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	Ismail Enver - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ismail Enver (November 22, 1881 in Istanbul - August 4, 1922), known to Europeans during his political career as Enver Pasha (Turkish: Enver Paşa) or Enver Bey was a Turkish military officer and a leader of the Young Turk revolution in the closing days of the Ottoman Empire.
		Enver's portfolio was minister of war and he was a strong supporter of the concept of a greater Turkish empire.
		Enver was killed in action participating in a revolt against the Bolshevik Red Army on August 4, 1922, near Baldzhuan in Turkestan (present-day Tajikistan).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ismail_Enver (467 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Enver Pasha
		Enver Pasha (1881-1922) served in the dual capacity of War Minister and Ottoman Commander-in-Chief during World War One, and was instrumental in bringing Turkey into the war on the side of the Central Powers.
		In 1914 Enver, Minister of War since replacing Izzet Pasha in February (and having conducted a purge of senior officers unsympathetic to the Young Turks), conducted secret negotiations with both Germany and Russia aimed at constructing military alliances with each.
		The arrival of the armistice and the end of the war - and with it the fall of the Young Turk administration in October 1918 - caused Enver to flee in exile to Germany.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/enver.htm (562 words)

	ENVER PASHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Enver Pasha was born, in Istanbul, in 1881.
		Enver Pasha played an important role in the recapture of Edirne by the Ottomans and he was given colonel rank and then brigadier general because of his success.
		Enver Pasha was attended to be the Harbiye Naziri (the Minister of War) by grand vizier Sait Halim Pasha’s government, in 1914.
	www.osmanli700.gen.tr /english/individuals/e3.html (350 words)

	Pasha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pasha (or pascha, bashaw; Turkish: paşa) originally from Persian padshah or padeshah meaning "king") was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors and generals.
		Three grades of pasha existed, distinguished by the number of horse-tails (three, two and one respectively) to which the bearer was entitled to display as symbols of authority when on campaign.
		Etymologists variously derive the word pasha from the Persian padshah, Turkish padishah, equivalent to "king" or "emperor", and from the Turkish bash (in some dialects pash), a "head", "chief", etc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pasha (357 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Pasha
		Pasha, title of a high-ranking officer used throughout the Ottoman Empire.
		Ismail Pasha (1830-1895), khedive of Egypt, second son of Ibrahim Pasha, born in Cairo, and educated in Paris.
		Enver Pasha (1881-1922), Turkish soldier and nationalist leader, who directed the Turkish war effort during World War I. Enver was born on November...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Pasha.html (83 words)

	The Story of Enver Pasha and his Times
		Enver Bey, who had risen in fame to be considered a leader of the revolution, proclaimed the end of arbitrary government, and the birth of geuine Ottomanism: "Henceforth, we are all brothers.
		Enver kept things warm in Tripoli, however: he ordered his Turkish troops in Tripoli to remain there until after the end of the new war in the Balkans; they could not be transferred to Turkey anyway, thanks to the Greek navy.
		However, EnverÕs connection to the Turanian regions was never made, and by October 1918, Enver evacuated his forces in Baku, Erivan, and northern Persia, as the British had already advanced to Mosul in northern Mesopotamia and on Aleppo in Northern Syria.
	www.geocities.com /enver1908 (10533 words)

	Enver Pasha Biography / Biography of Enver Pasha Biography
		The Turkish soldier Enver Pasha (1881-1922) was the dominant member of the Young Turk triumvirate ruling the Ottoman Empire during World War I. On Nov. 23, 1881, Enver Pasha was born of a Turkish father, a bridge keeper in the Black Sea town of Apana, and an Albanian mother.
		Between the wars Enver participated in the shooting of the war minister, Nazim Pasha, and the ouster of the pro-British grand vizier, Kiamil Pasha.
		Enver Pasha's later career is recounted in detail in Ulrich Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918 (1968).
	www.bookrags.com /biography-enver-pasha/index.html (568 words)

