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Topic: Enriched uranium

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	Enriched uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Enriched uranium is uranium whose uranium-235 content has been increased through the process of isotope separation.
		Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
		During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the plant where the uranium was enriched.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enriched_uranium (2465 words)

	Uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		U or enriched uranium is important for both nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons because it is the only isotope existing in nature to any appreciable extent that is fissile, that is, fissionable by thermal neutrons.
		Uranium carbonate (UO)) is found in both the mineral and organic fractions of coal and its fly ash and is the main component of uranium in mine tailing seepage water.
		Uranium does not absorb through the skin, and alpha particles released by uranium cannot penetrate the skin, so uranium that is outside the body is much less harmful than it would be if it were inhaled or swallowed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Uranium (2951 words)

	Depleted uranium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Depleted uranium is a byproduct of the enriching of natural uranium for use in nuclear reactors.
		Depleted uranium is favoured for the penetrator because it is self-sharpening and pyrophoric.
		Uranium was widely used as a coloring matter for porcelain and glass in the 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Depleted_uranium (3788 words)

	Nuclear Facilities Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uranium is referred to as a ‘special radioactive element' because it is capable of undergoing fission.
		In the United States, uranium is enriched through the gaseous diffusion process in which the compound uranium hexafluoride (UF6) is heated and converted from a solid to a gas.
		The UF6 stream with the greater uranium-235 concentration is referred to as enriched uranium, while the stream that is reduced in its concentration of uranium-235 is referred to as depleted uranium.
	www.ne.doe.gov /uranium/facts.html (680 words)

	Uranium Enrichment
		Using uranium as a fuel in the types of nuclear reactors common in the United States requires that the uranium be enriched so that the percentage of the uranium-235 isotope is increased, typically to 3 to 5%.
		Uranium enrichment is an isotopic separation process that increases the proportion of the uranium-235 isotope in relation to uranium-238 in natural uranium.
		The depleted uranium hexafluoride product is referred to as "depleted UF." After gaseous diffusion, the enriched uranium hexafluoride is subjected to further processing, while the depleted UF is generally stored.
	web.ead.anl.gov /uranium/guide/depletedu/enrich/index.cfm (460 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Uranium
		Uranium metal is silver-colored with a gray surface and is nearly as strong as steel.
		Uranium can decay into other radioactive substances, such as radium, which can cause cancer if you are exposed to enough of them for a long enough period of time.
		Uranium is normally measured in a sample of urine collected and sent to a laboratory.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts150.html (1299 words)

	Uranium Radiation Properties
		Uranium mill tailings are the residual waste from the process of uranium extraction from the uranium ore.
		Compared to uranium ore, the alpha radiation of uranium mill tailings and thus the radiation hazard on ingestion or inhalation of tailings (dust) is approx.
		Enriched UF For use in pressurized water reactors (PWR), uranium is enriched to between 3.6% and 4.1%, and for use in boiling water reactors (BWR), between 3.0% and 3.2% weight-percent uranium-235; that is around 4 to 6 times the natural concentration.
	www.wise-uranium.org /rup.html (2821 words)

	NRC: Uranium Enrichment
		The uranium enriched in uranium-235 is required in commercial light water reactors to produce a controlled nuclear reaction.
		Enriching uranium increases the amount of "middle-weight" and “light-weight” uranium atoms.
		These are the different isotopes of uranium, which means that while they all contain 92 protons in the atom’s center (which is what makes it uranium).
	www.nrc.gov /materials/fuel-cycle-fac/ur-enrichment.html (741 words)

	Uranium Enrichment
		The SWU is a complex unit which is a function of the amount of uranium processed and the degree to which it is enriched (ie the extent of increase in the concen-tration of the U-235 isotope relative to the remainder) and the level of depletion of the remainder.
		For instance, to produce one kilogram of uranium enriched to 3% U-235 requires 3.8 SWU if the plant is operated at a tails assay 0.25%, or 5.0 SWU if the tails assay is 0.15% (thereby requiring only 5.1 kg instead of 6.0 kg of natural U feed).
		Eventually enriched and depleted uranium are drawn from the cascade at the desired assays.
	www.uic.com.au /nip33.htm (3095 words)

	washingtonpost.com: U.S.-Russia Team Seizes Uranium At Bulgaria Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was the third time since last year that U.S. and Russian authorities have teamed up to retrieve highly enriched uranium from Soviet-era facilities in an effort to keep such material from falling into the hands of terrorists or rogue states.
		Experts worry that such caches of uranium scattered in obscure corners of the former Soviet Union and its satellite states represent one of the most vulnerable sources of fissile material for would-be bomb-makers.
		The uranium taken from the Sofia facility was 36 percent enriched, which scientists consider usable in nuclear weapons but not the most potent form called weapons-grade, which refers to uranium enriched 90 percent or more.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A25861-2003Dec23?language=printer (697 words)

