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Topic: Enigma cypher

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	Enigma machine Information - TextSheet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The cypher was in fact broken, and the reading of information in the messages it didn't protect is generally credited with ending World War II at least a year earlier than it would have otherwise.
		Cypher users were told to not only use a different substitution for every letter, but also to use a very long key, so both of these techniques would fail (or at least be a lot harder).
		The ultimate cypher of this kind would be one in which such a long key could be generated from a simple pattern, producing a cypher in which there are so many substitution alphabets that frequency counting and statistical attacks would be effectively impossible.
	kvariety.sferahost.com /encyclopedia/e/en/enigma_machine.html (4961 words)

	Cryptography:Enigma machine - Wikibooks
		The Enigma was an electro-mechanical rotor cypher machine used for both encryption and decryption, widely used in various forms in Europe from the early 1920s on.
		The cypher was broken, and the reading of information in the messages it didn't protect is sometimes credited with ending World War II at least a year earlier than it would have otherwise.
		Enigma rotors in most versions consisted of flat disks with 26 contacts on each side, arranged in a circular manner around the outer faces of the disk.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:Enigma_machine (1080 words)

	Enigma machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Enigma was used commercially from the early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of nations — most famously, by Nazi Germany before and during World War II (WWII).
		Although the Enigma cipher has cryptographic weaknesses, it was, in practice, only their combination with other significant factors which allowed codebreakers to read messages: captured machines and codebooks, mistakes by operators, and procedural flaws.
		In early Enigma models, the alphabet ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring relative to the core wiring.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Enigma-machine.htm (4282 words)

	Deception - Ultra and Enigma
		The Enigma was meant to be the Nazis' ultimate weapon.
		With Enigma at their disposal, the German submarines were able to sink devastating amounts of Allied shipping between 1940 and 1942.
		From this, he was able to discover that the Nazis had been working on their cypher machine.
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /normandy/deception/ultra_enigma.htm (1019 words)

	Enigma Machine - Biggest machine resource on the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Enigma can refer to a variety of different topics: This is a disambiguation page â” a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title.
		Enigma is the only software company delivering a complete aftermarket platform that improves the profitability of the installation operation and maintenance of complex equipment.
		The Enigma is a cipher machine which was created by a native born German, Arthur Scherbuis...
	machine.incredosite.info /index.php?k=enigma-machine (1000 words)

	Ultra biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These messages were generated by (several variants of) an electro-mechanical rotor machine, the Enigma, widely thought to be unbreakable in practice in the 1920s when a variant of the commercial Model D was first used by the German Navy.
		The most fundamental break into the Enigmas was made in Poland in 1932 by Marian Rejewski, who for the first time used theoretical mathematics to break into the Engima system.
		By 1938 much German Enigma traffic was being routinely deciphered by the Poles, but a change in German operations (greater rotor choice), and the impending war led the Poles to share their work on Enigma with France and England.
	ultra.biography.ms (3791 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets \| How the Enigma Works
		The Enigma machine, first patented in 1919, was after various improvements adopted by the German Navy in 1926, the Army in 1928, and the Air Force in 1935.
		Once during every 26 moves, at the "turnover position" on the right wheel, the middle wheel will also move on one place; and when the middle wheel reaches its own turnover position it moves on again when the next letter is keyed, together with the left wheel.
		Finally, the vertical front of the Enigmas used by the Armed Services contained a "plugboard" with 26 pairs of sockets, again in the QWERTZU pattern.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding/enigma.html (668 words)

	MilitaryHistoryOnline.com - The Battle of the Atlantic
		The German "Enigma" machine was initially developed after World War I as a commercial encrypting device, but the military were quick to recognise its value, and developed it for their own uses.
		German cypher experts refined the basic machine by adding plugs with variable electronic circuits, whose settings operators changed approximately every 24 hours, according to code books, listing the daily variations, with which they were issued.
		His cypher experts assured Donitz that the Naval Enigma was "one of the most secure systems for enciphering messages in the world." Even so, the Royal Navy faced the constant dilemma of how much advantage to take of their knowledge without the risk of revealing their source to the enemy.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /wwii/atlantic/enigma.aspx (2278 words)

