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	Cryptography - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Cryptography (from Greek kryptós, "hidden", and gráphein, "to write") is, traditionally, the study of means of converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge — the art of encryption.
		Secondly, cryptography has come to be in widespread use by many civilians who do not have extraordinary needs for secrecy, although typically it is transparently built into the infrastructure for computing and telecommunications, and users are not aware of it.
		Asymmetric cryptography also provides mechanisms for digital signatures, which are way to establish with high confidence (under the assumption that the relevant private key has not been compromised in any way) that the message received was sent by the claimed sender.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /cryptography.htm (2404 words)

	enigma machine - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations — most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II (WWII).
		Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, it was, in practice, only their combination with other significant factors which allowed codebreakers to read messages: mistakes by operators, procedural flaws, and the occasional captured machine or codebook.
		Several copies of commercial Enigmas were purchased by the German Navy, leading to adoption of an adapted machine by the Navy in 1926, termed the Funkschlssel C (Radio cipher C); the machine was revised slightly in 1933.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/enigma-machine (4386 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Masterpieces - Enigma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Among the special machines that were invented and further developed over several decades to simplify the routine enciphering and deciphering of code, the Enigma machine is probably the most well known example around the world.
		Thus, Enigma's role as hero is rather a negative one as far as its technical superiority and importance to the German final victory are concerned.
		In Germany, the Enigma was taken over by the Reichswehr (German Army of the Reich), and when the massive military build-up began under Adolf Hitler in 1933, the Enigma machine remained part of the programme.
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/meister/e_enigma.htm (1123 words)

	Encyclopedia: Enigma cryptography machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Approximately 10 cm in diameter, each rotor is a disk made of hard rubber or bakelite with a series of brass spring-loaded pins on one face arranged in a circle; on the other side are a corresponding number of circular electrical contacts.
		A selection of seven Enigma machines and paraphernalia exhibited at the USA's National Cryptologic Museum.
		Replicas of the machine are available in various forms, including an exact reconstructed copy of the Naval M4 model, an Enigma implemented in electronics, various computer software simulators and paper-and-scissors analogues.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Enigma-cryptography-machine (4744 words)

	Cryptologia: commercial enigma: Beginnings of machine cryptography, The
		Enigma A (Figure 3 and Figure 4) followed closely the original Scherbius patent in construction, and consisted of four rotors which were driven by four geared wheels.
		The reflecting rotor in Enigma C (Figure 7) could not be set and was confined to one of two possible positions in the machine.
		By 1928, early models of the redesigned Wehrmacht machine, denoted model G, were in use, and in June 1930, the final"revised standard" version of the device, Enigma I came into use by the Army.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200201/ai_n9051749 (1549 words)

	Articles - Enigma machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations â” most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II.
		The machine has gained notoriety because Allied cryptologists (see Cipher Bureau, Poland, and Bletchley Park, UK) were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had been enciphered on the machine (see cryptanalysis of the Enigma).
		A rare Abwehr Enigma machine, designated G312, was stolen from the Bletchley Park museum on 1 April 2000.
	www.xgrey.com /articles/Enigma_machine (4905 words)

	MAW 97 CIPHERS The Enigma Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Photos of the Enigma Machine previously available from the Electronic Museum, University of Hamburg, Germany.
		A tour of Bletchley Park where the Enigma was broken.
		Excellent source of Enigma Cipher Resources by Klaus Schmeh of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany.
	math.arizona.edu /~dsl/enigma.htm (173 words)

	Enigma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enigma (novel), a novel by Robert Harris based on the cracking of the Enigma cipher machine
		The Enigma of Arrival, a 1987 novel by Nobel laureate V.S. Naipaul
		Enigma (Wing Commander), a fictional region in the Wing Commander universe
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enigma (246 words)

	The Enigma Code Machine
		Although the weather ships were not enciphering their weather reports on enigma machines, they had to have one of the machines on board if they were to decode the enigma signals transmitted to them.
		Her replacement, the Brake, arrived and the Admiralty was reluctant to attack as it could again compromise Enigma intercepts but the heavy signal rate from and between U Boats alleviated that particular concern as they could have been found by normal means and so the Brake was to be put to the sword also.
		The Enigma machine, first patented in 1919, was after various improvements adopted by the German Navy in 1926, the Army in 1928, and the Air Force in 1935.
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/enigma.html (12566 words)

