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Topic: Entailment pragmatics

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	Entailment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Implication or entailment is used in propositional logic and predicate logic to describe a relationship between two sentences or sets of sentences.
		We need the definition of entailment to demand that every model of A must also be a model of B because a formal system like a knowledge base can't possibly know the interpretations which a user might have in mind when they ask whether a set of facts (A) entails a proposition (B).
		In many cases, entailment corresponds to material implication: that is,
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entailment (380 words)

	Entailment (pragmatics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In pragmatics (linguistics), entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (A) requires the truth of the other (B).
		Entailment differs from implication, where the truth of one (A) suggests the truth of the other (B), but does not require it.
		Entailment also differs from presupposition in that in presupposition, the truth of what one is presupposing is taken for granted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entailment_(pragmatics) (136 words)

	Entailment (pragmatics) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In (The study of language use) pragmatics ((The scientific study of language) linguistics), entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one requires the truth of the other.
		Entailment differs from (An accusation that brings into intimate and usually incriminating connection) implication, where the truth of one suggests the truth of the other, but does not require it.
		Entailment also differs from (The act of presupposing; a supposition made prior to having knowledge (as for the purpose of argument)) presupposition in that in presupposition, the truth of what one is presupposing is taken for granted.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/en/entailment_(pragmatics).htm (146 words)

	Read about Pragmatics at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Pragmatics and learn about Pragmatics here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how
		Pragmatics is interested predominantly in utterances, made up of sentences, and usually in the context of conversations.
		Charles W. Morris, pragmatics tries to understand the relationship between signs and interpretations, while semantics tends to focus on the actual objects or ideas that a word refers to, and syntax (or "syntactics") examines the relationship between signs.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Pragmatics (173 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		pragmatics Name Pragmatics Definition The study of the use of language in terms of the context in which it is...
		pragmatics introductory concepts presuppositions presuppositions of questions and commands more on questions: andquot;why?andquot; and andquot;how?andquot; counterfactual conditionals toward a general model of communication grice...
		Pragmatics A series of notes and links on the ideas, people and technology I think are interesting, particularly related to software, its development, and the structure of the teams and organizations...
	pragmatics.iqexpand.com (431 words)

	Faculty
		Pragmatics concerns itself with how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways.
		Pragmatically, a speaker may choose to do one or both of these things for a variety of reasons.
		One field that exploits the difference between entailment and implicature is the field of advertising.
	www.csubak.edu /~ecase/pragmatics_notes_outline.htm (2610 words)

	An Introduction to Pragmatics: Social Action for Language Teachers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Various linguists' definitions are offered, but LoCastro proposes this broad one: "[P]ragmatics is the study of speaker and hearer meaning created in their joint actions that include both linguistic and nonlinguistic signals in the context of socioculturally organized activities" (p.
		Although there are suggestions for teaching pragmatics, one might debate how effective these would be in light of this possible designated development of pragmatic knowledge/use.
		In the chapter on cross-cultural pragmatics, LoCastro writes, "Generally, Americans consider their culture egalitarian and avoid displays of power through language, whereas other cultures are characterized by explicit marking of a hierarchical structure, with overt signaling of an individual's social status, occupation, and age" (p.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /tesl-ej/ej30/r6.html (1724 words)

	Introduction to Linguistics
		Pragmatics is concerned with how people use language within a context and why they use language in particular ways.
		This chapter examines how factors such as time, place, and the social relationship between speaker and hearer affect the ways in which language is used to perform different functions.
		Note that entailment is relationship based on literal meaning.
	campus.houghton.edu /webs/employees/agallman/Intro/File08HO.htm (472 words)

	arthritis pain relief - Presupposition
		In pragmatics, a presupposition is an assumption about the world whose truth is taken for granted in discourse.
		Crucially, negation of an expression does not change its presuppositions: I want to do it again and I don't want to do it again both mean that the subject has done it already one or more times; My wife is pregnant and My wife is not pregnant both mean that the subject has a wife.
		In this respect, presupposition is distinguished from entailment and implication.
	www.painreliefchat.com /arthritis-pain-relief/Presupposition (176 words)

	vladimir zegarac
		I argue that these issues can be addressed fruitfully within the framework of Relevance theory, especially in terms of relevance-theoretic assumptions about the role of context in utterance interpretation in general, and its role in determining the explicit content of the utterance, in particular.
		The existential presupposition in (2) is an entailment which is mutually manifestly held at maximal strength by the interlocutors.
		The corresponding entailment in the positive counterpart of first conjunct in (1) (I believe in the Loch Ness monster entails The Loch Ness monster exists) is not held at maximal strength and it cannot be felicitously introduced as background common knowledge.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /tisp/viewabstract.php?id=727 (514 words)