	Mass killings before 1st World War and the Genocide 1915
		Enver Pasha was one of the main players in the Massacre of 1915.
		Enver Pasha became Minister of Defence of the government formed in 1914.
		He, like Enver Pasha, was also educated at military schools as an officer and was responsible for many functions in the state.
	www.aina.org /sayfo/mass.htm (1056 words)

	Enver Pasha. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He took a prominent part in the Young Turk revolution of 1908, which reestablished the liberal constitution of 1876.
		By a coup in 1913, Enver Pasha became the virtual dictator.
		Enver Pasha was killed while leading an anti-Soviet expedition in Bukhara; his remains were returned from Tajikistan to his homeland in 1996.
	www.bartleby.com /65/en/EnverPas.html (153 words)

	[No title]
		Togan and Enver Pasha 52 Enver Pasha arrived in Bukhara and sent word that he wished to speak with me. On 2 October 1921, I met him for the first time, and upon his request provided him with the details of the circumstances in Turkistan, especially the status of the Society.
		Enver Pasha told me that he had been in Soviet Russia for over a year now; [he had seen] that the Bolsheviks were despicable people and he had come to the conclusion that it was necessary to liberate the Moslems from Red Imperialism before any other Imperialism....
		He and his friends were frightened by the documents reaching their hands, signed by Enver Pasha as "Deputy of Bukhara Emir, Son-in- Law of the Caliph of Moslems, Seyyid Enver" and the news that Enver was cooperating with the Emir.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/togan.html (12376 words)

	'The Three Pashas' killer file
		Mehmet Talât Pasha: Born in 1874 in Edirne, in eastern Thrace (the Balkan Peninsula), he is not a Turk but of Pomak descent.
		Cemal, Enver and Talât are tried in absentia by a Turkish military tribunal, found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death.
		Enver is killed in action against the Red Army on 4 August near Baldzhuan in Turkistan (present-day Tajikistan).
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/pashas.html (3247 words)

	Ottoman Empire enters WWI: 1914
		According to Rifat, Germany was not as strong as Enver Pasha perceived and considered Turkey to be merely a pawn.
		Nonetheless, Enver Pasha defied Rifat's pleas to avoid alliance with either side and took what he saw as an opportunity to claim a victory in war.
		Enver Pasha chose to ally Turkey with the Central Powers, justifying the alliance by citing Germany's early victories in the War.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/EastEurope/TurkeyCentral.html (467 words)

	An Armenian Journey: Rudy Brueggemann's documentary project in Turkey, October 2001
		Mehmet Talaat Pasha, who served as the minister of the interior of the Ottoman Empire and later its grand vizier, was perhaps the most ruthless of the Ittihad.
		He was ably assisted by Enver Pasha, minister of war, and Ahmed Jemal, minister of the navy and military governor of Syria, where Armenians died by in the tens of thousands in 1915 and 1916.
		The smaller Enver Pasha tomb was officially inaugurated on Aug. 5, 1996, a faint two years after the most recent genocide of the 20th century, in which with more than 800,000 civilians were murdered in Rwanda.
	www.rudyfoto.com /armeniastory.html (7980 words)

	ENVER PASHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ismail Enver was born in 1880, in Istanbul.
		Enver decided to recapture the lands that were lost with Berlin Treaty (1878).
		Enver did not pay attention to the warnings of Izzet Pasha (commander of the Army), despite the cold and snow he ordered an assault.
	www.canakkale.gen.tr /eng/portraits/p8.html (367 words)

	Encyclopedia: Enver Pasha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Libya to Italy and other setbacks eroded its support to the point that in July the C.U.P. was forced to yield to a political coalition called the Liberal Union, which formed a ministry.
		Enver was not directly in charge of the The Armenian Genocide (also known as the Armenian Holocaust or Armenian Massacre) was the mass forced evacuation and related deaths of hundreds of thousands or over a million Armenians during the government of the Young Turks from 1915 to 1917.
		Armenian genocide of 1915, but according to Armenian resources, on May 19, 1916, Enver declared, "The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the Lebanese.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Enver-Pasha (1156 words)

