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Topic: Entrenchments

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	Battle of Petersburg
		When the Army of the Potomac was led to the south side of the James River (June 14–16, 1864), it began immediate operations against Petersburg, which was then the strong defense of Richmond.
		At the middle of June, a large portion of the Army of Northern Virginia was holding the city and the surrounding entrenchments, and a great part of the Army of the Potomac, with the command of Smith upon its right, confronted the Confederates.
		The Union army lay in front of a formidable line of redans and redoubts, with lines of entrenchments and abatis, altogether 40 miles in length, extending from the left bank of the Appomattox around to the western side of Petersburg, and to and across the James to the northeastern side of Richmond.
	www.sonofthesouth.net /leefoundation/battle-of-petersburg.htm (3484 words)

	Entrenchments (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The construction of the entrenchment was commenced in the period 1714-16.
		In reality the entrenchment could be considered as being merely a deterrent as effective manning of the entrenchment would have required a large amount of soldiers.
		This was reflected in the construction of inland Entrenchments at Falca and Naxxar Gap.
	www.educ.um.edu.mt.cob-web.org:8888 /militarymalta/html/entrenchments.html (233 words)

	The Destruction Of The Susquehanna Bridge
		The retreat of the troops, the firing of the bridge, and the shell and shot falling into the river, created a panic here, and the skedaddle continued during the night as the shelling of the town was anticipated.
		Half an hour afterwards the pickets on the turnpike, a mile from the entrenchments, were attacked and retired, followed by the enemy.
		I n a few moments three pieces of artillery were planted on the pike, about five hundred yards from the entrenchments, and three in a field to the right.
	members.cox.net /rb2307/content/Lancaster_Examiner_July_1_1863.htm (716 words)

	Fire and Fury Games' Battlefront: Kokoda Track-New Guinea 26JULY1942-Scenario 01-Action at Gorari-Overview
		Entrenchments provide a +2 defensive bonus against all fire (direct and indirect) directed against units inside them unless the attacker is in an entrenchment section adjacent to the defender, in which case there is no bonus.
		The Australian entrenchments and eastern defensive positions are on a hill that rises from the Oivi creek toward the South.
		Units in the entrenchments cannot shoot over the defensive position at enemy units on the South side of the river.
	www.fireandfury.com /extra/scenkokoda01overview.shtml (1486 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Entrenchments (strong French) Entrenchments can be built in an area if: 2 or more real units are in the area, no other move is done by any unit on the board (excluding Indian attacks, Wolfe’s cove search, intelligence roll, and bombardment of Quebec) and a 3-6 is rolled on a 1D6.
		The entrenchment is marked on the roster sheet in the desired position.
		Entrenchments are destroyed if the area is taken by the enemy.
	grognard.com /info1/quebec.doc (2657 words)

	The Royal Artillery in New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		An engagement took place on the 22nd February, at Rangiawhia, in which the natives' entrenchments were assaulted and taken by the 50th Regiment, whose advance was covered by the firing of the two 6-pounder Armstrong's, manned by detachments of "I" Battery.
		Just after the assault on the Maori entrenchments at Rangiawhia had succeeded, and while the natives were dispersing in all directions, they were charged by the mounted corps of Royal Artillery, under Lieut.
		Their mode of fortification was something similar to that adopted at Rangiriri, but obstacles were now placed in front of the ditches and pits from which they fired, and these pits communicated with the interior of the pah by means of covered ways leading under the parapets.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-conflicts-periods/other/ra-in-nz.htm (8428 words)

	Cynthiana Democrat: Harrison County's Online News Source
		The commission voted unanimously for the 6.8 acres of Burrier's property containing the entrenchments to be bought and preserved, pending acquisition of funding.
		“...field observations confirmed the survival of what appear to be fortification entrenchments along the south-facing military crest of the hill south of the driveway to the Burrier house...”(page 97).
		Burrier's opportunity to develop the remainder of his land, but we feel strongly that the area containing the entrenchments should be preserved and we will continue to support its preservation,” Owen said.
	www.cynthianademocrat.com /articles/2006/05/18/news/news02.txt (684 words)