	Journal of Pragmatics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Estrella Montolío Durán, Virginia Unamuno, The discourse marker a ver (Catalan, a veure) in teacher-student interaction, Journal of Pragmatics 33 (2) (2001) pp.
		Vanderveken, On the ramification of the fundamental notions of meaning, analyticity, consistency, entailment and commitment to speech acts in formal semantics: A reply to Brassac and Trognon, Journal of Pragmatics 23 (5) (1995) pp.
		Hoye, F.G. Andersen, J. Wagner, Introduction Pragmatics: The loaded discipline?, Journal of Pragmatics 31 (7) (1999) pp.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/03782166/viewer.htt?viewtype=authors&rangeselected=38 (585 words)

	Articles - Pragmatics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		According to Charles W. Morris, pragmatics tries to understand the relationship between signs and interpretations, while semantics tends to focus on the actual objects or ideas that a word refers to, and syntax (or "syntactics") examines the relationship between signs.
		Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse.
		Watzlawick, Paul, Janet Helmick Beavin and Don D. Jackson (1967) Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes.
	www.winacea.com /articles/Pragmatics (227 words)

	The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition - Asher, Lascarides (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition - Asher, Lascarides (ResearchIndex)
		56.7%: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition - Asher, Lascarides (1998)
		The Semantics and Pragmatics of Presupposition, Journal of Semantics, 1998 (Forthcoming).
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /asher98semantics.html (734 words)

	Pragmatics handout
		Entailment is a very strong kind of implication.
		The S family is a diagnostic for presuppositions, because they remain constant throughout the S family, whereas ordinary entailments which are not also presupposed disappear.
		In the above examples, the entailment that the Queen of England has something on her head drops out, but the presupposition that there is a Queen of England holds for all the members of the S family.
	www.msu.edu /course/lin/401/ss02-s2/pragmati.htm (901 words)

	Stanford Semantics and Pragmatics Workshop
		With some exaggeration we could say that natural language semantics is the study of natural language entailment and its friends natural language synonymy and consistency.
		But unlike the relation of logical consequence in any of the usual artificial languages, entailment in ordinary language seems to be a `layered' notion.
		This suggests that it is worthwile to investigate logics which are a) based on a natural language like syntax and b) whose entailment relations are incomplete although they capture a core of `easy' inferences.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /linguistics/semgroup/archive/1999/sf_muskens.html (338 words)

	[No title]
		Pragmatics is the study of how and why speakers use language in particular contexts and ways.
		Drawing Conclusions Entailment and Implicature Entailment Sentence X entails sentence Y if, whenever X is true, Y must be true as well.
		Although not all relationships will be of entailment, we can imply or infer certain entailment based on what we know about how conversations work.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/glord/lin/files8.1-8.3outline.doc (517 words)

	Pragmatics and the Lexicon (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It aims to give an overview about pragmatic phenomena that are connected with the semantic underspecification of lexical items.
		Cases in point are the pragmatics of adjectives, effects of negative strengthening, systematic polysemy, the distribution of lexical and productive causatives, blocking phenomena, the interpretation of compounds, and many phenomena presently discussed within the framework...
		Conversational Implicature and Lexical Pragmatics - Blutner, Leßmöllmann, van..
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /450038.html (176 words)

	[No title]
		We know the speech act rule that if the speaker makes a statement about a fact that is not appropriate, the speaker may intend to complain about the fact or request that the situation is changed.
		Entailment: A sentence S1 entails another sentence S2; if and only if S1 is true then S2 is also true in all circumstances.
		Implicature: A sentence S1 implicates S2 if (a) S2 is not the entailment of S1 and (b) the hearer believes, based on the Cooperative Principle, that S2 is true, or that the hearer does not realize that the speaker violates or manipulates the Cooperative Principle.
	www.linguist.org.cn /doc/su200502/su20050218.doc (671 words)

	Pragmatics
		This section is interesting because it allows you to really examine closely the difference between two concepts: entailment vs. implicature, and it also allows us to think about how implicature requires reference to pragmatics in a way that entailment doesn't.
		The concept of implicature is slightly different from entailment, but it is related in a way that makes the two concepts sometimes tricky to tease apart, at least as far as language use is concerned.
		Bottom line: The difference between logical entailment and implicature lies at the root of why many advertising claims are misleading.
	www.unc.edu /~gerfen/Ling30Sp2002/pragmatics.htm (3774 words)