	Enigma demo: introduction
		Enigma was the name given to the world's first commercially successful machine for encryption and decryption.
		There are many Enigma simulations on the Web (see links in the sidebar) but not many that require neither Java nor the download of custom software.
		There are many excellent Enigma simulators, and we found the Crypto Simulation Group applications particularly helpful - they can be downloaded from Frode Weierud's Cryptology Page, which also has excellent additional material about the Enigma and other crypto-history.
	www.marinade.ltd.uk /2003/enigma.shtml (270 words)

	Marian Rejewski biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He was able to deduce the wirings of the rotors used by the German military Enigma, a feat that David Kahn describes as, "The solution was Rejewski's own stunning achievement, one that elevates him to the pantheon of the greatest cryptanalysts of all time.
		The German Army had made Enigma changes (in September 1938) which substantially increased the difficulty of breaking messages, and as it became clear that war was imminent, and Polish resources would not be sufficient, the decision was made to look for help.
		He was not used for work on the Enigma for the rest of the War and was quite surprised to learn (when information about Bletchley Park and its cryptanalysts finally became public in the 1970s) of the importance of the work he had begun in the early 1930s.
	marian-rejewski.biography.ms (613 words)

	jambeCodec_Enigma - JAMBE's Online Enigma Machine
		This Enigma Machine is very simple it works off only 3 rotors (I think the german enigma used 7).
		This does make it easier to understand, and it is compatible with my buggy c++ code and my paper and scissors enigma machine.
		Enigma machines basicly works like a substitution cypher except that the cypher changes for each letter.
	homepages.maxnet.co.nz /brunnies/EnigmaApplet.html (358 words)

	UK History Premium Listing: Bletchley Park
		The Enigma cypher was the backbone of German military and intelligence communications.
		The result was the Bombe: an electro-mechanical machine that greatly reduced the odds, and thereby the time required, to break the daily-changing Enigma keys.
		Enigma, although probably the most famous, was by no means the only cypher to be broken at Bletchley Park.
	www.history.uk.com /listings/listing.php?iD=9029 (640 words)

	Bletchley Park
		The odds against anyone who did not know the settings being able to break Enigma were a staggering 150 million million million to one.
		The Poles had broken Enigma in 1932, when the encoding machine was undergoing trials with the German Army.
		The codebreakers concentrating on the Army and Air Force cyphers were based in Hut 6, supported by a team in the neighbouring Hut 3 who turned the decyphered messages into intelligence reports.
	www.bletchleypark.org.uk /page.cfm?pageid=265 (511 words)

	NOVA Online \| Decoding Nazi Secrets
		Led by Alan Turing, inventor of the computer, the codebreakers of Bletchley Park were a brilliant, quirky bunch who broke the Engima in large part by learning to think like the German codemakers themselves.
		The Enigma looks roughly like a typewriter, but it is infinitely more complex, with fully 17,576 ring settings for each of 60 possible wheel orders -- and that is just to set it up for use.
		Major funding for NOVA is provided by the Park Foundation, The Northwestern Mutual Life Foundation, and CNET.com.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/decoding (263 words)

	Operation Claymore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They achieved their objective of destroying fish oil factories and some 3,600 tonnes (800,000 gallons) of oil and glycerine (some of the oil being destined for use in munitions).
		Through naval gunfire and demolition parities, 18,000 tons of shipping were sunk and boarding of the German armed trawler Krebs yielded a set of rotor wheels for an Enigma cypher machine and its code books.
		The British experienced only one accidental injury and returned with some 228 German prisoners (various), 314 loyal Norwegian volunteers and a number of Quisling collaborators.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Operation_Claymore (187 words)

	WW-2 German ENIGMA Army Cipher Machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It has a low serial number (2142) and is in very good working and physical condition considering its age and the fact that is has remained hidden for the past 60 years.
		At the end of the war, the Allied forces were instructed to destroy all of the Enigma machines that they could find.
		German Enigma machines played an extremely important part in the history of WW-2 but very few of them survived.
	w1tp.com /2142 (209 words)

	ENIGMA
		We see Enigma relates to the intrinsic nature of the "hardware" version we refer to.
		An action, mode of action, or thing, which cannot be satisfactorily explained; a puzzle; as, his conduct is an enigma.
		Enigma n 1: something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained; "how it got out is a mystery"; "it remains one of nature's secrets" [syn: mystery, secret] 2: a difficult problem [syn: riddle, conundrum, brain-teaser]
	home.pacific.net.au /~jthornton (667 words)

