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Topic: Ensatina

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	Ensatina Salamanders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		These salamanders, such as Ensatina, lay their eggs in moist areas in or under logs or in a borrowed underground nest of a mouse.
		And finally, Ensatinas, if provoked enough, will also ooze out a milky poison from the back of their head or tail.
		Apparently, this is what Ensatinas feed on: whatever squirms about, like worms, beetles, flies, springtails (oh, a great feature creature), and so on.
	www.longfellowcreek.org /creatures/creatures_05.htm (541 words)

	Marc Staniszewski's Ensatina Care Sheet
		The Ensatina is distributed along the Pacific Coast of North America, from central California, Oregon and Washington to southern British Colombia.
		As ensatina are plethodontid or lungless salamanders, the exchange of oxygen and waste gases through the skin demands a moist environment.
		Ensatina MUST be hibernated from December to February at temperatures of around 40°F..
	www.amphibian.co.uk /ensatina.html (1756 words)

	SDNHM - Monterey Ensatina
		Ensatinas are medium-sized salamanders, ranging from 2-3 inches snout-vent length.
		The Monterey Ensatina is also believed to be a mimic of the Rough-skinned or California Newts, both of which produce toxic secretions.
		The Monterey Ensatina is a fully terrestrial species and does not need to return to water to breed.
	www.sdnhm.org /fieldguide/herps/ensa-esc.html (469 words)

	SDNHM - Large-blotched Ensatina
		The Large-blotched Ensatina is a fully terrestrial species and does not need to return to water to breed.
		Ensatinas are relatively long lived salamanders, some reaching 14-16 years of age.
		The color pattern of the Large-blotched Ensatina is thought to be cryptic and used for camouflage.
	www.sdnhm.org /fieldguide/herps/ensa-kla.html (553 words)

	Ensatina eschscholtzii (Gray, 1850) Ensatina
		For now, and until present studies are completed, Ensatina eschscholtzii is regarded as a polytypic species; a semispecies complex that portrays a typical example of the Darwinian gradualism, where multiple micro-mutations have lead to the formation of several subspecies/species (Brown).
		Ensatina do not create their burrows, but occupy abandoned holes, root channels, and other micro-channels that allow them to escape the dry surface.
		Ensatina have a distinct defense posture, which consists of raising the body high off the ground, with the back arched downward, and the tail arched upward.
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata/database/plethodontidae/ensatina/eschscholtzii (2548 words)

	Sacramento River Portal and Library
		Ensatina, Ensatina eschscholtzii, accounted for 87% of all sightings.
		The number of ensatina per plot was greater on the Sacramento River than on the tributaries 6 months post-spill.
		Ensatina number and species richness on terrestrial plots increased with distance from the spill site at both sample times.
	www.watershedportal.org /viewDoc_html?did=391 (219 words)

	Evolution: species and speciation; Ring Species: Unusual Demonstrations of Speciation by Darren E. Irwin, Ph.D.
		These two forms are connected by a chain of populations to the north that encircles the Central Valley of California, and through this ring of populations the color patterns of the salamanders change gradually.
		Ensatina salamanders and greenish warblers are each usually classified as a single species, even though each contains populations that differ at the between-species level.
		"Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Ensatina." Herpetologica 54: 279-298.
	www.actionbioscience.org /evolution/irwin.html (2771 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There is a gap between croceater and the next populations of Ensatina, the croceater-klauberi intergrades in the San Gorgonio Mountain area east of San Bernardino.
		The biological complexity of Ensatina argues against a simple taxonomic resolution because the evolutionary realities of diversification in old and persistent complexes reqire compromises if Linnean taxonomies are to be used.
		The Ensatina complex appears to be a classical example of Darwinian evolution by gradualism; an accumulation of micromutations that is now leading to the formation of new species.
	www.thechristiandefense.com /viewtopic.php?download=10208&t=2609 (746 words)

	PRBO Conservation Science: Salamanders and Newts
		Polymorphic (see plates 3 and 4 in Stebbins), specimens from different spots within the range have drastically different patterns but where each phenotype (sub-species) distribution meets the next, there is a narrow zone of introgradation (animals, there, show characteristics of both merging populations).
		Ensatina eschscholtzii is also a "lungless" salamander that lays eggs in or under damp wood and hatched young are like small adults.
		Yellow-eyed, Oregon and Monterey Salamanders are Ensatina sub-species that occur in the S.F. Bay Region.
	www.prbo.org /cms/index.php?mid=204&module=browse (825 words)