	NPS Source Book: Yorktown
		The siege operations of the eighteenth century were conducted according to a set pattern.
		When the most advantageous ground had been chosen and marked, the besiegers began digging a line of entrenchments facing the besieged position at a distance of from 800 to 1,000 yards, convenient range for the artillery of that day.
		This line of entrenchments, in which batteries were erected, was known as the "first parallel." In planning the siege of Yorktown, the allied engineers chose for the first parallel a line from the head of a deep ravine, which half encircled the town on the left, to the York River on the right.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/source/sb1/sb1g.htm (543 words)

	Fire and Fury Games' Battlefront: Kokoda Track-29AUG1942-Scenario 05-Overview
		The entrenchments don't have to be single/double element ones as shown on the map, obviously use what you have available.
		I would suggest having the stand capacity of the entrenchments in each deployment area the same as shown on the map, as that it is what the scenario was tested with.
		Note that the inner entrenchments should be no more than 3" behind the outer ones, so they provide supporting fire to the rear of the outer entrenchments (1" enemy stand width; 2" moving enemy in dense terrain).
	www.fireandfury.com /extra/scenkokoda05overview.shtml (2013 words)

	Trench warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The foundation of modern land warfare lies in semiautonomous small teams (such as the fire team) and places a large emphasis on rapid communication and allowing smaller units to exercise initiative.
		At the start of the Battle of Berlin, the last major assault of World War II, the Russians attacked over the river Oder against German troops dug in on the Seelow Heights, which are about 50 km east of Berlin.
		Entrenchment allowed the Germans, who were massively outnumbered, to survive a barrage from the largest concentration of artillery in history; it also allowed the Germans to inflict tens of thousands of casualties on the Soviets, thanks to the marshy land which lay between the river and the heights, before being driven west.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trench_warfare (9311 words)

	SSRN-Symmetric Entrenchment: A Constitutional and Normative Theory by Michael Rappaport, John McGinnis
		In this article, we defend the traditional rule that legislative entrenchment, the practice by which a legislature insulates ordinary statutes from repeal by a subsequent legislature, is both unconstitutional and normatively undesirable.
		First, we argue that legislative entrenchment is unconstitutional, offering the first comprehensive defense of the proposition that the original meaning of the Constitution prohibits legislative entrenchments.
		To be desirable entrenchments must generally be symmetric, because the supermajority rule that is applied to the enactment of entrenched measures would improve the quality of these measures and therefore compensate for the additional dangers that entrenchments pose.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=417263 (479 words)

	The Infamous Union Attack
		Grant wrongly believed that Lee's army was demoralized and on the verge of collapse, and neither he nor Meade visited the front to investigate the situation.
		Follow the entrenchments across the road as they somewhat angle back toward the creek.
		Nearby entrenchments must be Union ones built after the failed attack.
	johnsmilitaryhistory.com /cold6-3.html (995 words)

	Sarah Osborn Recollects Her Experiences in the Revolutionary War, 1837
		She heard the roar of the artillery for a number of days, and the last night the Americans threw up entrenchments, it was a misty, foggy night, rather wet but not rainy.
		Deponent’s said husband was there throwing up entrenchments, and deponent cooked and carried in beef, and bread, and coffee {in a gallon pot) to the soldiers in the entrenchment.
		Deponent, having provisions ready, carried the same down to the entrenchments that morning, and four of the soldiers whom she was in the habit of cooking for ate their breakfasts.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5833 (1787 words)

	Mellieha.com - Places of Interest - Fortifications
		In the same book, the two entrenchments are inland and that is why I did find them.
		These entrenchments were built in the early 18 th century and consist of two sets of entrenchments.
		Qala tal-Misquqa entrenchments were built from rubble wall and that is why it is difficult to recognise them.
	www.mellieha.com /places_interest/fortifications/taqala.htm (185 words)

