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Topic: Environmental movement in the United States

	Reference for Environmental movement in the United States - Search.com
		Environmental justice is a movement that began in the U.S. in the 1980s and seeks an end to environmental racism.
		Recently, in addition to opposing environmental degradation and protecting wilderness, an increased focus on coexisting with natural biodiversity has appeared, a strain that is apparent in the movement for sustainable agriculture and in the concept of Reconciliation Ecology.
		These "post-environmental movement" thinkers argue that the ecological crises the human species faces in the 21st century are qualitatively different from the problems the environmental movement was created to address in the 1960s and 1970s.
	www.search.com /reference/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States (3363 words)

	PCR -- Environmental Justice History
		Environmental injustice, or "environmental racism," is defined as the disproportionate impact that pollution and toxins have on people of color, indigenous peoples and poor people.
		The environmental justice movement prioritizes the protection of the environment "where we live, work, play, go to school and pray." What we all have in common is a commitment to build healthy communities.
		This is the essence of environmental injustice, which the movement for environmental justice seeks to eradicate from environmental policy, industry tactics and cultural practices.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~wang/EJBaldwin/PCR/pcrwhatispcrEJhistory.htm (872 words)

	ADAH: Alabama Moments (Alabama and the Environmental Movement--Quick Summary)
		In environmental circles across the nation, Alabama is known to many as a "sacrifice zone." In other words, the state does not have a very good reputation for enforcing Federal environmental regulations, many of which were put in place during the last few decades as the environmental movement in the United States gained momentum.
		Both were created as part of a program of environmental management passed by the Alabama Legislature in 1982, known as the Alabama Environmental Management Act.
		One species found in the state that has received thoughtful attention is the Alabama beach mouse, which lives in the fragile coastal dunes along the coast of Alabama.
	www.alabamamoments.state.al.us /sec66qs.html (783 words)

	Environmental movement in the United States
		In the United States today,the organized environmental movement is represented by a wide range of organizations sometimes called non-governmental organizations or NGOs.
		Environmental NGOs vary widely in political views and in the amount they seek to influence the environmental policy of the United States and other governments.
		In the modern wilderness preservation movement, important philosophical roles are played by the writings of John Muir who had been activist in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
	www.jgames.co.uk /title/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States (3829 words)

	Children's Environmental Health Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Environmental justice refers to the notion that environmental risk may be borne disproportionately by certain sub-populations.
		The environmental justice movement in the United States evolved directly out of the sense that poor and minority individuals bear environmental risks disproportionate to the rest of the population.
		However, the federal courts rejected the suits, and the state began hauling the soil to the landfill in Warren County in September of 1982.
	www.env.duke.edu /cehi/health/env_jus.htm (799 words)

	When environmentalism goes wrong \| Oct 23, 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In reality, the environmental movement in the United States has been successful both in promoting legislation and spreading awareness; the U.S. has one of the best environmental protection records in the world.
		At issue is the question, "Who will pay for environmental protection?" One view is that all nations should reduce their emissions by an equal percentage, but this fails to account for the needs of developing countries to continue strong industrial growth.
		Environmental responsibility should not be placed solely on developed or developing countries, but should rest with both.
	www.yaleherald.com /archive/xxvi/10.23.98/opinion/mike.html (738 words)

	\| Book Review \| Environmental History, 8.2 \| The History Cooperative
		In the past three decades the environmental movement in the United States and around the world has succeeded in placing environmental issues firmly within the local, state, national, and international political discourse.
		His experiences as a scholar and activist led him to wonder whether the gap between the theory and practice of environmentalism that seemed to grow ever wider from the 1960s to the 1990s could be bridged.
		Whereas the precepts of environmentalism in the late 1960s and early 1970s constituted a radical critique of modern society, so-called "green" business practices and public policy that purport to be a kind of "ecological modernization" are now considered de rigueur.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/eh/8.2/br_16.html (671 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The environmental movement in the United States emerged with agendas that focused on such areas as wilderness and wildlife preservation, resource conservation, pollution abatement, and population control.
		Bullard's main stress point is that the environmental movement did not begin or grow in low-income communities thus allowing for "environmental injustice" and somehow permitting the exploitation of those who are less fortunate; those who are unable to make a voice for themselves and moreover, those who lack the education of such an issue.
		The history of the environmental movement has a great impact on everyone in the world, and action must be taken to prevent these environmental discrepancies from occurring now and in the future.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0813319633?v=glance (2602 words)