	Autodax: Feeding in Ensatina eschscholtzii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ensatina eschscholtzii of the family Plethodontidae is a terrestrial salamander that is widespread throughout California.
		Ensatina has one of the fastest tongue projection speeds of any salamander, taking as little as 6 milliseconds.
		The movie plays at the same speed as the one above, and you can see how the termite feeding is much slower than the waxworm feeding.
	www.autodax.net /Ensatinamovie.html (117 words)

	wildherps.com - Ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii)
		There were a variety of Monterey ensatinas under logs on Little Sur Trail that day, ranging from little tiny ones to this great big hulking fellow.
		Stebbins goes so far as to claim that the large range in California of salamanders formerly known as Oregon Ensatinas is actually inhabited entirely by intergrades, and that the pure Oregon Ensatinas are only in Oregon and points north.
		I call it the classic Ensatina defensive pose because it is commonly mentioned in the salamander literature.
	www.wildherps.com /species/E.eschscholtzii.html (1141 words)

	Incipient species formation in salamanders of the Ensatina complex -- Wake 94 (15): 7761 -- Proceedings of the ...
		This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled "Genetics and the Origin of Species," organized by Francisco J. Ayala (Co-chair) and Walter M. Fitch (Co-chair), held January 30-February 1, 1997, at the National Academy of Sciences Beckman Center in Irvine, CA.
		Ensatina are fully terrestrial salamanders distributed in coniferous forests and oak woodland along the Pacific Coast from
		The intergradation zones based on morphology (7) are far too broad when compared with data derived from molecular markers.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/15/7761 (4745 words)

	Salamanders of the North Coast
		Ensatinas have a constriction at the base of the tail.
		If attacked, the tail may be broken off to distract the predator while the ensatina escapes.
		They also have toxins in the tail that are distasteful to predators.
	www.bear-tracker.com /salamanders.html (282 words)

	CB910: New species
		the salamander Ensatina, with seven different subspecies on the west coast of the United States.
		Effection of An and B Wolbachia and host genotype on interspecies cytoplasmic incompatibility in Nasonia.
		Ensatina eschscholtzi Speciation in progress: A classic example of Darwinian evolution.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB910.html (807 words)

	what good is old growth? Part 2
		Salamanders are amphibians who are very sensitive to forest disturbance since their habitat consists of down and dead logs, hollow trees, and thick leaf litter...the stuff you find within un-logged old growth forests.
		Evolutionary and historical analysis of protein variation in the blotched forms of salamanders of the Ensatina complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).
		Patterns of growth and movements in a population of Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis (Caudata: Plethodontidae) in the Sierra Nevada, California.
	www.digitalnaturalist.com /darkcyn/darkcyn.html (1366 words)

	CIENTIC
		Um caso clássico de especiação é o de uma salamandra da família dos pletodontídeos, a Ensatina eschscholtzi, uma espécie que habita canhões e florestas húmidas da Califórnia (EUA).
		A distribuição da Ensatina eschscholtzi vai da Colômbia britânica, no Canadá, por Washington, Oregon, Califórnia até Baja Califórnia, no México.
		Enquanto estudos em curso, mais aprofundados, não forem conclusivos, o complexo de populações de Ensatina é reconhecido como uma única espécie taxonómica.
	www.cientic.com /tema_evoluc_txt10.html (716 words)

	Yosemite Association - Nature Notes
		These critters have been known to bounce around like a spring when surprised, or play dead, or even to throw off their tails in a desperate attempt to distract their enemy.
		Redwood Canyon is known to harbor Ensatina, a common Sierran salamander very interesting in its own right.
		The ever-cuddly Ensatina eschscholzii platensis amongst the moss
	www.yosemite.org /naturenotes/SlenderSalamander.htm (1895 words)

	Ensatina eschscholtzii (Gray, 1850) Ensatina
		For inquiries regarding photos that are copyright Livingunderworld.org or Jessica J. Miller, or to contribute materials, please email us at info@livingunderworld.org.
		Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis X croceater hybrid from Kern Co., Calif. Photo © Gary Nafis, California Reptiles and Amphibians
		Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis X oregonensis hybrid adult and juvenile from Shasta Co., Calif. Photo © Gary Nafis, California Reptiles and Amphibians
	www.livingunderworld.org /gallery/photos/caudata/plethodontidae/ensatina/eschscholtzii (721 words)

	HicksRoad: Ensatina Salamander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The sound was like the sudden squish of water from a boot or rubber glove.
		For more recent, digital images of an Ensatina, take a forest walk.
		As plethodontids they are lungless and lack a larynx, but they have sphincter-like muscles around the external nares and a pumping motion that moves air in an out of the buccal cavity.
	www.hicksroad.com /html/ensatina.htm (237 words)

