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Topic: Enterovirus

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	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch
		Enterovirus infections are suspected to play a role in the development of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes).
		Newborns infected with an enterovirus may rarely develop severe illness and die from infection (see below: "What are the risks of enterovirus infections in pregnancy?").
		The health care costs from enterovirus infections are unknown, but a large portion of the costs may come from use of over-the-counter medications to treat symptoms for millions of cases of "summer colds" and "flu" caused by enteroviruses.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/non-polio_entero.htm (1038 words)

	Enterovirus Epidemic Taiwan 1998
		The mode of transmission of enterovirus 71 is assumed to be oral-fecal and/or respiratory.
		In view of the severity of the symptomatic cases this year there is unusual interest in a study of the risk factors contributing to disease, and to deaths caused by enterovirus type 71.
		A popular theory of this epidemic is that the virulence and altered clinical manifestations of enterovirus type 71 are due to mutations of the virus.
	www.vadscorner.com /entero1.html (988 words)

	Another Mystery Enterovirus Kills Children In Vietnam (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterovirus killed 50 children and hospitalized another 253 in Taiwan in 1998, and deaths from the disease were also reported in Australia in 1999.
		Human enterovirus 71 infection is associated normally with hand, foot and mouth disease in children, but occasionally can be responsible for neurological disease in an appreciable number of children.
		Human enterovirus 71 was responsible for the outbreak in Taiwan in 1998 referred to above, and presumably the same virus is suspected as the cause of the current outbreak in Vietnam.
	www.rense.com /general37/another.htm (588 words)

	ARUP: Enterovirus Detection by RT-PCR (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the neonate, the incidence of enterovirus infections may be as high as 13 percent and severe morbidity and mortality may ensue related to sepsis, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, and/or hepatitis.
		Enterovirus infection in the neonate is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, irritability, and poor feeding.
		In 1974, enterovirus 71 was discovered after a series of patients presented with severe neurologic disease.
	www.aruplab.com /guides/clt/tests/clt_a237.jsp (978 words)

	Enterovirus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterovirus 71 is known to have been responsible for large outbreaks of acute paralysis involving hundreds of individuals, mostly children.
		Enterovirus 70 was the cause of the original pandemic of AHC that was first recognized in the late 60’s (widely referred as “Apollo 11 disease” after the NASA space mission of 1969) and spread globally during the early 70’s.
		The “direct hit” theory of acute enterovirus infection of the pancreatic islets or surrounding acinar tissue derives support form postmortem isolation of coxsackievirus serotypes B4 and B5 form pancreatic tissue of children dying of ketoacidosis as their initial manifestation of IDDM.
	home.coqui.net /myrna/virus.htm (1949 words)

	NEJM -- An Epidemic of Enterovirus 71 Infection in Taiwan
		NEJM -- An Epidemic of Enterovirus 71 Infection in Taiwan
		In 1998 an epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection
		is not an invariable sequela of enterovirus 71 infection.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/full/341/13/929 (3827 words)

	www.infeksiyon.org - Turkish Infectious Web Site
		Enterovirus RNA was found only in one case woman (0.3%) of the subgroup of samples and in 5.7% of 70 IgM-positive women.
		The aim of the present study was to test whether enterovirus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring by analyzing larger series of pregnant mothers whose child subsequently manifested with type 1 diabetes.
		Enterovirus RNA was found in serum by RT-PCR in one case mother (0.7%) in a subgroup of 152 case and 152 control mothers randomly selected from series 2.
	www.infeksiyon.org /en/Detail_en.asp?Ctg=4&Article=698 (3588 words)

	Maternal First-Trimester Enterovirus Infection and Future Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Exposed Fetus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterovirus RNA was found only in one case woman (0.3%) of the subgroup of samples and in 5.7% of 70 IgM-positive women.
		The results suggest that enterovirus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is not associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes in the child.
		The aim of the present study was to test whether enterovirus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy is a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring by analyzing larger series of pregnant mothers whose child subsequently manifested with type 1 diabetes.
	www.vaccinationnews.com /DailyNews/August2002/MaternalFirstTrimester29.htm (640 words)

	Aseptic Meningitis Outbreak Associated With Echovirus 9 Among Recreational Vehicle Campers, Connecticut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterovirus activity typically peaks in temperate climates during the summer and early fall.
		Enterovirus infections usually are mild illnesses; a small proportion result in aseptic meningitis.
		Enterovirus is shed in the saliva and feces of infected persons.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=12026 (1396 words)

	Enterovirus references (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Enterovirus 68 is associated with respiratory illness and shares biological features with both the enteroviruses and the rhinoviruses.
		Identification of a new strain of a fastedious enterovirus 70 as the causative agent of an outbreak of hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
		An outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan 1998: a comprehensive pathological, virological, and molecular study on a case of fulminant encephalitis.
	www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk /virus/picornaviridae/Enterovirus/Enterovirus_seq_references.htm (4408 words)