	Depleted Uranium: Australia's role
		Depleted Uranium cannot be used as fuel in a nuclear reactor or a bomb unless it undergoes enrichment.Current being used in tank shells and bullets, as an aircraft counterweight and as shielding.
		So although the Uranium in DU is 57% as radioactive as Uranium in Yellowcake, the Thorium in DU is 97% as radioactive as the Thorium in Yellowcake.
		As Uranium is 1.7 times as dense as lead, it is being used as a replacement for lead and other heavy metals.
	www.geocities.com /pwdyson/du1.html (1355 words)

	Declassification of the United States Total Production of Highly Enriched Uranium
		The Department of Energy has declassified the total amount of highly enriched uranium that was produced at the K-25 Site (formerly known as the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant) at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant at Portsmouth, Ohio.
		Highly enriched uranium is defined as uranium having an enrichment above 20 percent of the fissionable isotope uranium-235.
		Uranium storage at the plants is primarily in the form of depleted, nonfissile "tails." These tails are stored in 10-ton and 14-ton cylinders in the form of uranium hexafluoride (UF6).
	www.osti.gov /opennet/document/press/pc13.html (858 words)

	Iraq's Programs to Make Highly Enriched Uranium and Plutonium for Nuclear Weapons Prior to the Gulf War
		All uranium enriched above 20 percent was produced in 1989 in the R50 separator from natural uranium feed by drastically increasing the machine's separation factor.
		However, it said that uranium hexafluoride gas was not used mainly because the operating speed of these centrifuges while filled with process gas was too slow (about 21,000 to 25,000 rpm) for a noticeable separation of uranium isotopes.
		Although enriched uranium output increased in the fall at both Al Tuwaitha and Al Tarmiya, as mentioned earlier, the installation of separators was slowed down.
	www.isis-online.org /publications/iraq/iraqs_fm_history.html (17607 words)

	USATODAY.com - U.S. transferred uranium from Iraq without U.N. authorization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The nearly 2 tons of low-enriched uranium and approximately 1,000 highly radioactive items transferred from Iraq to the United States last month had been placed under seal by the International Atomic Energy Agency at the sprawling Tuwaitha nuclear complex, 12 miles south of Baghdad, the officials said.
		According to the letter, the United States informed the IAEA on June 30 that approximately 1.8 tons of uranium, enriched to a level of 2.6%, another 6.6 pounds of low-enriched uranium, and approximately 1,000 highly radioactive sources had been transferred on June 23.
		After 1992, roughly 2 tons of natural uranium, or yellow cake, some low enriched uranium and some depleted uranium was left at Tuwaitha under IAEA seal and control, he said.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/iraq/2004-07-07-iraq-uranium_x.htm (754 words)

	Enriched Uranium? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uranium would not be suitable for fashioning such a device, though appropriate material may have been among the other unidentified "sources".
		Uranium's half life is much too long to be effective in the dirty bomb role....it isn't nearly radioactive enough to be useful for a dirty bomb.
		Uranium, despite widespread fear-mongering by the peaceniks about 'depleted uranium rounds' is very stable.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1166725/posts (1433 words)

	NTI: Securing the Bomb: Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement
		Fifth, the purified material is converted to uranium hexafluoride (the only chemical compound of uranium that is a gas at suitable working temperatures, and thus the compound typically used for uranium enrichment), and shipped to an enrichment plant.
		Blendstock enriched to 1.5% Uranium-235 is used rather than natural uranium (0.7%) or depleted uranium "tails" left over from uranium enrichment (typically 0.2-0.3%), in order to dilute some of the undesirable isotopes in the Russian HEU (including U-234 and U-236), to meet Western commercial specifications.
		Hence, the LEU can be thought of as having a "uranium component" (sometimes referred to as the "feed component," referring to the uranium "feed" to an enrichment plant) and an "enrichment component" the amounts of uranium and enrichment work the United States would have used to produce that same amount of LEU domestically.
	www.nti.org /e_research/cnwm/reducing/heudeal.asp (5201 words)

