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Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in what is claimed to be the first modern written constitution in Europe, the Constitution of May 3 in 1791. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland   (3576 words)

Poland   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. Poland used to be a single-party state and a satellite state of the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1989. Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdańsk;, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg;, Szczecin, Świnoujście;, Ustka, Warsaw, and Wrocław;. hallencyclopedia.com /Poland   (2623 words)

Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Poland In 1999 Poland was allowed into the NATO and in 2004 it became a member of the European Union. Poland was completely unprepared for the swiftness and ferocity of the attacks because of a failure to modernize her military. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent slopdropping and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers. www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Poland   (2235 words)

Enlightenment in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in the Western Europe, as long as Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Freedoms) were in deep crisis. Ideas of that period led eventually to one of the greatest achievements of Poland, the Constitution of the 3rd May (second oldest world constitution) and other reforms (like the creation of the Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy. Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war (Targowica Confederation) and military intervention of the Commonwealth neighbour, ending in the partitions of Poland, the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Enlightenment   (776 words)

POLAND   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia to the north. Poland used to be a communist state and a satellite state of the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1989. The citizens of Poland elect a parliament, the National Assembly, consisting of 460 members of the Lower House and 100 members of the Senate, chosen by a proportional vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms. www.yotor.org /wiki/en/po/Poland.htm   (1712 words)

The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland Poland was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe and served as the center for Jewish culture. Immigrants flocked to Poland from Bohemia-Moravia, Germany, Italy, Spain and colonies in the Crimea. According to Hasidic tradition, in southeast Poland, in the region of Podolia, Israel ben Eliezer Ba’al Shem Tov (otherwise known as the Ba’al Shem Tov or Besht) was born in 1699. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Poland.html   (3614 words)

Tadeusz Kosciuszko (1746-1817) Two hundred and fifty one years have passed since in February 1746, in the Eastern territories of the Kingdom of Poland, the man to whom these words are addressed was born. Poland was undergoing the first partition of 1772 when Kosciuszko was in France. Back in Poland in 1784, Kosciuszko helped organize the Polish Army which was enlarged by provisions contained in the statutes of the Four-Year Seym and participated in the 1792 war against Russia. www.polishworld.com /polemb/const/tk.html   (705 words)

Poland's New Totalitarianism Poland was the last country in Europe to abolish such a law in 1921. His scheme is clear and an old trick played over and over again in Poland by the church hierarchy: to blame the Jews or the intellectual and rational elites for all Polish problems, to stir up the anti-Semitic feelings among the simple-minded, and then to exploit their nationalistic and patriotic emotions. Poland had two brief periods of religious freedom: one during the short-lived Reformation between 1556 and 1638, and the second during the communist regime between 1945 and 1989. www.socinian.org /totalitarian.html   (3282 words)

glbtq >> social sciences >> Warsaw The court of Stanislaw August (reigned 1764-1795) in Warsaw became the motor for the Enlightenment project in Poland. Poland again became independent in 1918, and Warsaw became once again a capital city and Poland's largest industrial and commercial center. The Code Napoleon, in force during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw, was silent on the issue of homosexuality, and this treatment came to be considered Poland's legal norm. www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/warsaw.html   (858 words)

Poland, hotels, cars, information, tips Poland used to be a communist state, but democracy was restored in 1990, after the country became independent from the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and parliamentary system, though the Szlachta (see "Nobles' Democracy" article) monopolised the benefits thereof. Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdansk, Gdynia, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin, Swinoujscie, Ustka, Warsaw, and Wroclaw. www.flights-and-hotels.com /poland   (1761 words)

Decline and Partition   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Century had left Poland ruined; her population had decreased by a third and the victory at Vienna was the Commonwealth's last military success. It soon became obvious to Poland's neighbours that the veto could be used to their own political ends and they soon clubbed together to "defend Polish freedoms". Poland became a battlefield and the Polish throne the prize. www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/Decline.html   (1173 words)

LNT Poland - Jews in Poland Poland became host over time to the largest concentration of Jews in Europe and the most potent hub for Jewish culture as well. Poland became home to primarily the Ashkenazi (Jews from Central and Eastern Europe), and the Sephardi (Southern European Jews including refugees from 15th century Spain and Portugal). The interests of Jews in Poland were represented by politicians and leaders with seats in the Sejm or the Senate, as well as in municipal councils and in Jewish religious communities. www.cyberroad.com /poland/jews.html   (1047 words)