	Enver Pasha
		Enver Pasha was born in Apana in 1881.
		In 1908 Pasha was one of the three main leaders of the Young Turks that rebelled against the rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid.
		Pasha considered forming a military alliance with Britain but after a meeting with Winston Churchill in 1910 he decided to see the military support of the German Army.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWpasha.htm (208 words)

	Enver, Ismail
		Ismail Enver Pasha (1881-1922) was an instigator of the Armenian Genocide.
		A military officer, Enver was the principal proponent of Germanophile policies in the Young Turk government.
		As for Enver, in 1920 he traveled to Russia and offered his services to the new Soviet regime which sent him to quell rebellion among the Muslims of Central Asia, only to see him join the Basmaji revolt as soon as he arrived in Bukhara.
	www.armenian-genocide.org /enver.html (522 words)

	Armenian Genocide Article \| TURKEY CONDEMNS ITS WAR LEADERS
		-- Enver Pasha, Talaat Bey, and Djemal Pasha the leaders of the Turkish Government during the war, were condemned to death today by a Turkish court-martial investigating the conduct of the Turkish Government during the war period.
		Enver and his two leading associates in the Young Turk Government fled from Turkey several months ago, and their whereabouts is uncertain.
		Enver was an enthusiastic pro-German, a pupil of General von der Goitz, Whose drilling of the Turkish Army from 1910 till 1912 did not prevent it from being defeated in the latter year by the Serbs, Greeks, and Bulgars.
	www.cilicia.com /armo10c-nyt19190713.html (766 words)

	Turkey Enters the War and British Actions
		Enver maintained that, due to the continued uncertainty in the Balkans, substantial Turkish forces would have to remain in Thrace.
		If, however, Enver found that he could not persuade his colleagues to acquiesce in such a radical course the Minister for War would instruct Souchon not to open the orders - this was to be the pre-arranged signal that, to force the issue, Souchon himself would have to manufacture an incident.
		Enver had not, apparently, counted on Said Halim taking so principled a stand and the Minister for War promptly went to work: he could not afford to lose Said Halim as the Grand Vizier was a useful figurehead who might, additionally, be able to buy time by continuing to string along the Entente Powers.
	www.gwpda.org /naval/turkmill.htm (2475 words)

	Ismail Enver -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In a coup on January 23, 1913, the C.U.P. overthrew the Liberal Union coalition and introduced a military dictatorship headed by the "Three Pashas" - (additional info and facts about Cemal) Cemal, Enver and Talât.
		Turkish sources claim, however, that the demobilized Armenian soldiers were returned to (A landlocked republic in southwestern Asia; formerly an Asian soviet; modern Armenia is but a fragment of ancient Armenia which was one of the world's oldest civilizations; throughout 2500 years the Armenian people have been invaded and oppressed by their) Armenia.
		Enver was not directly in charge of the (additional info and facts about Armenian genocide) Armenian genocide of 1915, but according to Armenian resources, on May 19, 1916, Enver declared, "The Ottoman Empire should be cleaned up of the Armenians and the Lebanese.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/ismail_enver.htm (239 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Enver Pasha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Enver Pasha (1881-1922), Ottoman soldier and Turkish nationalist leader, who directed the Ottoman Empire's war effort during World War I. Enver was...
		The Young Turk reforms, which reached all areas of life, culminated in the secularization of the Muslim schools and courts and the introduction of...
		Hoxha, Enver (1908-1985), first secretary of the Albanian Workers Party (1943-1985), the most powerful position in Albania.
	encarta.msn.com /Enver_Pasha.html (108 words)

