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Topic: Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

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	Environment of evolutionary adaptedness - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Coined by psychoanalyist John Bowlby (1907-1990), the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA) is the sum of all selection pressures faced by an organisms ancestors in "recent" times.
		Evolutionary psychologists equate the human EEA with the Pleistocene, arguing that the complex set of mental adaptations proposed by the modular theory of mind arose mostly during this span.
		Evolutionary psychologists expect innate human behavioral tendancies to be adapted to the EEA, and not necessarily to the modern environment.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Environment_of_evolutionary_adaptedness (218 words)

	Environment of evolutionary adaptedness - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The term environment of evolutionary adaptedness (sometimes abbreviated to EEA) is used to describe the environment or environments within which a given species evolved.
		In particular, it is used to describe the environments within which the human species evolved.
		Foley, R.A. "The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness." Evolutionary Anthropology 4: 194-203.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Environment_of_Evolutionary_Adaptedness (67 words)

	What is the EEA and why is it important? (general answer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The EEA for a particular species of fish is likely to be completely different than the EEA for a particular species of butterfly, even if those species both evolved in the same locations over the same periods of time.
		The EEA concept is very similar to the notion of 'niche' in evolutionary biology.
		The EEA concept is extremely important for understanding the functional properties of organisms, including the functional organization of the human brain.
	www.anth.ucsb.edu /projects/human/epfaq/eea.html (511 words)

	Evolutionary medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary medicine or Darwinian medicine is a perspective on medicine derived through applying evolutionary theory.
		There are many differences between the Stone Age environment we are adapted to and the industrialized environment of today.
		Evolutionary medicine views the evolutionary arms races between the body and disease from a Darwinian point of view, and proposes treatments and public health policies based on that analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_medicine (215 words)

	What is Evolutionary Psychology?
		Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology that sees human psychological traits as adaptations for survival in the everyday environment of our ancestors (the environment of evolutionary adaptedness, or EEA).
		Evolutionary psychologists call this the "incest taboo", isolating it as an evolved human reproductive tendency that is adaptive because it significantly lowers the probability of intra-familial copulation.
		Evolutionary psychology is not merely a field but a phenomenon, overthrowing classical models of psychology on a broad scale and placing the entire field on a firmer empirical foundation.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-evolutionary-psychology.htm (348 words)

	Environment - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		An environment is a complex of external factors that acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence.
		An environment may be thought of as a superset, of which the given system is a subset.
		Generally, the environment or milieu of some object or action consists of the substances, circumstances, objects, or conditions by which it is surrounded or in which it occurs.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Environment.html (691 words)

	Articles - Evolutionary psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Evolutionary psychology is closely linked to the field of sociobiology, but there are key differences between them including the emphasis on domain-specific rather than domain-general faculties, the relevance of measures of current fitness, the importance of mismatch theory, and psychology rather than behaviour.
		Evolutionary psychologists use knowledge of the environment of evolutionary adaptedness to generate hypotheses regarding possible psychological adaptations and subsequently these hypotheses can be tested and evaluated against the empirical evidence in just the same way that any other hypothesis generated from any other theoretical perspective can be assessed.
		Evolutionary psychology commits to a very specific causal relationship between the mind and the environment in which its design was selected, making it a source of highly specific, concrete, and falsifiable predictions.
	www.izeez.com /articles/Evolutionary_psychology (1073 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Evolutionary psychology has been characterized by Leda Cosmides, one of its modern founders, as follows: “Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind.
		Evolutionary psychologists maintain that the last 10,000 years is too short a time for evolution to produce major changes, and that this period is irrelevant to understanding the design of the human mind.
		Evolutionary psychology is a paradigm that helps to integrate parts of psychology (e.g., explaining the origin of information processing modules), but it is not an all- embracing paradigm capable of unifying all the different parts of psychology.
	www.psyc.canterbury.ac.nz /courses/psyc_104/haig_evolutionary_psychology_lectures.doc (1994 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		On the other, ecological validity dictates that agents be studied in their environment of evolutionary adaptiveness, where are there are innumerable variables, which are not amenable to independent control.\f0\fs22\b0 \i \i Synthetic ethology\f0\fs22\b0 \i0 \i0 intends to reconcile these conflicting requirements by constructing a synthetic world in which the phenomena of interest may be investigated.
		Specifically, the state of the global environment is part of the stimulus to which and agent reacts, and the response can be either a new state for the global environment or an attempt to cooperate.\ To test the potential effects of communication on cooperative behavior, we implemented a mechanism for making communication impossible.
		Furthermore, since communication evolves in our population when it is not suppressed, we may investigate genuine communication in its environment of evolutionary adaptedness.\ Since it is genuine communication, the signals passed among the agents are meaningful to \f0\fs22\b0 \i \i them\f0\fs22\b0 \i0 \i0, but not necessarily to us as observers.
	grimpeur.tamu.edu /~colin/TheCognitiveAnimal/Ch/MacLennan/maclennan-final.rtf (2862 words)