	Enterovirus infections
		Exanthems is the medical term for rashes, and enterovirus is the number one cause of summer and fall rashes in children.
		The overall outlook for enterovirus infection depends on the organs involved, and the immune condition of the individual patient.
		A 2003 study found that enterovirus infections can increase the risk of type 1 diabetes in children who are genetically predisposed to diabetes.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/common/standard/transform.jsp?requestURI=/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/enterovirus_infections.jsp&mode=print (1477 words)

	ENTEROVIRUS CONSENSUS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The ENTEROVIRUS CONSENSUS kit allows RNA purification, reverse transcription, amplification, and detection of samples for which the status Enterovirus positive or Enterovirus negative is determined by using a generic probe.
		The ENTEROVIRUS CONSENSUS kit allows Enterovirus-specific genome detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and stool specimens using hybridization in a microtiter plate with a biotinylated probe after amplification.
		In temperate climates Enterovirus infections occur seasonally and are particularly common infections in children and adolescents.
	www.argene.com /english/products/mol_biol/Entero.htm (395 words)

	Cecil Textbook of Medicine : />
		Enterovirus 70, a new enterovirus isolated from patients during the initial pandemic of AHC that began in Ghana in 1969, has been responsible for tens of millions of cases that have occurred in widespread epidemics during the past 25 years.
		In addition to being a naturally occurring, temperature-sensitive enterovirus that causes disease at its portal of entry and is not transmitted by the fecal-oral route, it has an exceptionally broad host range.
		Neutralizing antibodies to enterovirus 70 have been detected in animal sera from Japan and West Africa collected before 1969, indicating that enterovirus 70 or a very similar virus was circulating in animals before the first appearance of AHC in humans.
	www.merckmedicus.com /ppdocs/us/common/cecils/chapters/373_034.htm (309 words)

	Enterovirus myocarditis as a cause of neonatal collapse -- Inwald et al. 89 (5): F461 -- Archives of Disease in ...
		Enterovirus myocarditis as a cause of neonatal collapse -- Inwald et al.
		Diagnosis of enterovirus infection was by detection of enterovirus
		Enterovirus sequences resembling coxsackievirus A2 detected in stool and spleen from a girl with fatal myocarditis.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/89/5/F461 (863 words)

	Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of enterovirus infections
		The non-polio enteroviruses (group A and B coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enteroviruses) continue to be responsible for a wide spectrum of disease in persons of all ages, although infection and illness occur most commonly in infants and young children.
		An epidemic of enterovirus 71 infection in Taiwan.
		Evaluation of an enterovirus group-specific anti-VP1 monoclonal antibody, 5D8/1, in comparison with neutralization and PCR for rapid identification of enteroviruses in cell culture.
	www.uptodate.com /patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=viral_in/13577 (1889 words)

	Getting to Know Enterovirus Better
		Four major outbreaks of Enterovirus 71 infection in the world were traced respectively to Bulgaria in 1975, Hungary in 1978, Malaysia in 1997 and Taiwan in 1998.
		Enterovirus 71 mainly accounted for the severe cases of infection and illness, followed by coxsackievirus.
		Increase in the cases of enterovirus infection was usually noted during the second half of March.
	www.doh.gov.tw /ufile/doc/Getting_to_Know_Enterovirus_Better.htm (2083 words)

	Enterovirus INFECTION
		Polioviruses are also included in the term “enterovirus,” but they have been eradicated from the United States by vaccination.
		Persons with no symptoms of illness who are infected with an enterovirus can infect other persons who may or may not become ill after they become infected.
		For persons who become ill with an enterovirus, most develop symptoms of a cold, an influenza-like illness with fever and muscle aches, or an illness with a rash.
	www.nlv.ch /Enterovirus/Enteroinfection.htm (705 words)

	iVillage Total Health > Health Guide Detail
		In most cases, people who become infected with an enterovirus do not become ill. Those who do become sick often have relatively mild symptoms similar to those associated with a common cold or the flu.
		Between 10 million and 15 million cases of symptomatic enterovirus infections are reported in the United States each year, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
		In the United States, enterovirus infections are most likely to occur in the summer and autumn.
	yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com /enterovirus-infection.html (475 words)

	Enteroviruses - DrGreene.com
		Enterovirus infections can happen any time of the year, but summer and early fall are the main enterovirus seasons.
		During enterovirus season, these viruses are the main cause of rash-illnesses in children.
		Enterovirus infections are usually suspected based on the history and physical exam.
	www.drgreene.com /21_1081.html (576 words)

	www.kansascity.com \| 05/05/2008 \| China: Hand, foot and mouth spreading
		One of the doctors in Taihe county had injected it into 17 children, Xinhua said. Two doctors in Fuyang, were given demerits for failing to properly examine a patient after the patient came in with a fever and vomiting, Xinhua said.
		Though nearly all the deaths have been blamed on enterovirus 71, also known as EV-71, it was not immediately clear how many of the overall infections were traced to the virus.
		Enterovirus causes a severe form of hand, foot and mouth disease with symptoms including fever, mouth sores and rashes with blisters.
	www.kansascity.com /451/story/605886.html (896 words)