Top20Poland.com - Your Top20 Guide to Poland! The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers. Today, Poland has more than a hundred institutions of post-secondary education: technical, medical, economics, as well as the traditional universities to be found in its major cities; e.g., Gdańsk, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Poznań, Rzeszów, Warsaw, Wrocław yielding over 61 thousands scientists. www.top20poland.com   (2977 words)

Larry Wolff - Boston College   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) He studies and teaches the history of Poland and the Habsburg monarchy, and in 2002 he was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship for a research project on Habsburg Poland (Galicia). "The Fantasy of Catherine in the Fiction of the Enlightenment: From Baron Munchausen to the Marquis de Sade,"in Eros and Pornography in Russian Culture, edited by Marcus Levitt and Andrei Toporkov (Moscow: Ladomir, 1999) pp. "Poland and Switzerland: Philosophical Perspective and Geographical Displacement in the Age of Enlightenment," in Der letzte Ritter und erste Bürger Europas: Kosciuszko, das aufständische Reformpolen und die Verbundenheit zwischen Polen und der Schweiz, eds. www.bc.edu /schools/cas/history/faculty/alphabetical/wolff_lawrence   (1149 words)

Rodowód humanizmu: filozofia Poland has made a unique contribution to the development of modern humanistic societies in the political, social, religious and moral arenas. This legislature was composed of a powerful and enlightened nobility who were anxious to defend their individual rights against a centralised authority. However, their legislation was a short-lived phenomenon, as the Catholic church organised a counter campaign that systematically eliminated religious freedom and culminated in the church's having one of its own, a cardinal and a Jesuit, ascend the throne in 1648. humanizm.free.ngo.pl /enlight.htm   (676 words)

Great Belarusian Military Commanders Poland was undergoing the first partition of 1772 when Kosciusko was in France. Back in Poland in 1784, Kosciusko helped organize the Polish Army which was enlarged by provisions contained in the statutes of the Four-Year Seym and participated in the 1792 war against Russia. Following the second partition of Poland, by Russia and Prussia, an armed insurrection broke out in Poland in 1794 Kosciusko was appointed commander-in-chief of the armed forces. www.belarusguide.com /cities/commanders/Kasciushka_&_others.html   (966 words)

Angry in the Great White North   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Poland is free, a member of the EU and of NATO, and quite concerned with what is going on in neighbouring Belarus, Europe's last dictatorship. Poland is often seen as a state would not defend itself historically and therefore has to be dominated before it becomes the tool of a hostile power. In Poland the Lukashenko issue is also being used by the political right, and far-right (such as the League of Polish Families, Law and Justice etc), to underline their anti-communist and anti-Russian credentials in the run up to the general and presidential elections this fall. angrygwn.mu.nu /archives/107436.php   (4954 words)

[No title] In the Kingdom of Poland, established under Alexander I by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Tsar's adviser, Nikolai Novosiltsov prevented draft bills defining and regulating censorship on the basis of the Constitution from ever reaching the statute books. The Polish insurrectionaries abolished the Censorship Committee as contrary to the constitution in December 1830. The partition of Poland remained the political status quo, which had to be accepted by Poles, and any blame sought in defects of the Polish character. www2.arts.gla.ac.uk /Slavonic/staff/Polcen19c.html   (3038 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) April 24, 1784, Warsaw Jesuit priest, editor, and linguist; a prominent dramatist of the Enlightenment in Poland. It was modeled on the famed Tatler and Spectator of England and was one of the first modern periodicals in Poland. Several poets in Poland stressed the life of the emotions and an interest in nature. www.ms.uky.edu /~bogomo/html_goodies/bohomolec.txt   (369 words)

Timeline Poland Poland was given Pomerelia and West Prussia, and the knights retained East Prussia, with a new capital at Königsberg (Kaliningrad). Poland was partitioned along the rivers Narev, Vistula and San. Poland’s partition line was moved eastwards from the Vistula line to the line of the Bug. timelines.ws /countries/POLAND.HTML   (14109 words)