	Amphibians of the Kern River Valley
		Perhaps this is due to the more xeric conditions of the surrounding land.
		Ensatina eschscholtzii (Ensatina) - This beautiful salamander is represented by two distinct subspecies in our area:
		Ensatina is unknown from east of the Kern River, and thus is absent from the western part of the Kern Plateau where appropriate habitat occurs.
	www.natureali.org /wildamphibians.htm (1791 words)

	Gonzology: Nancy Staub (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		I work on plethodontid salamanders primarily (genera: Aneides, Ensatina, and Plethodon primarily), specifically focusing on understanding the variation in types of skin glands of various body regions, and the variation in gland type and size between sexes and species.
		Ultimately our goal is to understand the function of the various glands, but for now we are focusing on understanding the glands morphologically and histologically.
		Movement patterns of the salamander Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis in the Sierra Nevada of California.
	gonzology.gonzaga.edu /faculty-staff/faculty/staub.php (516 words)

	Evolving Before Our Eyes / Songbirds and salamanders bolster Darwin's theory that change in habitat can create 2 ...
		Seven different subspecies of the salamanders, known by the tongue- twisting name Ensatina eschscholtzi, occupy the ring-shaped collection of habitats.
		It is in the San Diego area that the original Ensatina species, with its shiny fl body and mottled red legs, belly and tail, meets an even more vividly colored subspecies called E. klauberi, whose brilliant lemon-yellow body is striped in fl from head to tail.
		To Wake, the changes in the varied subspecies of Ensatina are another clear example of evolutionary changes toward "incipient species formation." On Mount Palomar, where two strikingly different populations of Ensatina have come together, "they are indeed two species," he noted in a recent interview.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/03/26/MN172778.DTL (1497 words)

	Compensatory behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment
		Compensatory behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment
		Convert this PDF document to a html document using Adobe's online conversion tool.
		Rosenberg, D.K.; Noon, B.R.; Megahan, J.W.; Meslow, E.C. Compensatory behavior of Ensatina eschscholtzii in biological corridors: a field experiment Canadian Journal of Zoology 76:117-133.
	www.treesearch.fs.fed.us /pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=3661 (132 words)

	Distribution Maps
		Ensatina eschscholtzii croceater - yellow-blotched salamander - map
		Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis - Sierra Nevada salamander - map
		Ensatina eschscholtzii xanthoptica - yellow-eyed salamander - map
	ice.ucdavis.edu /aquadiv/amphib/amphib.html (420 words)

	Reed College Canyon: Senior Theses
		An evaluation of the effects of the restoration of the Reed college Canyon on the abundance, distribution, and morphology of the Oregon salamander, Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis
		The Home Range and Population Biology of the Oregon Salamander, Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis, in the Reed College Canyon
		The Effects of Climate and Microclimate on the Surface Activity of the Oregon Salamander, Ensatina eschscholtzii oregonensis, in the Reed College Canyon
	web.reed.edu /canyon/curr/theses.html (500 words)

	Evolution: species and speciation; Ring Species: Unusual Demonstrations of Speciation by Darren E. Irwin, Ph.D.
		Two distinct forms of Ensatina salamanders, differing dramatically in color, coexist in southern California and interbreed there only rarely.
		Greenish warblers and Ensatina salamanders illustrate three fundamental ways that ring species can teach us about evolution:
		Scroll down this page to find links and information about ring species, and in particular the Ensatina salamander and Greenish Warbler described by Dr. Irwin above.
	www.tinyurl.com /6tocf (2771 words)

	Your Name - Publications
		Wake DB and CJ Schneider (1998) Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Ensatina.
		Schneider CJ (1996) Distinguishing between primary and secondary intergradation among morphologically differentiated populations of Anolis marmoratus.
		Moritz C, CJ Schneider, and DB Wake (1992) Evolutionary relationships within the Ensatina eschscholtzii complex confirm the ring species interpretation.
	people.bu.edu /cschneid/Personal/Publications.html (448 words)

	Ring species - Skadi Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Ensatina eschscholtzii group, distributed in mountains along the
		divergence of greenish warbler songs or Ensatina color patterns.
		13) Highton, R. "Is Ensatina eschscholtzii a ring-species?"
	forum.skadi.net /showthread.php?t=10891 (2045 words)

	Berkeley Daily Planet
		Thereâs another California salamander called the ensatina, which, depending on location, can be blotched or mottled with fl and yellow or fl and orange.
		Where its range overlaps with the California newt, though, the ensatina matches its brown back and orange belly, and even its yellow eye color.
		Monarch butterflies, of course, are protected by chemicals from the milkweed plants they fed on as caterpillars.
	www.berkeleydailyplanet.com /rediscover.cfm?archiveDate=01-13-04 (1050 words)

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