rotor to the 3 rotor Enigmas used by the Army and Air Force.
		Since the Enigma code had to be readable by all of the armed services, they designed the Navy 4 rotor enigma so that fixing the leftmost rotor in the 'A' position made the machine work exactly as though it was a 3 rotor machine.
		The coding unit (on the right) punches morse coded holes in a tape which is then sent in a short, high speed burst, by the spring driven sending unit (on the left).
	w1tp.com /enigma (10558 words)

	Amazon.com: Enigma: DVD: Michael Apted,Dougray Scott,Kate Winslet,Saffron Burrows,Jeremy Northam,Nikolaj ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In this twisty thriller about Britain's secret code breakers during World War II, Tom Jericho (Dougray Scott, best known as the villain of Mission Impossible 2) devised the means to break the Nazi Enigma code, but a relationship gone awry sent the erratic genius into a breakdown.
		Now the Nazis have switched their codes, just as huge convoys of ships with crucial supplies are crossing the Atlantic--and squads of U-boats are hunting for them.
		To break the code again Tom needs records of the codes sent from the submarines as they prepare to attack to get enough to break them -- they may have to let a convey be destroyed.
	www.amazon.com /Enigma-Michael-Apted/dp/B00006FD9P (2398 words)

	Enigma
		The best known of these machines is the Enigma, which was initially invented in 1918 for commercial applications, until it was adopted by the German Army for militairy encipherment.
		All of the ULTRA knowledge was gained from the fact that the allies had in fact broken the Enigma codes.
		Biography of the brilliant Brittish mathematician Alan Turing who contributed to the cracking of the Enigma code and is also the father of the modern computer.
	www.xat.nl /enigma (1920 words)

	Enigma (2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Plot Outline: A young genius frantically races against time to crack an enemy code and solve the mystery surrounding the woman he loves.
		It's so nice to go to these cinema factories and be treated with a good film, rather than the tripe which always comes out of Hollywood.
		Enigma is a quirky, happy go lucky film about codebreakers during the war, with a bit of espionage and a bit of romance, in just the right proportions.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0157583 (398 words)

	Da Vinci judge's code an enigma \| The World \| The Australian
		LONDON: The judge who presided over the Da Vinci Code trial has put a code of his own into his judgment and said yesterday he would "probably" confirm it to the person who broke it.
		Judge Smith was arguably the highlight of the trial, with his acerbic questions and witty observations making the sometimes dry testimony more lively.
		Mr Tench said the judge teasingly remarked that the code was a mixture of the italicised font code found in the book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail - whose authors were suing Dan Brown's publisher, Random House, for copyright infringement - and the code found in Brown's The Da Vinci Code.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,18954091-2703,00.html (585 words)

	Code Break
		The codes you are about to face follow the path of those great minds, never known to the general public, which have helped with their intelligence, to stop the advance of the armies of Caesar, Napoleon, Rommel and all those leaders whose strategies required reliable and secure information.
		At that point, accessing Code Break, you will have to face a new code.
		Every code is unique and is tied to your session and to your profile on the forum.
	www.pc-facile.com /security/codebreak.php (692 words)

	uboat.net - Technical pages - Enigma
		Check out our new extensive section on all the Allied Warships during WWII in all theatres of the war.
		Enigma was the mainstream German cipher machine before and during WWII.
		There are many Enigma pages on the web.
	uboat.net /technical/enigma.htm (130 words)

	Distributed computing cracks Enigma code \| Tech News on ZDNet
		According to the organizers of M4, their open-source message-breaking application managed to crack one of the three messages early last week.
		In breaking the first message, the project organizers used so-called brute force to test the encrypted message against all possible set-up configurations of the four-rotor Enigma.
		However, this configuration did not include the machine's plugboard, which allowed the operator to swap two letters around before they were processed by the machine's rotors.
	news.zdnet.com /Distributed+...+Enigma+code/2100-1009_22-6043572.html (670 words)

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