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Topic: Environmental agreements

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	Learn more about Environmental law in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Environmental law as a body of law which addresses the system of complex and interlocking rules which seeks to protect from destruction or development certain species or favored natural areas thought to be endangered by human encroachment.
		Superfund is the common name for a set of laws that establishes a multi-billion dollar fund to pay for remediation of toxic waste sites left by companies that are unwilling or unable to pay.
		The National Environmental Policy Act requires the federal government to consider environmental impact before taking any significant action, such as building a highway.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/en/environmental_law.html (290 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Environmental agreements are introduced and assessed with the help of a case study.
		The Dutch environmental agreement with the chemical industry In April 1993, the trade organisation and the 130 individual companies that make up the chemical industry in the Netherlands, signed an agreement with the ministries of environment, economic affairs and water management, the 12 provinces and the organisation of municipalities.
		Environmental policy can only be effective if it has wide scale support from stakeholders (meaning in this context, the range of constituencies affected by the agreement: government, industry, the general public, employees, local communities, and consumer and environmental groups).
	www.undp.org /ppp/library/files/latto01.txt (3129 words)

	EUROPA - Environment - Com (96)561 Environmental Agreements - Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The background for this initiative is the Fifth Environmental Action Programme of theCommunity which highlights the principle of shared responsibility and the need to broaden the range of policy instruments to achieve a better instrument mix.
		Environmental Agreements can be legally binding with obligations for both parties, but they may also be non-binding "gentleman's agreements" in the form of a unilateral commitment recognized by the public authority.
		Environmental Agreements have the advantage of encouraging a pro-active approach from industry, they are likely to lead to cost-effective measures, because they allow industry to adjust environmental investment to their medium term captial investments and they are usually quicker in place than regulations are, which is an important advantage in areas with fast technological developments.
	europa.eu.int /comm/environment/docum/96561sm.htm (411 words)

	SCADPlus: Environmental agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Union is currently striving for environmental agreements in a number of specific fields such as the use of PVC, integrated product policy, waste management and climate change.
		Environmental agreements are a form of self-regulation as they are not binding at Community level.
		Co-regulation concerns agreements concluded in the framework of a Community legislative instrument laying down the objectives to be achieved, the timetable to be met, monitoring methods and penalties to be imposed for non-compliance.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28126.htm (907 words)

	Environmental Cooperative Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The agreements are part of the Environmental Cooperation Pilot Program authorized by the Wisconsin Legislature in 1997.
		Agreement provisions are intended to enhance environmental protection and serve as a model for future regulatory program innovations.
		It too meets all legislative provisions of the Environmental Cooperation Pilot Program and commits us to invest $400 million to $600 million in environmental improvements to reduce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury from our power plants by 45-50, 60-65 and 50 percent respectively over the next 10 years.
	www.we-energies.com /environment/ecas.htm (320 words)

	EEA - About us - Are Environmental Agreements effective? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In most cases it was not possible to make a quantitative assessment of the environmental effectiveness of the agreements due to the lack of reliable monitoring data and consistent reporting, which prevented comparisons being made between the current situation and what would most likely have happened if no agreement had been concluded (the ‘business-as-usual’ situation).
		In the European Commission’s Communication on Environmental Agreements, guidelines were presented for the use of EAs, aimed at improving both their credibility among the various stakeholders and their effectiveness.
		For the purpose of this study, Environmental Agreements (EAs) are defined as covering only those commitments undertaken by firms and sector associations, which are a result of negotiations with public authorities and/or explicitly recognised by the authorities.
	org.eea.eu.int /documents/newsreleases/prenvag.html (645 words)

	NAFTA: Related Environmental Issues and Initiatives
		However, further environmental (and labor) assurances were needed to secure passage of NAFTA, and ultimately, the negotiating parties agreed to a side accord that promotes trilateral cooperation on environmental matters and includes provisions to address a party's failure to enforce environmental laws.
		The agreement's standards provisions generally do not affect a country's ability to determine its own levels of protection for manufacturing and other process standards (such as air and water pollution controls, and resource harvesting practices); however, the investment provisions do allow companies to challenge environmental measures that are viewed as harming their investments.
		The side agreement's objectives cover a range of goals including avoiding the creation of trade distortions or new trade barriers, enhancing compliance with, and enforcement of, environmental laws and regulations, and fostering environmental protection and pollution prevention.
	fpc.state.gov /fpc/6143.htm (2639 words)

	Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the World Trade Organization by Jenny Bates (printable version)
		Environmental regulations imposed under this article must not be "arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions apply" or "a disguised restriction on international trade." These qualifiers attempt to prevent a nation from imposing environmental regulations that are simply disguised protectionism.
		Using trade restrictions as a punishment for rogue environmental behavior by a trading partner is the conflict at the heart of much of the trade and environment policymaking debate.
		Environmental policymaking and the international trade rules embodied in the WTO are already intersecting--and clashing.
	www.dlc.org /print.cfm?contentid=777 (2410 words)

