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Topic: Environmental Modification

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	Environmental Modification Convention
		The Convention defines environmental modification techniques as changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydro-sphere, and atmosphere, or of outer space.
		The provisions of this Convention shall not hinder the use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes and shall be without prejudice to the generally recognized principles and applicable rules of international law concerning such use.
		It is the understanding of the Committee that this Convention does not deal with the question whether or not a given use of environmental modification techniques for peaceful purposes is in accordance with generally recognized principles and applicable rules of international law.
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/4783.htm (2687 words)

	Ch03
		In most cases, complete environmental control, which includes the regulation of temperature, humidity, air quality, and light, is possible only if included as part of the design of a new building, and if the commitment to maintain the systems is assured.
		Environmental control is used to indicate a system which will monitor and regulate both temperature and relative humidity, consistently maintaining them, in balance, within pre-established guidelines.
		Environmental modification is used to indicate the alteration of one or more of the variables in the environment.
	www.unesco.org /webworld/ramp/html/r8809e/r8809e03.htm (1421 words)

	Sensory Integration to Schools, Homes and Businesses
		Modifications are thus made in the child’s environment that encourages the child’s competence in various contexts (Primeau and Ferguson, 1999).
		The sensory diet and environmental modification ideas for decreased discrimination of tactile and proprioceptive information should be used in addition to the ideas specific to praxis issues.
		The sensory diet and environmental modification ideas from decreased discrimination of vestibular and proprioceptive information that address vestibular input should be used in addition to the ideas specific to bilateral motor coordination.
	www.henryot.com /news/sensory_diet_applications_review.asp (3003 words)

	SPEECHES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Environmental Modification Convention is not an Environmental Protection Treaty; it is not a treaty to prohibit damage to the environment resulting from armed conflict.
		Rather, the Environmental Modification Convention fills a special, but important niche reflecting the international community's consensus that the environment itself should not be used as an instrument of war.
		As such, the Environmental Modification Convention is one element of a larger international legal regime addressing the issue of the relationship between war and the environment.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/speeches/other/moodiemi.htm (1582 words)

	Environmental Modification 525-05-30-25
		Modifications are not for routine home maintenance, (such as carpeting and/or floor repair, plumbing repair, roof repair, central air conditioning, appliance repair, electrical repair, etc.) but are to promote independence.
		For environmental modification the dollar limit is the lesser of the highest monthly rate for the highest cost skilled nursing facility or 20% of the tax evaluation of the home.
		The modifications to the home allowed within the scope of this service must be of direct and substantial benefit to the applicant's/recipient's need to perform self care or receive care from others that cannot be met by the current physical characteristic of a part of the home.
	www.state.nd.us /humanservices/policymanuals/hcbs-508/525_05_30_25.htm (1175 words)

	liibulletin: Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
		Environmental Defense countered that since the upgrades enabled Duke’s plants to operate for more hours in the day, their total annual emissions were going to rise, and therefore PSD should apply.
		Environmental Defense first argues that the Fourth Circuit did not have jurisdiction to decide this case, since sole jurisdiction for questions arising under the CAA is statutorily delegated to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”).
		According to Environmental Defense, Congress’s purpose in specifying a certain court for CAA cases was to delegate responsibility to a body with extensive knowledge and understanding of the CAA.
	www.law.cornell.edu /supct/cert/05-848.html (2727 words)

	GJF MacDonald: Environmental warfare
		To consider the consequences of environmental modification in struggles among nations, we need to consider the present state of the subject and how postulated developments in the field could lead, ten to fifty years from now, to weapons systems that would use nature in new and perhaps unexpected ways.
		Environmental instability is a situation in which nature has stored energy in some part of the Earth or its surroundings far in excess of that which is usual.
		Because environmental modification may be a dominant feature of future world decades, there is concern that this incipient technology is in total conflict with many of the traditional geographical and political units and concepts.
	twm.co.nz /envwar.html (2746 words)

	the sunshine project
		Historical examples of hostile modification of environment would include the spreading of salt by the Romans in the fields of Carthage in 146 B.C. (14) A more recent example is the near extermination of the bison in the United States during the 19th century.
		That definition entails two standards, the first on the magnitude of the modification itself, i.e., the scale of damage to the environment, and the second on the intent or purpose of the modification.
		The Conference noted that the hostile use of herbicides as an environmental modification technique was a method of warfare prohibited by ENMOD "if such use of herbicides upsets the ecological balance of a region, thus causing widespread, long-lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State party".
	www.sunshine-project.de /Themen/enmod/enmod_pos_cold_war.html (10583 words)

	Environmental Modifications - A Best Practices Guide for the Prevention of Falls Among Seniors Living in the Community ...
		The study of environmental factors in the prevention of falls among community-dwelling seniors is an area of growing importance, as older people are living longer and remaining in their own homes rather than moving into institutions.
		For home modifications to be made, seniors must allow people into their homes for the initial home inspection and then allow their homes to be altered, including the installation of features that may change the appearance of their home (e.g., stair railings).
		Readiness for environmental modifications may be linked to having had a recent fall, and/or an increased understanding of the risks and prevention strategies.
	www.hc-sc.gc.ca /seniors-aines/pubs/best_practices/bp_evidence_for_bp_2e.htm (1343 words)

	Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification
		Many stated have enacted laws that regulate the use of weather modification, and the federal government requires that all weather modification projects be reported annually.
		The use of untested weather modification techniques during severe droughts, as a means of increasing precipitation, is not recommended.
		Further atmospheric studies are needed of cities of varying types and in different physical settings to better understand and predict local and regional-scale weather influences from ever-growing urbanization, and to investigate the potential larger-scale atmospheric influences of major transportation corridors and extensive irrigation areas.
	www.ametsoc.org /policy/wxmod.html (2713 words)

	4.3 Environmental modifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tentative estimate of the impact of the main environmental modifications on key groups and species: + + = strong positive effect, + = mainly positive effect, + - = positive and negative effects, 0 = not applicable or negligible effect, - = negative effect, - = totally negative effect, () = indirect effect.
		Man-made environmental modifications of aquatic habitats include various hydraulic structures such as dams and irrigation systems intended to increase the area under water, or others intended to reduce it by drainage.
		In response to the progressive modification and decline of natural ecosystems, Latin American countries are setting aside parts of their national territories as national parks or other protected areas.
	www.fao.org /docrep/T0750E/t0750e0t.htm (6648 words)

	Ch06
		Although there are no panaceas, there are a number of possibilities for environmental modification that will enable institutions to reduce likelyhood of mold damage to collections.
		Localized environmental modification may be used in addition to the measures cited above, but should not be considered substitutes for the modification of environment in the building as a whole.
		There is a great deal of literature available on the creation of microclimates, much of it dealing with the installation of exhibit cases and the packing and shipping of works of art, but virtually all of it is relevant to the control of environments in closed storage cases or other fixed locations.
	www.unesco.org /webworld/ramp/html/r8809e/r8809e06.htm (3764 words)

	Environmental warfare - SourceWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Environmental war however carried out is almost always a violation of the 1977 United Nations Treaty against modification of the environment.
		Thus, environmental weapons are developed in secret, and acts of environmental war are carried out covertly, as both environmental weapons and war are illegal under international law.
		Environmental war is generally carried out as a strategic deception (Psyops).
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Environmental_warfare (1729 words)

	WHO \| Environmental Management for Vector Control
		WHO defines Environmental Management for Vector Control as the planning, organization, carrying out and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with man with a view to preventing or minimising vector propagation and reducing man-vector-pathogen contact.
		It may entail one of two options (or both): environmental modification (permanent infrastructural changes of a capital-intensive nature) and environmental manipulation (recurrent actions aimed at achieving temporary unfavourable conditions for vector breeding).
		Since Environmental Management was the mainstay of vector-borne disease control in the pre-DDT era, several historic reviews have highlighted the potential of this approach in the reduction of reliance on pesticides.
	www.who.int /water_sanitation_health/resources/envmanagement/en (824 words)

	the sunshine project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Environmental treaties offer one avenue for constraint on environmental modification in times of conflict.
		Peaceful modifications of the environment, stemming from potential future developments of technology, are recognized as potentially desirable.
		The Agency said that research on environmental modification was being conducted on an unclassified basis and anyone might examine it.
	www.sunshine-project.de /infos/allgemeines/einfuehrung/enmod_pos_cold_war.html (10589 words)

	Cuba’s Weather Modification technology; by Ing. Manuel Cereijo
		Scientists have experimented with weather control since the 1940's, but Spacecast 2020 noted that "using environmental modification techniques to destroy, damage or injure another state are prohibited".
		As far back as 1958, the chief White House advisor on weather modification, Captain Howard T. Orville, said the U.S. defense department was studying "ways to manipulate the charges of the earth and sky and so affect the weather" by using an electronic beam to ionize or de-ionize the atmosphere over a given area.
		In it he describes the use of weather manipulation, climate modification, polar ice cap melting or destabilization, ozone depletion techniques, earthquake engineering, ocean wave control and brain wave manipulation using the planet's energy fields.
	www.canf.org /2006/1in/ensayos/2006-may-07-cubas-weather.htm (1554 words)

	Review of Enmod by R. Azlein, F97
		Environmental Problem Addressed: ENMOD addresses the problem of modification of the environment for military or other hostile purposes, made increasingly more dangerous by advanced in technology.
		Geographic Scope of the Problem: Individual cases of hostile environmental modification or destruction are primarily local or regional, such as demolition of dams or burning of oil wells.
		II as requiring "deliberate manipulation of natural processes." As a result, modifications produced indirectly by conventional weapons, or even nuclear weapons, are not regulated.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /faculty/ddcaron/Archive/iel97/ie01012.htm (1298 words)