	Big iron lessons, Part 5: Introduction to cryptography, from Egypt through Enigma
		The Enigma cryptography machine is the most famous part of this story, and the episode led to fame for Alan Turing, one of the key cryptanalysts who helped crack the Enigma code.
		The emergence of Enigma, along with the success of codebreaking and use of ciphers in World War II by the Allies, caused the U.S. government to consider encryption mechanisms and secure signaling to be vital to security.
		Applied Cryptography, Bruce Schneier (John Wiley and Sons, 1996) is one of the most comprehensive sources on encryption algorithms and theory.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/library/pa-bigiron5?ca=dgr-lnxw06BILP5 (2001 words)

	Cryptography -- Enigma Cipher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The machine was based on a system of three rotors that substituted cipher text letters for plain text letters.
		When a letter was typed on the keyboard of the machine, it was first sent through the first rotor, which would shift the letter according to its present setting.
		The Enigma cipher was eventually broken by Alan Turing and a group of scientists at a later date during the war.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/cpsc/cryptography/enigma.html (602 words)

	Enigma and a way to its decryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Enigma was patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, an inventor who thought of it as a ciphering device for businesses that needed to communicate confidential documents.
		To decrypt the message, the machine must be set to the same starting state, and the cipher text is entered.
		The machine steps through all possible starting states and stops when a match for the given crib is found.
	www.cs.miami.edu /~harald/enigma/enigma.html (3057 words)

	Basic Cryptography Part 6 - The Enigma Machine - Susanna Harding - Sierra Times.com
		In the case of the Enigma machine the reflector serves the purpose of the substitution cypher, and it is not much more complicated than as described above.
		There is one nicety however in the reflector for the Enigma machine which is key to how the thing works.
		The Enigma was equipped with positions for three (later four) rotors, and the advancing mechanism was similar to that found in an automobile odometer.
	www.sierratimes.com /03/08/20/energy.htm (1068 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets \| Resources
		This site, built by a cryptography enthusiast, offers a solid introduction to some of the various forms of encryption as well as a list of Web sites devoted to the subject.
		Included are articles, a downloadable cryptography course, and an electronic simulation of the Enigma.
		Managing secret keys, the basics of private- and public-key cryptography, securing electronic mail - all is covered extensively and complemented by helpful diagrams.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding/resources.html (485 words)

	The German Enigma Cipher Machine - History of Solving
		The gift of Enigma replicas from Poland, a loyal ally, saved millions of lives during the War.
		Soon after the War broke out, on October 20 the Polish Team of 15 Cryptographers restarted work on the Enigma Machine in the Chateau de Vignolles, 25 miles northwest of Paris, France in the secret unit named "Bruno".
		New movie produced in UK (Enigma) presents a real threat to historical accuracy and common sense, picturing a fictitious Polish Officer collaborating with the Nazis.
	www.enigmahistory.org /enigma.html (334 words)

	The Enigma Machine at Grand Valley State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This web site is based on the course "The Enigma Machine", that was offered during Winter semester 1998 at Grand Valley State University.
		On this site is information about the history and mathematics of the Enigma machine, along with other applications of cryptography.
		Cryptography and Enigma information at Science Year (a UK government funded organisation that aims to promote science to school children and their teachers)
	faculty.gvsu.edu /aboufade/web/enigma.htm (153 words)

	User:Ww - TheBestLinks.com - Cryptography, Enigma machine, History of computing hardware, Insulin, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		User:Ww - TheBestLinks.com - Cryptography, Enigma machine, History of computing hardware, Insulin,...
		Cryptography, Enigma machine, History of computing hardware, Insulin, Linux...
		cryptography, Enigma machine, PGP, and many related articles
	www.thebestlinks.com /User__3A__Ww.html (125 words)