	Resolving environmental racism: Toward environmental justice
		In the midst of the de facto, institutionalized racism of mainstream environmental organizations, the United States was accumulating a toxic legacy of catastrophic proportions.
		The movementâs principal champions have worked to (re)conceptualize racial and ethnic dimensions of environmental problems and the environmental facets of economic and social justice concerns; in these efforts, they have worked to redefine and expand the notion of what represents an environmental problem (14).
		Those arguing for environmental justice maintain that while all people have a right to be protected from environmental degradation, communities disproportionately burdened by pollution and benefiting last from cleanup efforts by government agencies should be disproportionately targeted for remediation efforts and resources (15).
	pubs.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1461 (887 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Stockholm, in its historic Declaration stated that “to defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind — a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of world-wide economic and social development”.
		These include eradication of poverty, environmental protection, notably the risk of climate change, meeting the development and security needs of developing countries, and redressing the gross and growing imbalances that divide rich and poor and nourish the enmities and frustrations that are the seedbeds of conflict.
		When the United States acts selectively to carry out its international obligations or to force other nations to carry out theirs it serves to undermine the credibility and effectiveness of international law which is the indispensable foundation for world peace, security and order.
	www.ecouncil.ac.cr /about/speech/strong/us_senate.doc (4714 words)

	Environmental Health Perspectives 103, Number 5, May 1995: Focus
		Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health.
		Unlike the United States, where the environmental movement was largely linked to the preservation and protection of nature, in Japan the movement was health driven.
		Based on passage of the basic environmental law in 1993, the Japanese cabinet in December adopted a plan that "incorporates the concepts of recycling, co-existing with nature and the participation of all groups in the nation to protect the environment," the Kyodo News Service and others reported.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /docs/1995/103-5/focus.html (4245 words)

	U.S.E.P.A. - Region 5 - History of Environmental Justice
		The environmental justice movement captured national attention, when a demonstration took place against the siting of a hazardous waste landfill in Warren County, North Carolina, a county comprised of a predominately African-American population.
		The United Church of Christ published a nationwide study (Toxic Waste and Race in the United States), considering the association between hazardous waste facilities and the racial/socioeconomic composition of the communities hosting such facilities.
		The workgroup issued it's findings in a report which stated that racial minorities and low-income people were disproportionately exposed to lead, selected air pollutants, hazardous waste facilities, contaminated fish and agricultural pesticides in the workplace.
	www.epa.gov /envjustice/History (352 words)

	The Ecological Gospel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The environmental gospel is for many the secular substitute for their lost Protestant faith of old.
		In the United States, a nation with a strong Calvinist heritage dating back to the Puritan settlement of New England, environmentalism has also been enthusiastically received.
		In environmental theology, the traditional Judeo-Christian categories of good and evil have been replaced by "natural" and "unnatural," a moral standard that is today driving government policies in many areas.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/article.php?id=145 (1148 words)

	Title
		Estimating the full extent of the environmental damages caused by exotic species and the number of species extinctions they have caused is difficult because little is known about the estimated 750,000 species in the United States, half of which have not even been described (Raven and Johnson 1992).
		Horses (Equus caballus) and burros (Equus asinus), deliberately released in the western United States, have attained wild populations of approximately 50,000 animals (Pogacnik 1995).
		Based on environmental and crop damages of about $200 per pig annually (one pig can cause up to $1000 of damages to crops in one night), and assuming that 4 million feral pigs inhabit the United States, the yearly damage amounts to about $800 million/yr.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Jan99/species_costs.html (8662 words)

	Brazil's Landless Workers' Movement \| Friends of the MST - United States
		The protests were part of the Landless Farmworkers Movement's "Red April" operation to force the government to give them land grants and easier access to public loans for some 150,000 dispossessed families living in shantytowns around the country.
		The concentration of land is growing, the settlements are not receiving effective support, violence against the landless is on the rise and the estate owners and agribusinesses are operating with impunity.
		The massacre of Eldorado dos Carajas is the main symbol of the State’s indifference to rural workers and the Brazilian people.
	www.mstbrazil.org (554 words)

	Environ Health Perspect 102-2, 1994: Environmental Problems behind the Great Wall
		Equally challenging are serious environmental problems resulting from overpopulation, rapid industrialization, and overuse of natural resources that could potentially threaten the health of China's 1.2 billion people, whether they live in cities or the rural countryside.
		Scientists from the United States, Taiwan, and China are all exploring potential collaborative projects in Inner Mongolia to study arsenic exposures and evaluate health effects.
		For years scientists have asked questions about the role environmental factors may play in the high incidence of liver cancer in China, where primary liver cancer, which is rare in the United States, is the third leading cause of cancer mortality.
	ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov /docs/1994/102-2/focus.html (4920 words)