	WTO \| Environment - CTE 1
		Environmental and trade policy-makers widely recognize that it is better to solve transboundary environmental problems multilaterally — whether regional or global — than by taking unilateral action.
		Whilst multilateral environmental agreements are encouraged, the WTO’s CTE has wrestled with the issue of how to address the trade provisions that several of them contain.
		Problems are less likely to occur in the WTO between countries that have signed the relevant multilateral environmental agreement and have therefore agreed to the trade measures prescribed in the agreement.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/envir_e/cte01_e.htm (1012 words)

	EPA AIEO: EPA/Tribal Environmental Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The attached EPA/Tribal Agreement Template was developed in response to the Administrator's July 14, 1994 Tribal Operations Action Memorandum which called for the establishment of workplans between the Regions and Tribes.
		The Agreement shall be implemented to promote stability in funding, employment, capacity building, infrastructure development and other such factors that lead to long-term program implementation for the Tribe.
		These Agreements are being developed with the understanding that the long-term goal is to address, implement and maintain, where deemed necessary by the Tribe, the full range of EPA's activities and programs.
	www.epa.gov /owindian/agree.htm (1213 words)

	Green Law - Future of environmental law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		At that time environmental agreements were a new policy instrument at EU level and there was a need for a clear explanation of how environmental agreements should be encouraged and handled at Community level.
		The text of the agreement will be published on the Commission's website and the recommendation concerning the agreement will be published in the Official Journal.
		The Commission presented guidelines for the use of agreements between public authorities and industry in the field of the environment.
	www.madariaga.coleurop.be /greenlaw/issues/future.htm (1416 words)

	Globalization - International Environmental Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When given arguments for and against making more international agreements on the environment, a strong majority finds arguments in favor to be convincing, while a majority rejects arguments against the idea as unconvincing.
		The more self-interested argument that an absence of international environmental standards will threaten US jobs, as well as the environment, by making it attractive for companies to relocate to countries with lower standards, was found convincing by two out of three respondents (67% convincing).
		The con argument that imposing environmental standards violates national sovereignty was not popular (33% convincing), nor was the argument that doing so would be unfair because the costs of compliance would be different for different countries (37%).
	www.americans-world.org /digest/global_issues/globalization/envAgreemnts.cfm (497 words)

	Finding Global Environmental Solutions
		A third proposal is for the organizations that implement environmental agreements to coordinate their work in clusters or alliances, with or without external leadership.
		Though some international environmental agreements have made strong progress, many remain empty shells, lacking agreement on the problem, the solution, or the means to achieve it.
		Since domestic environmental laws and regulations are driven by national sentiments, and multilateral agreements are the results of international negotiations and compromise, it is not surprising that the latter are generally less stringent.
	www.rand.org /scitech/stpi/ourfuture/Newworld/section7.html (3389 words)

	Environmental voluntary agreements
		Voluntary environmental agreements are currently used at national, regional and local level in all Member States.
		In the 5th Environmental Action Programme, the Commission stated that: "whereas previous environmental measures tended to be prescriptive in character with an emphasis on the 'thou shalt not' approach, the new strategy leans more towards a 'let's work together' approach.
		Most national environmental agreements are only semi-voluntary, since there is normally some whip or carrot involved, in the form of e.g.
	www.euractiv.com /Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-117478-16&type=LinksDossier (1626 words)

	Links to Multilateral Agreements - DEC - UNEP
		One of the key outputs of the 1992 Rio Summit was to highlight and focus attention on the environment.
		The result was a host of conventions, conferences and other activities related to different environmental issues.
		The MEA themes lie at the heart of global environmental issues such as CO2 reduction, eco-efficiency, land degradation, energy systems and technology innovation.
	www.unep.org /dec/links (98 words)

	CIEL Trade Program: Multilateral Environmental Agreements
		A critical issue in the trade and environment debate is the relationship between trade rules and multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), such as the Kyoto Protocol on climate change, the Biodiversity Convention, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, and the Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants signed in May, 2001.
		There must be an affirmation that trade-related environmental measures (TREMs) authorized or required under multilateral environmental agreements or internationally recognized environmental principles are consistent with WTO rules.
		For more information,please visit http://www1.unep.org/meas/, at the United Nations Environmental Programme, developed as a result of the Ninth Meeting on Coordination of Secretariats of Environmental Conventions, held in Nairobi on 11 and 12 February 2001.
	www.ciel.org /Tae/Trade_MAEs.htm (234 words)

	Environmental Cooperative Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Under this program, Environmental Cooperative Agreements are developed and signed by state facilities to enter into five-year agreements to evaluate innovative regulatory and technicial methods.
		We Energies ushered in a new chapter in the state’s environmental leadership by signing its first Environmental Cooperative Agreement with the WDNR on Feb. 5, 2001 under the Environmental Cooperation Pilot Program.
		The second agreement of its kind was submitted by We Energies in November 2001 and amended in May 2002 for the We Energies 'System'.
	www.we-energies.com /environment/envcoop_AK.htm (237 words)