	Mixing Memory: Has Evolutionary Psychology Been Demolished? A Review of Buller, Chapter 4
		Evolutionary psychology--in its ambitious version well formulated by Cosmides and Tooby (e.g., Cosmides and Tooby 1987, Tooby & Cosmides 1992)--will succeed to the extent that it causes cognitive psychologists to rethink central aspects of human cognition in an evolutionary perspective, to the extent, that is, that psychology in general becomes evolutionary.
		The promise of evolutionary psychology is thus to help explain not just traits of human psychology that are homologous to those of many other species, but also traits of human psychology that are genuinely exceptional and that in turn help explain the exceptional character of human culture and ecology.
		However, most of the work done in evolutionary psychology so far is on aspects of human psychology that are not specifically human except in their details.
	mixingmemory.blogspot.com /2005/05/has-evolutionary-psychology-been_30.html (4156 words)

	Evolutionary Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		An evolutionary explanation of this result would be that a child's facial characteristics inherited from the father are preferentially expressed to reassure daddy that the child is his.
		The evolutionary explanation for this would be that a young woman who realizes that she has made a mistake needs to get out of the relationship as quickly as possible so that she can have children whilst she is still young enough with another partner.
		Evolutionary psychology challenges the Standard Social Science Model’s basic claim about human nature, namely, that the human mind is able to "learn" whatever external (cultural) patterns are presented to it.
	salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk /year3/PSY339EvolutionaryPsychology/EvolutionaryPsychology.htm (7980 words)

	CogWeb Glossary
		In "The Past Explains the Present," Tooby and Cosmides define the EEA as "a statistical composite of the adaption-relevant properties of the ancestral environment encountered by a member of ancestral populations, weighted by their frequency and fitness consequences." Michael Cashdan's definition is "a multivariate and dynamic niche-space that mathematically describes selection pressures on evolving humans."
		The notion is used in evolutionary psychology to argue for the necessity of evolved cognitive structures (Tooby & Cosmides 1992); for an extension of this argument, see The Sociobiological Fallacy.
		Later versions of sociobiology moved in the direction of evolutionary psychology; for a recent contribution to the debate, see Gould on adaptationism.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Glossary.html (2831 words)

	Environment of evolutionary adaptedness - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Environment of evolutionary ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Environment of evolutionary adaptedness - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Environment of evolutionary adaptedness.
		The list of the Environment of evolutionary adaptedness Authors is
		The orginal Environment of evolutionary adaptedness article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Environment-of-evolutionary-adaptedness.html (149 words)

	Evolutionary Psychology FAQ
		Evolutionary time, the time it takes for reproductively efficacious mutations to arise and spread in the population, is often taken to be roughly 1000-10,000 generations; for humans, that equals about 20,000-200,000 years.
		Evolutionary psychologists downplay the possibility of significant cognitive evolution in the 10,000 or so years since the advent of agriculture (a period of time known as the Holocene) for reasons of both science and political correctness.
		Evolutionary psychology is the study of the functional organization of the brain, and this organization must be pan-human.
	www.anth.ucsb.edu /projects/human/epfaq/evpsychfaq_full.html (18666 words)

	Judgment Under Uncertainty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		For example, the EEA for color vision consists of the conditions of terrestrial illumination, which have been relatively constant for hundreds of millions of years.
		In contrast, the EEA for male parental investment in humans, which involved hunting, pair-bonding, etc, is relatively recent, perhaps 2 million years.
		The concept of the EEA is among the most important (and misunderstood) in evolutionary psychology.
	www.psych.ucsb.edu /research/cep/topics/eea.htm (158 words)

	EEA article - EEA Environment Evolutionary Adaptedness European Economic Area - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		EEA article - EEA Environment Evolutionary Adaptedness European Economic Area - What-Means.com
		Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness in the field of evolutionary biology, or
		EEA article - EEA definition - what means EEA
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/EEA (113 words)

	Brief Outline of the Theory of Attachment.
		According to contemporary evolutionary thinking, structures and behavioural systems are now present in the population because they contributed to the reproductive success of the bearers in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness (which is the environment in which the species emerged).
		One of the most important functions of the attachment behavioural system is to intervene in the baby's excursions into the environment, in responso to a variety of potentially dangerous events, thereby deactivating the exploratory system and activating the attachment system thus seeking proximity to his mother.
		In the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (i.e., the natural world) imprinting does not only reduce the number of individuals that are likely to be approached by the infant; it biases the infant towards whom it escapes in times of danger, towards whom it will seek proximity and food, and so on.
	garelli.tripod.com /outline.html (8147 words)

	An Outline of Evolutionary Biology
		And natural selection operates on the species' environment of evolutionary adaptedness: in the case of homo sapiens, the environment in which the species emerged: long before the agricultural revolution, about 10,000 years ago, probably about a million years ago.
		Because genes have been selected for their ability to survive, an evolutionary approach predicts that all the evolved characteristics of an animal should tend to promote the survival of the genes that underlie these characters.
		These mechanisms monitor the internal environment of the animal (detecting, for instance, hunger, fear, alarm, and so on) and command the animal to become responsive to certain stimuli (food, sight of the caregiver) at the appropiate time.
	attachment.edu.ar /devbiol.html (7091 words)