	Enigma
		The best known of these machines is the Enigma, which was initially invented in 1918 for commercial applications, until it was adopted by the German Army for militairy encipherment.
		Not many Enigma devices are available today, but some can be seen in dedicated exhibitions throughout the world.
		A detailed description of the Enigma and the German codebooks is given and the full original German Enigma Manual is printed in the appendix.
	www.xat.nl /enigma (1858 words)

	Basic Cryptography Part 6 - The Enigma Machine - Susanna Harding - Sierra Times.com
		In the case of the Enigma machine the reflector serves the purpose of the substitution cypher, and it is not much more complicated than as described above.
		So, as substitution cyphers to it is symmetric, but since the reflector is set up using jumpers and a plugboard, the configuration can be changed each day and in fact this was done.
		The Enigma was equipped with positions for three (later four) rotors, and the advancing mechanism was similar to that found in an automobile odometer.
	www.sierratimes.com /03/08/20/energy.htm (1055 words)

	Receiving an Enigma: interview with Jeremy Paxman - The Geek Culture Forums
		On April 1, 2000 an Enigma cypher machine was stolen from the mansion at Bletchley Park, home of the British military intelligence staff during World War II.
		In the last hour or so it has been announced that police investigating the stolen enigma, "the Master" and the still missing rotors have arrested a 57 year old man. This person is now "helping police with their enquiries".
		This person claims that he bought the enigma machine in good faith from an unknown person and would return it if he was paid the 20,000 pounds (or so) that he had paid for it (the amount seemed to vary from 20K to 25K).
	www.geekculture.com /ultimatebb/Forum15/HTML/000100.html (1714 words)

	HNF - Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During World War II, he worked at the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, where he played a significant role in breaking the German codes that had been generated with the Enigma cypher machine.
		About 100,000 Enigma rotor cypher machines were built during World War II and used by the German armed forces.
		In 1952, Alan Turing was sentenced to a year's treatment with oestrogen hormones to "cure" him of his homosexuality.
	www.hnf.de /museum/turing_en.html (259 words)

	Enigma and the Ultra Secret
		Much of the material intercepted, however, was in cypher, and so was useless without the cryptographic analysts who were able to break the ciphers.
		The analysts were based at Bletchley Park, near London, and among their greatest achievements, the best kept secret of the war, was breaking the German 'Enigma' cypher machine.
		Breaking the Enigma signals and the distribution of the resultant intelligence was code-named ULTRA.
	www.army.mod.uk /royalsignalsmuseum/PostalCovers/EnigmaUltraSecret.htm (564 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| The Guardian \| Woman 'opened up Enigma'
		British codebreakers could have broken the German Enigma cypher machine well before the second world war if they had listened to an unknown woman, according to a book on the secret work at Bletchley Park, the Buckinghamshire home of the government code and cypher school.
		But they could not work out how the keys of the Enigma machine were wired up to the rotors that formed the main part of the encyphering mechanism.
		As early as 1932 the Poles discovered that despite the large number of permutations the Germans could have used in their machine, perhaps as a result of overconfidence they wired the keys to the encyphering mechanism in alphabetical order, A to A, B to B, and so on.
	www.guardian.co.uk /uk_news/story/0,3604,574133,00.html (633 words)

	Simulating the Enigma Cypher Machine
		A recurring theme in my Inbox is people asking for the enigma wheel wiring so that they can write their own simulator.
		The reason is so that it could decode 3 rotor traffic as the combination of (I think) beta and 'B' is the same as the 3 rotor 'B' reflector and the same for 'C' and gamma.
		Most people (myself included) when they start writing an Enigma simulator assume that the rotors are driven in a manner similar to a car odometer.
	homepages.tesco.net /~andycarlson/enigma/simulating_enigma.html (1000 words)

	Slashdot \| Alan Turing's Enigma Treatise online
		They have Enigmas, Lorentz machines, materials used by the Poles to figure out the beginnings of an Enigma crack, and one of the most wonderful contraptions I've ever had the privilege of viewing: a working Colossus.
		The input tape is an endless loop consisting of the cypher to be analyzed.
		Enigma predates computers in general, because computers were created to help break the code.
	slashdot.org /articles/99/08/18/185209.shtml (6021 words)

	Enigma
		Enigma (1983), the 1983 movie starring Martin Sheen and Sam Neill
		Enigma (2001), the 2001 movie adaped from the novel by Robert Harris
		Enigma (novel), the above named novel, named after the cypher machine.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/en/enigma.html (124 words)

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