	The archive of Alan Turing's work - vnunet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alan Turing, the man who led the team responsible for cracking the Nazi's Enigma cryptography machine at Bletchley Park during the last war, has had a significant proportion of his work made available via the internet.
		Last April, the Enigma cryptography machine was stolen from Bletchley Park - now a museum dedicated to wartime code-breaking - by Dennis Yates and ransomed for £28,000.
		Yates had removed three rotors vital to the functioning of the machine - they have yet to be recovered.
	www.vnunet.com /information-world-review/news/2083342/archive-alan-turing-work (569 words)

	ilord.com: German Enigma Machine
		Tom Perera's Enigma Museum: Tom has put together an amazing number of pictures from many different types of Enigmas.
		Enigma page at The Best Links: This site has a good amount of information, plus some very nice CAD drawings.
		The Enigma rotor-type ciphering machine by Hartmut Petzold
	www.ilord.com /enigma.html (306 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets
		Manipulate an online version of an Enigma-like machine to encode your own message, then e-mail that message to a friend with instructions on how to decode it using a secret key.
		Led by Alan Turing, inventor of the computer, the codebreakers of Bletchley Park were a brilliant, quirky bunch who broke the Engima in large part by learning to think like the German codemakers themselves.
		The Enigma looks roughly like a typewriter, but it is infinitely more complex, with fully 17,576 ring settings for each of 60 possible wheel orders -- and that is just to set it up for use.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding (263 words)

	Techies tune to vintage frequency - The Boston Globe
		New Yorker (and secret Yankees fan) Bill Speizman sold batteries and metal Slinkys; he claims that ''with two Slinkys you can build an actual antenna." There are tables of radio handbooks and boxes of knobs and dials -- their purpose perhaps clear to the cognoscenti.
		That price might not deter some; Tom Perera, a Montclair State University professor emeritus, was asking $25,000 for a rare WWII ''Enigma" cryptography machine in working condition in July.
		He curates an online Enigma museum and says that only about 200 such machines exist.
	www.boston.com /news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/08/21/techies_tune_to_vintage_frequency (581 words)

	SSH : Support : Cryptography A-Z
		In today's information society, cryptography has become one of the main tools for privacy, trust, access control, electronic payments, corporate security, and countless other fields.
		The use of cryptography is no longer a privilege reserved for governments and highly skilled specialists, but is becoming available for everyone.
		As the inventor and developer of the Secure Shell technology, SSH Communications Security has been involved in research and development in cryptography since 1995.
	www.ssh.fi /support/cryptography (123 words)

	Enigma machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		E = P(\rho^iR\rho^)(\rho^M\rho^)(\rho^L\rho^)U(\rho^kL^\rho^)(\rho^M^\rho^)(\rho^R^\rho^)P^ Procedures for using the Enigma
		Enigma-E — a DIY electronics kit which simulates an Enigma machine
		Enigma simulator, Wehrmacht and Kriegmarine M4 (Microsoft Windows software)
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Enigma-machine.htm (4901 words)

	bletchley: Veggie Heaven - Vegetarian & Vegan Restaurant Guide for Bletchley, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bletchley Park and its Museums: The original Mansion and many Huts in the surrounding park are largely unchanged since 1945.
		Picotech presents a history of this ground-breaking machine developed during WWII and now re-created at Bletchley Park.
		In the summer of 1939, a small team of codebreakers arrived at the Government Code and Cipher School's.
	www.voltcomm.net /bletchley.html (330 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bletchley Park (in Britain), where the Enigma code was broken.
		Description of ECM Mark II, an Enigma-like system used by the allied powers in WWII.
		Well-written introduction to cryptography with summaries of recent developments.
	math.arizona.edu /~rims/workshops/cryptolinks.html (159 words)

	ilord.com: Bob Lord's Home Page
		Here you will find some information about items in my collection, including manuals, posters, and machines (including an Enigma machine).
		I have posted some manuals here, some of my favorite propaganda, magazine articles, and even a training video for the M-209 encryption machine.
		As I tried to learn more about these crypto machines on the web, I found that there were very few hi-resolution images for me to study.
	www.ilord.com (372 words)

	Mathematics
		Googolplex The googol is a truly unbelievable number - a googleplex is even more so.
		The Enigma Machine A simulation and explanation of the WWII Enigma cryptography machine.
		Statistics for Everyone You don't need a degree in statistics to get answers from numbers, but you do need to know a few basics.
	www.floridasmart.com /subjects/math.htm (3406 words)

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