	Southern Trails Genealogical Home Page
		General Wofford ordered his men to work digging in, forming entrenchments and abatis of fallen trees, which were meant to slow any advance of the enemy.
		Colonel Henagan of Kershaw's Brigade occupied the left side of the gap, assuming part of the entrenchments abandoned earlier by the retreating Georgians.
		Fresh entrenchments were made, blending in with the natural landscape of the battlefield and surrounding woods covered hills.
	www.angelfire.com /va3/southernrites/coldharbor.html (1681 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The enemy withdrew to his entrenchments shortly after the engagement ceased.
		During the evening Hartrant's division, of the Ninth Corps, 3,200 strong, and Wheaton's division of the Sixth Corps, 4,500 strong, reported to me and were posted along the Squirrel Level road, connecting with the entrenchments of the army.
		On the morning of the 11th Gen. Smyth's division was withdrawn from its position, covering the crossing at Armstrong's Mill, and posted on the new line.
	valley.vcdh.virginia.edu /OR/hatchersrun/184thpa/Humphreys.txt (1283 words)

	Cold Harbor Discussion
		After his failure in frontal attacks against entrenchments, General Grant was justified in adopting plans which involved the turning of the entrenched position.
		He was not covered by entrenchments at the time, and he would have had to make use of a great amount of maneuvering to watch out for an all out attack along his entire line, with his left being turned.
		If the Confederates would have probed this position and then launched an assault there as the Federal troops were pinned down in front of the entrenchments on the Federal left and left center, a much worse disaster would have befallen the Federal army there.
	www.civilwarhome.com /coldharbordiscussion.htm (6466 words)

	A Campaign with Col. Doniphan. Appendices
		The entrenchments consisted of a line withintervals composed of circular redoubt, from three to fivehundred yards interval, with entrenchments between each, coveringbatteries partly masked by cavalry.
		Lieutenant Dorn had his horse shot under him by anine pound ball, at this stage of the action, and several mulesand oxen in the merchant wagons, in our rear, were wounded orkilled, which, however, was the only damage done.
		For a short time, the firing on eitherside now ceased, and the enemy appeared to be removing his cannonand wounded, whilst our line prepared to change our position, andmore towards the right, for the purpose of occupying a moreadvantageous ground.
	www.kancoll.org /books/edwards/eapp.html (2711 words)

	05 Currents: Sustainable Military Earthworks Management
		Sandbags - used to strengthen prepared entrenchments and siegeworks, often filled off-site and transported to the work under construction. A stratum of sand overlying a different base soil, particularly in an artillery work, might indicate the use of sandbags.
		Spoil - earth removed from an excavation, termed in French the déblai. The spoil provided the bulk of the remblai, that is, the material used to construct a rampart or parapet.
		Trench - usually short for entrenchment, sometimes referring to the ditch of an entrenchment or to an auxiliary entrenchment in rear of a rampart.
	www.cr.nps.gov /hps/hli/currents/earthworks/glossaryQ_Z.htm (1141 words)

	The Avalon Project : Articles of Convention Between Lieutenant-General Burgoyne and Major General Gates; October 16, ...
		The troops under Lieutenant-general Burgoyne, to march out of their camp with the honours of war, and the artillery of the entrenchments, to the verge of the river where the old fort stood, where the arms and artillery are to be left; the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers.
		Should the army under Lieutenant-general Burgoyne find it necessary to send for their clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are to be permited to do it in the most convenient manner, and the necessary passports granted for that purpose.
		These articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant-general Burgoyne are to march out of their entrenchments at three o'clock in the afternoon.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/amerrev/dipldocs/burgoyne_gates.htm (668 words)

	Inland Entrenchments (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		[Entrenchments] [Birzebbugia Entrenchments] [Armier Entrenchments] [Qawra Entrenchments] [Madliena Entrenchments] [Ghajn Tuffieha Entenchments] [Inland Entrenchments]
		Source A is taken from on of the volumes of the Archives while Source B is taken from a book on Military History.
		Below: A view from behind the entrenchment with a view of Burmarrad and the northern part of Malta.
	www.educ.um.edu.mt.cob-web.org:8888 /militarymalta/html/inland_entrenchments.html (159 words)