	Environmental Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Environmental linkages - This excellent site is provided by the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
		Environmental Issues and Human Rights (Martin Hogan)- News updated for 1966 and links.
		The Humans and Environment category includes Environmental Agreements and Legislation (where focus is on the Australian one).
	www2.spfo.unibo.it /spolfo/ENVLAW.htm (1208 words)

	WWF - WTO must clarify its role in environmental agreements says WWF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Within these agreements, trade measures allow regulation of trade in environmentally harmful products and can be used to remove the economic incentives that encourage environmental destruction.
		While some governments have tried to argue that such trade measures involving non-parties to an MEA are not compatible with WTO rules, WWF believes that it is vital for the negotiations to clarify this in the negotiations and conclude that they are.
		By using 'WTO savings clauses', countries that support ineffectual MEAs are weakening the provisions of the environmental agreements while they are being negotiated, and preventing their effective implementation once they are in force.
	www.panda.org /news_facts/newsroom/press_releases/news.cfm?uNewsID=2509 (475 words)

	04/09/99 -- Gore, Zhu Announce Environmental Agreements
		In an agreement that will move China closer to a system of emissions trading, the EPA and China's State Environmental Protection Administration signed a Statement of Intent on development of a Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Trading Feasibility Study.
		The agreement calls for developing a study to test the effectiveness of emissions trading in China as a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
		In an agreement that paves the way for the first-ever foreign investment in an on-shore natural gas pipeline in China, Enron Corporation signed a Memorandum of Understanding on a natural Gas Pipeline Project with China National Petroleum Corporation for the joint development of a natural gas pipeline in south central China.
	www.climateark.org /articles/1999/chenvagr.htm (745 words)

	Official Guide to Norwegian Environmental Assistance
		Environmental and natural resource management is one of the target areas of Norwegian development policy.
		should be a means of strengthening environmental management and improving the state of the environment in partner countries.
		Seven centres for environmental assistance have been established.
	environment.norad.no (144 words)

	CEE law report: UN proposes fix for Europe ’s multilateral environmental agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A package of guidelines to be unveiled at the upcoming environmental conference in Kiev could improve compliance with multilateral environmental agreements throughout Europe.
		The guidelines, addressed to ministers, governments, environmental organisations, public authorities, the international environmental community and the public, relate to compliance with and implementation of multilateral agreements relevant to the Economic Commission for Europe region, and primarily conventions of that commission.
		The full text of the "Guidelines for Strengthening Compliance with and Implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements in the Economic Commission for Europe Region" (document CEP/2003/7) is available from the UNECE Secretariat.
	www.rec.org /REC/Bulletin/Bull114/ceelaw.html (502 words)

	Environment Directorate:Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A new OECD report on the Czech Republic’s environmental performance notes that despite some recent progress, the country is one of the biggest polluters and least efficient users of energy in the OECD.
		Since 1998, public and private spending on environmental problems has been drastically reduced and much progress is needed to achieve the economic and health benefits of a clean environment.
		The OECD Project on environmental policy design and firm-level management is exploring a number of issues at the interface between public and private environmental policy.
	www.oecd.org /department/0,2688,en_2649_33713_1_1_1_1_1,00.html (619 words)

	Reporting for Multilateral Environmental Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This project is aimed at harmonising the latest GRI guidelines for companies with the relevant internationally negotiated Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA's).
		The regulation of environmental issues is increasingly being developed using international law - with tools such as conventions and treaties on specific environmental issues.
		But in the interests of streamlining reporting requirements and reducing compliance costs, there is value in ensuring that the GRI Guidelines are harmonized, as much as possible, with the national reporting requirements and regimes of some key MEAs.
	www.insead.fr /CMER/research/econ/mea.htm (423 words)

	International Overview of Negotiated Environmental Agreements
		There is growing international experience with the negotiation of environmental agreements between industry and government to protect the environment.
		What these agreements have in common is the identification of a common interest by industry and government which sets the stage for a “bargain” in which industry receives certain incentives in return for stipulated environmental performance.
		While few empirical studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of these different types of agreements, there is mounting evidence that governments have a number of tools at their disposal to encourage effective voluntary action by industry.
	www.environmental-expert.com /articles/article844/article844.htm (158 words)

	Waste Management and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs)
		Waste is an underlying theme in many multilateral environmental agreements, seeking justfication for concerted local action, or broad global concensus.
		This GDRC output is a part of its research programmes on urban environmental management, and seeks to contenxtualize and target waste action.
		And this is where many of the local environmental agreements that are functioning at the local level are also relevant to waste management.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/waste/waste-meas.html (212 words)

	DEC, Kodak Announce Environmental Protection Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Commissioner John P. Cahill and the Eastman Kodak Company today announced that Kodak will voluntarily install state-of-the-art air pollution controls on an incinerator at Kodak Park in Rochester ahead of Federal requirements.
		Kodak and DEC also have agreed to add four staff to the DEC team that monitors environmental compliance at Kodak Park; two to be funded by Kodak and two by DEC.
		The agreements were reached through negotiations between Commissioner Cahill and Kodak senior management.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/press/pressrel/1998/98x31.html (629 words)

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