	123beta: Enriched Uranium Found in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While Uranium only needs to be slightly enriched for energy production, weapons-grade Uranium must be enriched to contain very high (90%) of the heavier isotope of Uranium.
		The presence of such highly enriched Uranium, which invalidates the majority of what Ahmedinejad has been saying, should send up red-flags to the world community.
		Without knowing the rate at which Iran is able to enrich Uranium, and thus how quickly they could produce a viable nuclear weapon, we do not have any timetable.
	123beta.blogspot.com /2006/05/enriched-uranium-found-in-iran.html (343 words)

	Iran: We’ll join the nuclear 'club' soon - Mideast/N. Africa - MSNBC.com
		Uranium enrichment can produce either, but it must be carried out on a much larger scale, using thousands of centrifuges.
		Iran succeeded in enriching uranium to a level needed for fuel on a research scale — using 164 centrifuges, officials said.
		The amount is nearly twice the 60 tons of uranium hexaflouride, or UF-6, gas that Iran said last year that it had produced.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/12267675 (870 words)

	Enriched uranium - All About All (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		U remaining after enrichment is known as depleted uranium (DU), and is considerably less radioactive than even natural uranium, though still extremely dense and is useful for armor and armor penetrating weapons.
		U (weapons-grade or weapon-grade), though for a crude inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (this is called weapons-usable or weapon-usable; some argue that even less is sufficient, but then the critical mass requried rapidly increases).
		LEU used in research reactors is usually enriched 12% to 19.75% U-235, the later concentration being used to replace HEU fuels when converting to LEU.
	www.answers-zone.com /article/Enriched_uranium (1852 words)

	Halfbakery: Enriched uranium
		Step 1: A uranium target is sputtered within a plasma, using standard DC discharge or e-beam techniques.
		The technique is to use a plasma source to ionise a continuous -feed uranium wire (a bit like a MIG welder) and then feed the resulting inon beam into a Quadrupole mass spectrometer.
		So the uranium ion beam is collimated and accelerated by a set of intermediate plates, then fed into a second quad tuned for high end isotope separation.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Enriched_20uranium (1565 words)

	McSweeney's Internet Tendency: Enriched Uranium: What Every Parent Should Know.
		Enriched uranium is what is known as a gateway element.
		Enriched uranium is predominantly a white, male, middle- to upper-middle-class isotope
		If you do suspect that your child is involved with enriched uranium, rest assured that you are not alone and that there is help available.
	www.mcsweeneys.net /2004/6/18bachelder.html (597 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Turkish police seize enriched uranium
		Police in Turkey have detained two men who attempted to sell enriched uranium suitable for use in nuclear weapons.
		It is believed that the uranium comes from one of the former Soviet republics.
		Turkish police said that examination of the substance established it was enriched uranium that could be used to make nuclear weapons.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/1642908.stm (302 words)

	Midpoint Of The Successful Implementation Of The Highly Enriched Uranium Agreement Between The United States And Russia
		Formally known as the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Disposition of Highly Enriched Uranium from Nuclear Weapons, dated 18 February 1993, the HEU Agreement is one of the most important instruments for cooperation between our two governments.
		Two hundred fifty metric tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU), equivalent to 10,000 nuclear warheads, have been converted to low enriched uranium (LEU).
		Under the HEU Agreement, the Russian Federation has agreed to process HEU extracted from dismantled nuclear warheads into LEU, which is used in the United States for the peaceful purpose of generation of electricity in commercial power reactors.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/prs/ps/2005/54146.htm (536 words)

	PLUTONIUM AND HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM 1996
		Plutonium and highly enriched uranium (HEU) are the basic materials used in nuclear weapons.
		Containing much new information and analysis, this book is indispensable to all those concerned with the great contemporary issues in international nuclear relations: arms reductions in the nuclear weapon states, nuclear proliferation, nuclear smuggling, the roles of plutonium and enriched uranium in the nuclear fuel-cycle, and the disposition of surplus weapon material.
		Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, Capabilities and Policies finds that around 3000 tonnes of plutonium and HEU have been produced over the past 50 years, of which 2000 tonnes (1750 tonnes of HEU and 250 tonnes of plutonium) have been produced for military purposes.
	editors.sipri.org /pubs/pressre/abbk2.html (2053 words)

	RuminateThis: Domestic Enriched Uranium production means ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		United States Enrichment Corporation is going to shut down a gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment plant in Paducah Kentucky, after it builds a centrifuge processing enrichment plant in Piketon Ohio.
		It represents the first of what I hope will be a new generation of nuclear power construction projects in the United States.
		To be continued: fuel prices, weapons inventory depletions, mining and tailing waste expansions, following the benes, and why (in case the rest of the left forgot) Indians aren't too keen on things that glow, and glow, and glow, in the dark.
	www.ruminatethis.com /archives/001701.html (722 words)

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