Catholic Culture : Document Library : Ideologies of Evil That is where Saint Faustina Kowalska is buried, she who was chosen by Christ to be a particularly enlightened interpreter of the truth of Divine Mercy. Clearly it was not possible to remove from the university's teaching program such courses as logic and the methodology of science; yet in different ways the "dissident" professors could be subjected to restrictions, thus limiting by every possible means their influence on students. What happened in Poland after the Marxists came to power had much the same effect as the philosophical developments that occurred in Western Europe in the wake of the Enlightenment. www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=6424   (2233 words)

culture   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) It would be quite unjust to talk about the 3rd of May Constitution and not mention the cultural aspects of the period of the Enlightenment in Poland, or the "epoch of Stanislaw August", as it was sometimemes referred to. Its model was the Collegium Nobilium, founded in 1740 by Stanislaw Konarski, a political writer and pedagogue whose ambition was to to educate the future political elite in the spirit of enlightenment and citizenship. The king himself played the central role in Poland's artistic and literary life; his great passion was poetry and art. www.polishconstitution.org /culture.html   (219 words)

Polish Studies at Boston College Polanski, Wajda and Lenica from Poland, Kadar, Forman and Menzel from Czechoslovakia, Szabo and Jancso from Hungary, and Eisentein and Pudovkin from the Soviet Union-- all represent various thrusts to the European cinema industry. The films of these directors, often couched in surrealistic, historical, and animated allegories, are studied carefully for technique and content and situated in their historical context through parallel readings. The Enlightenment; Poland; the Habsburg monarchy; Mozart's Vienna, Freud's Vienna; early modern Italy, especially Rome and Venice; the Vatican,Church history, Baroque culture, issues of family and the culture of child info-poland.buffalo.edu /student/@bc.html   (687 words)

You're Visiting the Family Tree of Philip Steinman Yekutial Reizner   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) There were three partitions of Poland in 1722, 1793 and in 1795. In 1722, Catherine II, empress of Russia; discriminated against the Jews by forcing them to stay in their shtetls and barring their return to the towns they occupied before the partition. In 1827, Nicholas I instituted a harsh conscription policy which compelled Jewish boys and men between the ages of 12 and 25 to serve in the army for twenty-five years. home1.gte.net /philipsteinman/tree/112.htm   (656 words)

Socinian Refresher Socinians were members of the specific radical Reformation religious group that was formed originally in Poland in the XVIth century and went beyond the limited scope of the reform initiated by Luther or Calvin. They had the advantage of coming from a small church, that could not aspire to influence the government and at the same time they were free from any sectarian spirit or bias, characterized only by independence of rational thought, absolute religious liberty, and profound patriotism and devotion to the state. Their social and political thought underwent a significant evolutionary process from the very utopian trend condemning participation in war and holding public and judicial office to a moderate and realistic stand based on mutual love, support of the secular power of the state, active participation in social and political life, and defense of social equality. www.socinian.org /socinian_refresher.html   (935 words)

Enlightenment At last at the beginning of the 1700s, Poland fell under the influence of Tsarist Russia, which was the cause of partitions the country. The Kosciuszko Uprising was Poland's final attempt to maintain independence. The failed uprising was followed by the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. www.experiencepoland.com /enlightenment.html   (345 words)

Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Poland / Glossary Members of the radical political faction that, under the leadership of Vladimir I. Lenin, staged the Bolshevik Revolution and in 1918 formed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), precursor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Russian word meaning "restructuring," applied in the late 1980s to an official Soviet program of revitalization of the communist party, economy, and society, by adjusting economic, social, and political mechanisms. Signed at the Paris Peace Conference, June 1919, dictating peace terms ending World War I. Harsh terms imposed by the Allies on Germany were cited as a major factor in the rise of Adolf Hitler and genesis of World War II. lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/poland/pl_glos.html   (1841 words)

From the Polish Socinians to the American Constitution - SIS In contrast to the situation in Germany, the Reformation in Poland was an affair of the gentry, and as in France, it coincided with the opposition of the feudal lords to the centralization of the monarchy. One of the most prominent promoters of Antitrini­tarianism was Italian Francesco Stancaro (1501-1574), first professor of Hebrew in Poland, who arrived in Poland in 1558 and launched a discussion against Calvinists claiming that their doctrine represented Christ as an inferior God. In 1663 a notion was introduced by deputies from Mazovia to abolish officially the Statutes of Warsaw of 1573, and in 1668 a law was introduced that prescribed the death penalty for a baptized Catholic who would convert to Protestantism. www.servetus.org /es/news-events/articulos/20040419.htm   (10707 words)

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