	Journal of Pragmatics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Barbara Abbott, Presuppositions as nonassertions, Journal of Pragmatics 32 (10) (2000) pp.
		Lawal, B. Ajayi, W. Raji, A pragmatic study of selected pairs of Yoruba proverbs, Journal of Pragmatics 27 (5) (1997) pp.
		Amritavalli, The pragmatic underpinnings of syntactic competences, Journal of Pragmatics 29 (6) (1998) pp.
	elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/03782166/viewer.htt?viewtype=authors&... (440 words)

	Entailment - TheBestLinks.com - Linguistics, Propositional calculus, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pragmatics, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Entailment - TheBestLinks.com - Linguistics, Propositional calculus, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pragmatics,...
		Entailment, Linguistics, Propositional calculus, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a...
		This is a disambiguation page, i.e., a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Entailment.html (130 words)

	pragmatics \| TutorGig.co.uk - The Tutorial Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study..., including social, environmental, and psychological factors.
		Methodology and pres..." >Pragmatics, pragmatics linguistics, entailment is the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one...
		Pragmatics of Human Communication: Study of Interactional Patterns, Pa..
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /searchweb.jsp?keywords=pragmatics (298 words)

	[No title]
		Semantics is concerned with the literal meaning of words and sentences, while pragmatics analyzes the contributions of context to the final interpretation of sentences.
		Conversational implicatures resemble semantic entailment in that you can construct a relation between two propositions that is either an entailment or an implicature.
		The main difference between implicature and entailment is that you can cancel an implicature, but not an entailment.
	www.ku.edu /~pyersqr/Ling331/Kearns11.htm (2139 words)

	LING 728/SCCC 455E
		The entailment in 11 (c) is going to depend on what the adjective ‘yellow’ is referred to.
		Mila has a nice outlay of entailment vs. presupposition vs. implicature.
		This problem, (possibly gappy truth value) leads many pragmatists to say that presuppositions (unlike entailments) are contextually founded and are more correctly examined in the realm of pragmatics, which allows presuppositions to work under the guise of accommodation.
	www.cas.sc.edu /ling/faculty/dubinsky/Ling728/lecturenotes/1-23-LING728-notes.htm (891 words)

	The Pragmatics of Word Meaning - Lascarides, Copestake (ResearchIndex)
		We'll show that this persistence can be exploited by the pragmatic component, to reason about when...
		Lascarides, A. and A. Copestake (1995b) `The pragmatics of word meaning' in M. Simons and T. Galloway (eds.), Semantics and Linguistic Theory V, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, pp.
		38 Commonsense Entailment: A Modal Theory of Nonmonotonic Reaso..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /172690.html (646 words)

	Presupposition - TheBestLinks.com - Linguistics, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pragmatics, Discourse, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Presupposition - TheBestLinks.com - Linguistics, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pragmatics, Discourse,...
		Presupposition, Linguistics, TheBestLinks.com:Find or fix a stub, Pragmatics...
		In Pragmatics (Linguistics): Implicit assumptions about the world.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Presupposition.html (190 words)

	What's Happening: Linguistics Colloquia, Linguistics Dept., WCAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This talk is about entailment relations, as defined in truth conditional semantics, and their role in explanations of developmental phenomena.
		Here, I will consider the explanatory role of entailment relations as instantiated in a version of the well-known subset principle, called the Semantic Subset Principle (SSP) (Crain, Ni, Conway, 1994; Crain and Thornton, 1998).
		I will show that there are a lot of reasons why one might want to get rid of the SSP as a learnability principle, while at the same time, there seem to be good reasons why one might want to preserve the insight on which the SSP is built.
	www.cas.northwestern.edu /linguistics/happening/musolino.html (196 words)

	[No title]
		The concepts of implicature and entailment can provide an interesting outlook on the world of advertising.
		Step A: Does X entail Y? Step B: Could the speaker believe Y? Advertisers are aware of this relationship, but often make it purposefully difficult to distinguish what is entailed from what is implicated.
		Advertisers are usually only responsible for the entailments of a particular ad.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/glord/lin/Files8.4and8.5outline.doc (337 words)

	entailment - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Entailment : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include entailment: knowledge under entailment, metaphorical entailment
		Words similar to entailment: deduction, entail, implication, more...
	www.onelook.com /cgi-bin/cgiwrap/bware/dofind.cgi?word=entailment (165 words)

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