	(Evolutionary Psychology) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Evolutionary psychology is the branch of psychology that studies the ways in which an organism's evolutionary history contributes to the development of behavioural patterns and cognitive strategies related to reproduction and survival during its lifetime.
		Evolutionary psychologists view the human psyche as being comprised of various mechanisms that were shaped by natural selection, to deal wtih specific ancestral conditions.
		Evolutionary psychologists have come up with the term 'environment of evolutionary adaptedness' (EEA), which refers to the environment our brains developed in.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/ChrisW/psych.htm (178 words)

	Concisely Stated: The Evolutionary Psychological Perspective on the Human Condition by Dr. Dale Glabach
		The estimated 2 million year experience as hunter-gatherers must be acknowledged as our original, natural environment and has, thus with some import, been scientifically termed the EEA, or the “Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness”.
		From this broader context, the changing modern environment and all that we would term “progress” are really of very little evolutionary consequence.
		Second, the child continues to be warped by the current environment of "modern captivity" that is in extreme discord with the natural human "wild" environment (i.e.
	www.systemsthinker.com /interests/mind/glabachep/glabachconciseep.shtml (641 words)

	Aquatic ape theory explained (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The conventional view of human evolution is that the first hominids evolved in terrestrial environments, although the proximity to fresh-water sources of the great majority of hominid paleohabitats is not in doubt.
		The hypothesis was originally suggested in 1942, by Max Westenhőffer in The Road to Man (''Der eigenweg des menschen''), but became more (in)famous in 1960 when proposed in academic circles by the marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy (1896-1985).
		Other naked mammals are totally subterranean (naked mole rat), swim (whale, dolphin, walrus and manatee), wallow (hippopotamus, pig and tapir) or seek mud and water regularly (rhinoceros and elephant).
	www.wordspider.net /aq/aquatic-ape-theory.html (1874 words)

	[Catalist] RE: Why should we teach Evolutionary Psychology?
		Evolutionary psychology is the study of the structure and functions of animal nervous systems, which have been designed, to a large extent, by the evolutionary process of natural selection to serve the survival and reproduction of each species.
		Selection pressures are those aspects of the environment that could have had some impact on the reproduction of members of a particular species over recent evolutionary time.
		This means those traits reliably performed their functions in past environments, and may or may not properly perform them in current environments.
	lists.iinet.net.au /pipermail/catalist/2004-August/000209.html (350 words)

	Evolutionary Neurotheology
		My goal is to outline an evolutionary neuropsychological foundation for spiritual and religious experiences.
		The functions of these perceptual-behavioral structures must be understood in the context of the species' environment of evolutionary adaptedness, that is, the environment in which it has historically evolved and therefore to which it is adapted.
		Ethology studies species-characteristic perceptual-behavioral structures "from the outside," that is, by observing animals' behavior in their natural environment.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~mclennan/papers/EvolutionaryNeurotheology-long.htm (9256 words)

	EVOUTIONARY NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND DSM-V FEAR-CIRCUITRY DISORDERS: July 2005
		We posit that conversion disorders are etiologically related to specific evolutionary pressures (inescapable threats to life) in the late stage of the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA).
		In this article, an alternative evolutionary perspective, based on recent advances in evolutionary psychology, is proposed.
		We argue that during the early paleolithic environment of evolutionary adaptedness, jaw clenching was an adaptive trait because it rapidly strengthened the masseter and temporalis muscles, enabling a stronger, deeper and therefore more lethal bite in expectation of conflict (warfare) with conspecifics.
	evo-neuroscience.blogspot.com /2005_07_01_evo-neuroscience_archive.html (1146 words)

	Valerie Roseman9432800Word Count: 793
		Fixation occurs when an individual remains preoccupied with issues at a particular stage of development and fails to move on to deal with the challenges of the next stages of development.
		In the environment of evolutionary adaptedness, it would seem maladaptive for an adult to remain fixated at an earlier stage of development, when the individual should be dealing with the issues of the genital phase, such as focusing on heterosexual relationships, courting, marriage, and raising a family.
		In the environment of evolutionary adaptedness, the individual would have had to learn that in order to survive, one needs to be affiliated with other people.
	www.psych.mcgill.ca /courses/332/GOODPAPER2.HTM (791 words)

	Rubin, Paul H. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		This may be so: in the EEA (the environment of evolutionary adaptedness), such conflict may have been fitness improving, and we may be descended from those who participated successfully in such conflicts.
		While ethnic relations in the EEA may have approximated a zero-sum game, today a prisoner's dilemma is a more appropriate model for interactions, so that there are significant gains from cooperation.
		If we want to reduce the amount of conflict in the world, it is probably better to rely on increasing gains from trade than on increased size of in-groups, since the latter strategy will reach a natural limit.
	www.politicsandthelifesciences.org /Contents/Contents-2000-3/AbsRubin.html (215 words)

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