	Enterovirus 71 « MicrobiologyBytes
		Enterovirus replication begins in the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract but once the virus is present in the bloodstream may affect various tissues and organs, causing a variety of diseases.
		No specific antiviral agents are currently available for treatment of enterovirus infections, although intravenous administration of immune globulin may have a use in preventing severe disease in immunocompromised individuals or those with life-threatening disease.
		Transmission of enterovirus infections is increased by poor hygiene and overcrowded living conditions.
	microbiologybytes.wordpress.com /2008/05/12/enterovirus-71 (946 words)

	Enterovirus RNA RT-PCR
		The enteroviruses include over 70 distinct serotypes (coxsackie A and B, echoviruses, polioviruses and enterovirus types 68-71) and are associated with a broad spectrum of disease.
		The unnecessary and prolonged hospitalization and use of antibiotics/antiviral treatment often accompany enterovirus infections, especially in infants and children.
		This is because of the similarity of enterovirus disease in clinical presentation to other bacteria and viruses.
	www.viromed.com /services/cts/mbtests/ent.htm (600 words)

	Enterovirus
		Enterovirus infections are encountered during late summer and early fall.
		The target tissue infected by the enterovirus determines the predominant disease caused by the virus.
		This is of particular importance in day-care centers, where agents that are spread by the fecal-oral route are of particular concern.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedED/mech/cases/case28/entero.htm (560 words)

	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch
		Most newborns infected with an enterovirus have mild illness, but, in rare cases, they may develop an overwhelming infection of many organs, including liver and heart, and die from the infection.
		Usually, the physician can distinguish between HFMD and other causes of mouth sores based on the age of the patient, the pattern of symptoms reported by the patient or parent, and the appearance of the rash and sores on examination.
		A throat swab or stool specimen may be sent to a laboratory to determine which enterovirus caused the illness.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/revb/enterovirus/hfhf.htm (1263 words)

	[No title]
		The disease is suspected to be [caused by an] enterovirus, the Lao Dong (Labour) trade union newspaper quoted the Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City as saying.
		Officials said it did not appear to be _Human enterovirus 71_, which killed 30 children in Malaysia in 1997 and more than 50 children in Taiwan in 1998 [and is currently responsible for an extensive outbreak in Sarawak.
		If human enterovirus 71 infection has indeed been excluded, a statement of the evidence for involvement of a different enterovirus would be welcomed.
	www.promedmail.org /pls/askus/f?p=2400:1202:431311::NO::F2400_P1202_CHECK_DISPLAY,F2400_P1202_PUB_MAIL_ID:X,21421 (448 words)

	Pan-Enterovirus Reagent (Blend), ~125 tests, included in kit #3365 : 3360
		Establishing an association between an enterovirus and a particular disease in a patient requires laboratory confirmation of infection by isolation of the virus or documentation of specific serologic response in a properly timed specimen.
		The identification of the enterovirus isolates help in the prevention, treatment and understanding of the enterovirus illnesses, and even discovery of new virus isolates.
		As an alternative, a presumptive identification of an enterovirus may be done by screening culture isolates with an immunofluorescent screening reagent.
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=3360 (1052 words)

	Enterovirus
		CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that the detection of enterovirus RNA in the myocardium of patients with heart muscle disease at the time of initial investigation is associated with an adverse prognosis and that the presence of enterovirus RNA is an independent predictor of clinical outcome.
		Because Enterovirus infection was predictive of a poor prognosis in these two patients, molecular studies are useful in excluding viral involvement in native hearts of transplanted patients.
		A single-tube real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay for enterovirus detection in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was developed based on a fluorogenic probe and primers directed to highly conserved sequences in the 5' untranslated region of the enterovirus genome.
	www.thedoctorsdoctor.com /diseases/enterovirus.htm (3431 words)

	Enterovirus infection of the stomach in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis -- Kerr 61 (1): 1 -- Journal ...
		Enterovirus infection of the stomach in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis -- Kerr 61 (1): 1 -- Journal of Clinical Pathology
		Enterovirus infection of the stomach in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis
		Chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with chronic enterovirus infection of the stomach.
	jcp.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/61/1/1 (1149 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Sentinel surveillance for human enterovirus 71 in Sarawak, Malaysia: lessons from the ...
		From this early set of specimens, we were able to isolate an enterovirus from 44% of the throat swabs, 40% of the rectal swabs, 44% of the mouth ulcers and 66% of the vesicle swabs.
		Since throat swabs provided a reasonably high yield of enterovirus isolates, we made the decision in 2000, to require throat swabs as the primary specimen from the sentinel clinics, with vesicle swabs where possible, while rectal swabs were not required.
		The dominant enterovirus serotype isolated during both the outbreaks was HEV71 as shown in the middle panel of Figure 1.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/6/180 (5629 words)

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