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	Entoptic phenomena in contemporary art
		Entoptic visions represent a pan-human, biological phenomenon, experienced by people in not only all types of cultures, but under dozens of types of influences referred to under one as altered states of consciousness, provoked by factors as sensory deprivation, hypoglycemia, migraine or intoxication.
		Entoptic visions are frequently seen by children and perfectly normal people as for instance migraine-sufferers; they are not related to any mental disorder and may also be provoked by certain eye diseases.
		To understand entoptic visions and how they relate to the arts it is therefore necessary to study both the research and testimonials of entoptic visions, to get an idea of the general scenery rather than the single elements, and observe works of art that correspond to these descriptions.
	www.entopticart.com (7468 words)

	Entoptic phenomenon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Entoptic phenomena are visual effects whose source is within the eye itself.
		The phenomenon appears as one or more light disks crossed by dark blurry lines (the shadows of the lashes) each having fringes of spectral colour.
		The disk shape is given by the circular aperture of the pupil.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entoptic_phenomenon (668 words)

	Entoptic phenomenon
		However, like optical illusions or hallucinations, the observer of an entoptical effect cannot give others a direct view of what he or she observes.
		During the 1920s, some theosophists, unaware of the physical explanation, maintained that the moving spots seen in the blue field entoptic phenomenon were "vitality globules" related to the concept of prana in yoga.
		The blue field entoptic phenomenon has the appearance of tiny bright dots moving rapidly along squiggly lines in the visual field.
	www.mrsci.com /Opthamology/Entoptic_phenomenon.php (425 words)

	Blue field entoptic phenomenon
		The blue field entoptic phenomenon or Scheerer's phenomenon is the appearance of tiny bright dots moving quickly along squiggly lines in the visual field, especially when looking into blue light (such as the sky).
		These dots are due to the white blood cells that move in the capillaries in front of the retina of the eye, near the macula.
		Scheerer's phenomenon should not be confused with "floaters" or muscae volitantes, which are larger and darker structures that usually move slower and along straight lines; they are due to debris floating in the vitreous humor of the eye.
	www.mrsci.com /Opthamology/Blue_field_entoptic_phenomenon.php (288 words)

	Vision
		This is closely related to the phenomenon called the persistence of vision, which is used in animation and cinema.
		The autokinetic effect is a phenomenon of human visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.
		The direction of the movements does not appear to be correlated with the involuntary eye movements, but may be determined by errors between eye position and that specified by efference copy of the movement signals sent to the extraocular muscles.
	www.shortopedia.com /V/I/Vision (1667 words)

	Phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, when the phenomenon is due to an underlying disease, there may be multiple episodes of painful digital ulcerations or gangrene phenomenon and systemic involvement affecting the length of life.
		Physical phenomenon - A physical phenomenon is a phenomenon that is describable by physics and involved with some form of matter, energy, or spacetime.
		Blue field entoptic phenomenon - The blue field entoptic phenomenon or Scheerer's phenomenon is the appearance of tiny bright dots moving quickly along squiggly lines in the visual field, especially when looking into blue light (such as the sky).
	charlottesports.usamsoc.com /phenomenon.html (881 words)

	Floater - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Floaters, or muscae volitantes (Latin: "flying flies"), are entoptic phenomena characterized by shadow-like shapes which appear singly or together with several others in one's field of vision.
		(If the pinhole is kept moving slowly in small circles, the same technique evokes an interesting entoptic effect known as the vascular figure, which is a view of the blood vessels within one's own eye).
		Yet now he will be firmly persuaded that these corpuscles have developed as the result of his ocular ailment, although the truth simply is that, owing to his ailment, the patient has been paying more attention to visual phenomena.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Floater (935 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> floater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The perception of floaters is known as myodesopsia, or less commonly as myiodeopsia, myiodesopsia, or myodeopsia.
		When observed subjectively, floaters are entoptic phenomena characterized by shadow-like shapes which appear singly or together with several others in one's field of vision.
		Blue field entoptic phenomenon, alias Scheerer's phenomenon - tiny bright dots moving quickly in the visual field.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/floater (1505 words)

	Retina - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light.
		This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon (or Scheerer's phenomenon).
		Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Retina (1953 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> phosphene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A phosphene is an entoptic phenomenon characterized by the sensation of seeing light.
		Phosphene's are caused by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the retina or visual cortex as well as random firing of cells in the visual system.
		They argued, among other things, that non-figurative art of the Upper Paleolithic depicts actual visions of phosphenes and neurological "form constants", probably enhanced by hallucinogenic drugs.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/phosphene (503 words)