	ENMOD Convention, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford
		Article II of the Convention defines environmental modification techniques as: "any technique for changing - through deliberate manipulation of natural processes - the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space." (http://fletcher.tufts.edu/multi/texts/BH700.txt).
		There is a recognition that environmental modification may also be used for beneficial purposes and so peaceful use is not prohibited.
		Motivated by military use of environmental modification techniques in the 1960s and 70s (particularly by the U.S.) which went against basic principles of international humanitarian law like discrimination and proportionality, ENMOD was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1976 and entered into force in October 1978.
	www.bradford.ac.uk /acad/sbtwc/gateway/ARMS/ENMOD.htm (525 words)

	ES-UN
		A previous study of environmental security by the AC/UNU Millennium Project, found uncertainty in the international community about when the UN and related international organizations should have leadership responsibility for addressing transborder environmental security threats (including those within a country that have potential transborder consequences).
		The purpose of this study is to identify existing UN military doctrine on environmental security, to analyze the ways United Nations forces and related non-military international organizations (IOs) can address current and emerging environmental security issues and threats, and to speculate about future arrangements.
		In order to identify preventive, responsive, and remedial environmental security roles for the UN and related international organizations, a review of international conventions, protocols and treaties was performed, including the charters of the UN and its related international organizations.
	www.acunu.org /millennium/es-un-execsum.html (865 words)

	ENMOD Primer: Articles II - IV at the CCD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As used in Article I, the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing -- through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes -- the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.
		On the other hand, we feel there should be some reference to significant examples of environmental modification techniques, for otherwise the general public would find it difficult, in view of the complex issues involved, to understand what the convention is all about.
		In connection with peaceful uses of environmental modification techniques, it has been suggested that the convention should contain a positive commitment by parties to co-operate in the promotion of such uses, along the lines of article X of the Biological Weapons Convention.
	www.sunshine-project.org /enmod/art2.html (1191 words)

	The Home, School, and Neighborhood as Mini-Environments - Albuquerque's Environmental Story
		Research findings in the emerging environmental psychological/design and behavior discipline during the past 25 years indicate the inherent potential of school environments as learning tools for children.
		Translated into environmental design, an operationalized concept of territoriality implies a physically well-defined space with boundaries, level changes, partitions, walls, screens, differentiated light levels and sources, differentiated surface treatment or acoustical provision, to name just a few.
		Teachers should be encouraged to study with their children how the classrooms function and to redesign their classrooms every year as an initial experience in the study of space and environmental modification.
	www.cabq.gov /aes/s4p2lrn.html (2876 words)

	Environmental Warfare and Climate Change
		Neither the government delegations nor the environmental action groups participating in the November 2005 Montreal venue, have raised the issue of "weather warfare" or "environmental modification techniques (ENMOD)." for military use.
		The Convention defined "'environmental modification techniques' as referring to any technique for changing--through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes--the dynamics, composition or structure of the earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere or of outer space." (Environmental Modification Ban Faithfully Observed, States Parties Declare, UN Chronicle, July, 1984, Vol.
		The Committee's request to draw up a "Green Paper" on "the environmental impacts of military activities", however, was casually dismissed on the grounds that the European Commission lacked the required jurisdiction to delve into "the links between environment and defense".
	www.globalresearch.ca /index.php?context=viewArticle&code=CHO20051127&articleId=1336 (2642 words)

	Review of Enmod by F. Degroote, F97
		The Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Technique, which is called ENMOD, is a significant General Assembly resolution which prohibits the deliberate manipulation of the processes of nature for military purposes.
		Although military or any other use of " environmental modification techniques " could have effects extremely harmful to human welfare, this Convention is concerned by prohibiting " effectively military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to eliminate the dangers to mankind from such use " (Preamble).
		State Party undertakes not to engage in military or any other hostile use of environmental modification having widespread, long lasting or severe effects as the means of destruction, damage or injury to any other State Party.
	www.law.berkeley.edu /faculty/ddcaron/Archive/iel97/ie01013.htm (1345 words)

	Program for Environmental Geriatrics
		Environmental Geriatrics is the study and application of design principles to interiors and products to optimize the health, function, and well-being of older adults.
		This 3D animated course, Environmental Geriatrics: Improving Function & Safety, is designed for medical students and primary care physicians as well as other healthcare professionals involved in the care of older patients.
		Observe patients encountering remediable environmental hazards that increase fall and burn risk, which are not usually observable in practice.
	www.environmentalgeriatrics.org (193 words)

	Crimes Of War Project > The Book
		The major piece of international humanitarian law prohibiting environmental war was drafted in reaction to what took place in Vietnam, and is contained in two articles of the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions.
		The use of the expression “long-term” is understood to mean decades, not years, so a considerable degree of environmental harm seems to be tolerable under international humanitarian law.
		Some further limitations on the ravages of environmental war were secured by the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD), which was opened for signature in 1977—again, largely in response to the American use of defoliants in Vietnam—and was ratified by the United States in 1980.
	www.crimesofwar.org /thebook/environmental-warfare.html (1074 words)

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