	[No title]
		Second, the moment that happens, the attrition rate will drop to be almost equal for Turks and Russians in that area of the battle.
		Instead the Russians, in particular those propelled by their D leader, will race towards the entrenchments and try to bash their way in, only to read a disorganisation level of 20 or 25 by 10-11am.
		Because they will be partway into the entrenchments, they will have a much more favorable attrition ratio.
	grognard.com /reviews1/plevna.txt (769 words)

	Atlanta
		On May the 12th, Deas' men were deployed in entrenchments along the right flank of the confederate army outside Resaca.
		Hindman's Division (including Deas' Brigade) remained in the entrenchments, which were described as 'a hill just beyond the road at a point where it curves slightly to the northeast'.
		On the morning of the 22nd of July, this regiment withdrew from our outer line of entrenchments, north of the Augusta Railroad, and fell back to the works around Atlanta, immediately on the south side of the Augusta Railroad, where we remained strengthening the works until about 3:00, when we were ordered forward.
	www.texramp.net /~meowen/atlanta.htm (4479 words)

	Kennesaw Mountain/National Battlefield Park \| Museum/Attraction Review \| Atlanta \| Frommers.com
		This 2,884-acre park, run by the National Park Service, was established in 1917 on the site of a crucial Civil War battle in the Atlanta campaign of 1864.
		Southern engineers had built a line of entrenchments in its rocky slopes, allowing the Confederates to cover every approach with rifle or cannon.
		On weekends, it may be too crowded to drive, but you can take a shuttle bus for a nominal fee or you can hike (the steep trail is about 2 miles round-trip, so wear comfortable shoes).
	www.frommers.com /destinations/atlanta/A21872.html (529 words)

	Gaston de Foix - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish had their backs to the Ronco River and maintained a relatively secure front thanks to the strong entrenchments and obstacles prepared by the famous engineer Pedro Navarro.
		The French army crossed the stream between Ravenna and the Spanish camp without interference, formed in a semicircle around the enemy entrenchments, and started firing from the flanks into the Spanish position.
		A bloody one-hour struggle ensued between the landsknechts and the Spanish in the entrenchments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaston_de_Foix (574 words)

	North Anna - Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The Confederate entrenchments are visible in the background of the picture.
		Behind them, officers were positioned in riflepits to manage the battle and to keep their men in line.
		These men were held off by 300 skirmishers while the Rebels completed their fortifications.
	johnsmilitaryhistory.com /anna2.html (263 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Keeping these distinctions in mind will greatly assist the planning of your movement alternatives, as you ponder the question of whether your vehicles should get into the same hexes as those various fortification types.
		ENTRENCHMENTS: Entrenchments have an important vehicle effect that will not often arise.
		Although it is not likely to come up in this scenario, rule 54.3 clearly states that neither vehicles nor anti-tank guns may be “in” entrenchments.
	home.earthlink.net /~advancephase/vehicles-fortifications.txt (609 words)

	Historical Sikh Events at Gateway to Sikhism:The First Anglo Sikh War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		By the close of first week of February, 1846, the Sikh Army had constructed formidable entrenchments about two and a half miles long on the left bank of Sutlej near Subhraon.
		Some twenty to twenty five thousand men and seventy guns were placed behind these entrenchments.
		Mounting on one another's shoulders, the attackers gained a footing on the entrenchments and as they increased in number they rushed at the Sikh guns and captured them.
	allaboutsikhs.com /events/aswar1_8.htm (1328 words)

	North Anna Campaign
		Grant wanted to wage a showdown battle with Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia away from the entrenchments the Confederates were so adept at building and defending, and he felt his opportunity would come at the North Anna River, just north of where two vital Confederate railways crossed at Hanover Junction.
		Lee was also glad to leave behind the bloody entrenchments at Spotsylvania and felt the best opportunity to attack Grant would come as the Army of the Potomac was crossing the North Anna River.
		Having the best roads and the shorter route, Lee's forces reached the river on May 22, a full day before the Union troops arrived.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /battles-campaigns/1864/640523-26.html (394 words)

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