	Entoptic Imagery in People and Their Art
		Entoptic imagery in art, associated with trance states in their broadest interpretation including dream states, is a pan-human phenomenon.
		This paper reviews the literature on entoptic imagery and concludes that it is indeed a pan-human phenomenon which is stimulated by a wide variety of circumstances including various medical conditions, sensory deprivation, hallucinogenic drug use, trance dancing and other means which are described.
		Because entoptic imagery is universal to humanity, it is liable to appear in the art of peoples with a variety of types of cultures.
	home.comcast.net /~markk2000/thurston/thesis.html (15368 words)

	Eye Floaters » Floaters » The entoptic Phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The entoptic phenomenon (part of Scheerer's phenomenon and sometimes referred to as the entopic phenomenon which is a common spelling mistake) is when you one can actually visualise blood flow through the retinal blood vessels.
		These "moving holes" in the blood are made visible whenever we stare at a uniformly illuminated surface.
		The entoptic phenomenon can be seen especially observed when looking at a bright blue sky.
	www.eye-floaters.com /entopicphenom.php (323 words)

	Haidinger's Brush Encyclopedia Article @ Glanced.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Haidinger's brush is an entoptic phenomenon first described by Austrian physicist Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in 1846.
		The small proportion of circularly arranged molecules accounts for the faintness of the phenomenon.
		Another contributor to the phenomenon may be that the cone's outer layer is birefringent.
	www.glanced.net /encyclopedia/Haidinger's_brush (1016 words)

	Phosphene Encyclopedia Article @ Glanced.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A phosphene is an entoptic phenomenon characterized by the sensation of light from mechanical, electrical, or magnetic stimulation of the eye's retina, or from random firing of cells in the visual system, rather than from light.
		The most common phosphenes are pressure phosphenes, caused by rubbing the closed eyes.
		Phosphenes can also be elicited (less commonly) by various diseases of the retina and nerves.
	www.glanced.org /encyclopedia/Phosphene (593 words)

	Measurement of retinal blood flow in diabetes by the blue-light entoptic phenomenon -- Fallon et al. 70 (1): 43 -- ...
		Measurement of retinal blood flow in diabetes by the blue-light entoptic phenomenon -- Fallon et al.
		Measurement of retinal blood flow in diabetes by the blue-light entoptic phenomenon
		The blue-light entoptic phenomenon was used to measure retinal
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/70/1/43 (237 words)

	Blue field entoptic phenomenon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scheerer's phenomenon should not be confused with "floaters" or muscae volitantes.
		Scheerer's phenomenon is distinguished by the appearance of multiple, identical-looking bright dots that follow each other rapidly along the same path.
		Floaters are variable in appearance; although they sometimes are dots, they often have the appearance of threads or shreds of crumpled cellophane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blue_field_entoptic_phenomenon (362 words)

	LPS-induced microvascular leukocytosis can be assessed by blue-field entoptic phenomenon -- Kolodjaschna et al. 287 ...
		In the present study, we hypothesized that the blue-field entoptic
		Effects of LPS on variables assessed with the blue-field entoptic technique and leukocyte counts 4 h after LPS administration (protocol 2; n = 6 subjects).
		Riva CE and Petrig B. Blue field entoptic phenomenon and blood velocity in the retinal capillaries.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/287/2/H691 (2541 words)

	Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Blue field entoptic phenomenon in cataract patients, June 1979, Sinclair et al. 97 (6): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Blue field entoptic phenomenon in cataract patients, June 1979, Sinclair et al.
		The blue field entoptic phenomenon (BFE), which allows the observation of
		color perception, and the Purkinje vascular entoptic phenomenon.
	archopht.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/97/6/1092 (151 words)

	Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Blue field entoptic test in patients with ocular trauma, March 1981, Sinclair et al. 99 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Arch Ophthalmol -- Abstract: Blue field entoptic test in patients with ocular trauma, March 1981, Sinclair et al.
		The blue field entoptic test was applied to study macular function in 32
		test is based on the entoptic phenomenon, whereby one can observe one's own
	archopht.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/abstract/99/3/464 (131 words)

	floaters - why? - Message Board - ezboard.com
		The fireworks are a type of entoptic phenomenon where you see the white blood cells in your eyes.
		It may also be possible that there actually is a distinction between entoptic phenomenon and entopic (no t) phenomenon.
		When I search entoptic phenomenon, I get a different set of links in google, but a lot of them refer to the same thing.
	p221.ezboard.com /fhppd44118frm1.showNextMessage?topicID=1730.topic (2535 words)