	Science Reading Room: Earth Decade Reading List (Library of Congress)
		This assessment of conditions in the United States, using 35 indicators to rank each state's environmental health, will not be updated by the publisher, but is still of considerable relevance.
		A biography of one of the founders of the environmental movement.
		Environmental indicators: a systematic approach to measuring and reporting on environmental policy performance in the context of sustainable development.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/earth_d.html (7167 words)

	17 - Environmental Racism: Old Wine in a New Bottle
		This short article reviews the history of the environmental justice movement in the United States, provides examples of environmental racism in the US as well as globally, and concludes with a discussion of the World Conference Against Racism and the opportunity it provides to place firmly this newer manifestation of racism on the international agenda.
		Racial discrimination in environmental policy making and the enforcement of regulations and laws; the deliberatetargeting of people of Colour communities for toxic and hazardous waste facilities; the official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in ourcommunities; and the history of excluding people of colour from the leadership of the environmental movement.
		Environmental racism, therefore, is a new mani-festation of historic racial oppression.
	www.wcc-coe.org /wcc/what/jpc/echoes/echoes-17-02.html (3072 words)

	Salem State College:Earth Day at Salem State to focus on local community (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The celebration of that first nationwide environmental protest is considered by many to be the birth of the modern environmental movement in the United States.
		Today, a diverse movement is emerging which focuses upon the relationships between local quality of life and economic security, environmental quality, population, consumption, political participation and commitment to social equity and justice.
		An expert in environmental health issues, she co-authored “In Harm’s Way: Toxic Threats to Child Development” a nationally acclaimed report that sounded the alarm on the on the impact of toxic exposures on children’s learning and behavior.
	www.salemstate.edu /collegerel/CRS-earthday_040704.htm (707 words)

	Introduction: Environmental Rights (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although both human rights protection and environmental protection are relatively well-developed areas of public policy, recognition of the linkage between the two has been slow to develop.
		Few international human rights organizations have programs devoted to this set of rights; likewise, movements focused on protecting the environment do not generally have as their aim the more human-centered goals of environmental rights, which commonly include social justice issues such as the disproportionate suffering of poor, indigenous, and minority communities from toxic industrial activity.
		The essays here collectively explore the definition, status, and relevance of the concept of environmental rights in law and politics around the world, and the extent to which a human rights lens is a helpful way in which to view environmental issues.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/4442 (540 words)

	Environmental Justice Articles Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Environmental justice as a movement is said to have begun in 1982 in Warren County, North Carolina.
		In the early eighties, the State of North Carolina decided to build a toxic waste landfill in an overwhelmingly low-income and minority community in the county.
		As a result of the Workgroup, the EPA established an Office of Environmental Justice and in 1993, established the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council to advise the executive branch on environmental justice issues.
	www.legalaidnc.org /eplp/EJ/history.htm (568 words)

	Women in Action: Environmental Racism: Old Wine in a New Bottle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Environmental racism, therefore, is a new manifestation of historic racial oppression.
		Environmental racism, although not new, is a recent example of the historical double standard as to what is acceptable in certain communities, villages or cities and not in others.
		She is also the co-chair of the International Committee of the Interim National Black Environmental and Economic Justice Coordinating Committee and is working to facilitate the participation of that body and other NGOs in the UN World Conference Against Racism.
	www.isismanila.org /pub/wia/wiawcar/enviracism.htm (3335 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		People of color in the United States declared the initiation of an Environmental Justice Movement in 1991 during the People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in Washington D.C. My research focuses on the development of the Environmental Justice movement in communities of color in the United States.
		The environmental movement in the United States has taken a turn in the last 10-15 years both in the issues it addresses and in its constituency.
		Observing that all of the participants have been exposed to post-secondary education, we may conclude that this is a factor that has led to their involvement in the movement for such a long period of time.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /95journal/LiliaCardenas.html (2452 words)

	[No title]
		Stockholm, in its historic Declaration stated that "to defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has become an imperative goal for mankind - a goal to be pursued together with, and in harmony with, the established and fundamental goals of peace and of worldwide economic and social development".
		Impressive improvements have been effected in the environmental performance of industry and in development of technologies which promise solutions to most problems as, for example, the prospect of emission- free motor vehicles and the transition to a hydrogen-based energy economy.
		The United States has long accepted the high costs of maintaining its military strength and indeed this has produced an important economic spin- offs as for example in driving United States leadership in development and application of new technologies.
	www.iisd.ca /wssd/download%20files/Strong_CongressionalTestimony.doc (4786 words)

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