	"BASMACHI": TURKISTAN NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT 1916-1930s
		Enver also apparently joined the Ittihat ve Terakki (Union and Progress) secret organization there, one of whose primary aims was to force the Sultan of the Empire to return to Constitutional Monarchy.
		First, Enver's stay in the German Empire brought him into direct contact with the products of Institutes of Oriental studies, and the Orientalist professors themselves, especially with the proponents of "Pan-Turanianism," also called "Pan-Turanism" or "Pan- Turkism." In fact, some of those scholars were also his official sponsors and hosts.
		Enver departed from Istanbul shortly before the occupation of the Ottoman capital by the joint British, French and Italian forces in November 1918, after the Armistice.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae12.html (7854 words)

	STRAITS Chapter 9
		Nafiz was immediately seized by Enver’s bodyguard but continued to struggle to try to regain the use of his revolver and put it to more telling effect.
		Enver duly returned with one of the Imperial Chamberlains to whom Kiamil handed over his insignia as Grand Vizier.
		Enver and Talaat found themselves ‘dictators no doubt but with the surrender of Adrianople as yet uncovenanted, so that they were under the necessity of either continuing a hopeless contest or making an unpopular peace.’
	www.manorhouse.clara.net /book2/chapter9.htm (4356 words)

	STRAITS Chapter 16
		His motives for approaching the Russians have been variously ascribed: for example, ‘an obvious manoeuvre on the part of Enver Pasha to conceal the alliance with Germany [from the Russians]’[7] — though this ignores Toshev’s concerted approach with Enver on 5 August and the Bulgarian’s ‘transparent allusion’ to the existence of an understanding.
		Enver continued to defend the mobilization to Beaumont, arguing again on 6 August that its aim was to protect neutrality and guard against a Bulgarian attempt to retake Adrianople.
		Enver and Liman were apparently forestalled by the concerns of Said Halim.
	www.manorhouse.clara.net /book2/chapter16.htm (6616 words)

	Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. 1918. Chapter Twenty-Six.
		Enver spared these men not because he had the slightest interest in their cases, but simply as a personal favour to me and largely because of the whimsical manner in which I had asked it.
		Enver tried it and liked it so much that he afterward borrowed it, had one made exactly like it for himself---even including the number in one corner and adopted it for one of his regiments.
		Enver says that the Armenians are idealists, and that the moment foreigners approach and help them, they will be encouraged in their national aspirations.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/morgenthau/Morgen26.htm (5242 words)

	Armenian Genocide
		ENVER PASHA, Minister of War, who at 26, was a leader in the revolution which deposed Abdul Hamid and established the new regime of the "Young Turks".
		TALAAT PASHA, Ex-Grand Vizier of Turkey: In 1914, Talaat was Minister of the Interior, and was the most influential leader in the Committee of Union and Progress, the secret organization which controlled the Turkish Empire.
		Then in May, Minister of Internal Affairs, Talaat Pasha, claiming that the Armenians were untrustworthy, ordered their deportation to relocation centers in the deserts of Syria and Mesopotamia.
	www.armenianheritage.com /higenoci.htm (940 words)

	Carrie Eurasia Collection •• Carrie Avrasya Öbeği
		"Enver Pasha arrived in Bukhara and sent word that he wished to speak with me. On 2 October 1921, I met him for the first time, and upon his request provided him with the details of the circumstances in Turkistan, especially the status of the Society.
		"Enver Pasha was a fait accompli to the Society.
		He and his friends were frightened by the documents reaching their hands, signed by Enver Pasha as "Deputy of Bukhara Emir, Son-in-Law of the Caliph of Moslems, Seyyid Enver" and the news that Enver was cooperating with the Emir.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/cec/Basmachi_Movement.shtml (12890 words)

	cemalpasha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Enver Pasha was the son of a lowly Turkish railroad worker.
		Enver, who had recently married an Ottoman princess, became War Minister in the newly formed government.
		Control of the government was now transferred to triumvirate made up of Enver Pasha, along with Marine Minister Cemal Pasha and Interior Minister Talaat Pasha.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/enverpasha.htm (336 words)

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