	The Citizen Scientist
		The exact physiological basis of this entoptic phenomenon is not yet settled, but investigators have discovered some good clues, as described later.
		Although the brush is centered on the center of the visual field, its size is much larger than the fovea, the region of the retina where we see images with the highest resolution.
		Thus, the phenomenon must originate in the surrounding macular area of the retina.
	www.sas.org /tcs/weeklyIssues_2005/2005-08-12/feature1 (1225 words)

	Effects of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor on Retinal Leukocyte and Erythrocyte Flux in the Human Retina -- ...
		The blue-field entoptic phenomenon can be seen best by having
		this phenomenon is caused by the fact that red, but not white,
		regarding the source of the blue-field entoptic phenomenon were
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/5/1520 (2708 words)

	Hypnagogic? \| Ask MetaFilter
		I have no idea how I would replicate it, since part of this phenomenon (for me, at least) is that there is no sense of depth or scale at all.
		Entoptic phenomena, possibly induced by rhythmic driving, flickering light, migraines, drugs, etc are one of the hotter current explanations for global uniformities in prehistoric rock art patterning, such as chevrons, dots, grids, etc. Dated overview, another slightly dated reference with pictures.
		Basic idea is behaviours associated with shamanism or rituals such as drumming, dancing, flickering light can induce these phenomena and they were included into rock art which may be a representation of such experiences.
	ask.metafilter.com /mefi/15846 (3305 words)

	Biomedical Engineering at Tufts University
		This is known as the blue-field entoptic phenomenon.
		Knowing the density and speed of these leukocytes, one can investigate, in vivo, the subject's retinal blood flow and therefore may be able to develop a diagnostic method for glaucoma, ocular hypertension and diabetes.
		In the study of the effect of the IOP that is increased artificially we discovered a phenomenon called "curtain phenomenon" which may be an important element in this study.
	www.ece.tufts.edu /~vanvo/biomed.html (3992 words)

	MEASUREMENTS OF LEUCOCYTE CHARACTERISTICS EVOKED BY BLUE FIELD ENTOPTIC PHENOMENON: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ...
		MEASUREMENTS OF LEUCOCYTE CHARACTERISTICS EVOKED BY BLUE FIELD ENTOPTIC PHENOMENON: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUPERIMPOSING AND A
		MEASUREMENTS OF LEUCOCYTE CHARACTERISTICS EVOKED BY BLUE FIELD ENTOPTIC PHENOMENON: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUPERIMPOSING AND ALTERNATING PARADIGMS.
		Purpose: A previous study suggested novel paradigms for measuring the speeds and numbers of leucocytes perceived in the perifoveal retinal capillaries by the blue field entoptic phenomenon (Ref. 1).
	www.ece.tufts.edu /~vanvo/Arvo95A.htm (395 words)

	Editors Selection 7-1 - Part III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A prerequisite of this method is that the patients can handle the device properly and are able to notice the phosphenes as they take place.
		The authors found that about 70% of the patients studied here were able to notice the entoptic phenomenon, 8% could see it in one eye only, and 19% did not see it in either eye.
		Not only is the handling rather demanding, but patients may be pretending to see the phenomenon and the data collected may be confusing not only the patients.
	www.glaucom.com /Editors_Selection/7-1/ES_7-1_b.php (3277 words)

	eMedicine - Cataract, Senile : Article by Vicente Victor D Ocampo, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At times, the nuclear changes are concentrated in the inner layers of the lens, resulting in a refractile area in the center of the lens, which often is seen best within the red reflex by retinoscopy or direct ophthalmoscopy.
		Such a phenomenon may lead to monocular diplopia that is not corrected with spectacles, prisms, or contact lenses.
		While the photostress recovery test is a semiquantitative estimate of macular function, both blue-light entoptoscopy and Purkinje entoptic phenomenon are subjective means of evaluating macular integrity.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic49.htm (7599 words)

	Evaluation of the Zeiss retinal vessel analyser -- Polak et al. 84 (11): 1285 -- British Journal of Ophthalmology
		and density were measured with the blue field entoptic technique.
		The blue field entoptic phenomenon can best be seen
		flow measured with the blue field entoptic technique, were calculated.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/84/11/1285 (3819 words)

	Ritual
		Hunting magic or the ability to predict and influence in a positive way the outcome of a hunt is often found in the realm of a shaman.
		And it is in the context of the shaman or shamanic trance that the zigzag design on the Cooper bison skull finds its place among universal design elements often attributed to phosphenes and entoptic phenomenon.
		But whether it is the universality of the zigzag design, use of hematite, or association with a major subsistence act, the Cooper bison skull provides evidence of ritual in Folsom culture.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /B/Leland.C.Bement-1/Ritual.html (1698 words)

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