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	Environmental Racism
		Environmental racism also appears to have infiuenced the EIS conclusions and methods because investigators did not properly implement their own criteria and procedures in the site-selection process.
		Environmental racism also may play a role in the EIS's biased underestimation of accident risks associated with the proposed facility.
		Environmental injustice occurs not only when policymakers explicitly violate minorities' rights to free informed consent or equal treatment but also when assessors employ biased, allegedly scientific methods whose consequences de facto result in discrimination against people of color or against socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.
	www.fplc.edu /RISK/vol7/winter/wigley.htm (7682 words)

	Racism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Racism is commonly defined as a belief or doctrine where inherent biological differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, with a corollary that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others.
		Racism infers an assumption of racial superiority and a harmful intent, whereas separatists sometimes prefer the term racialism, indicating a strong interest in matters of race without a necessary inference of superiority or a desire to be harmful to others.
		While 19th century racism is related to nationalism (some authors have opposed a "close nationalism", based on racism, etc., towards an "open nationalism", based on the universalist conception of the nation, etc.), medieval racism precisely divides the nation into various non-biological "races", which are the consequences of historical conquests and social conflicts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Racism (7818 words)

	Fighting Environmental Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It has taken up arms in the fight against something called "environmental racism." Fortunately, most states and business groups have finally found their collective backbone and are fighting back against this crunchy-granola-y diversity-crazed notion.
		Environmental racism is an idea that's been kicking around greenie circles for a while.
		"Environmental racism refers to any policy, practice or directive that disproportionately affects or disadvantages (intentionally or unintentionally) individuals groups or communities based on race or color," according to Dr. Robert D. Ballard, the leading exponent of the idea.
	www.junkscience.com /news2/racism.htm (501 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Environmental racism can be defined as the intentional siting of hazardous waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting industries in communities inhabited mainly by African-American, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, migrant farm workers, and the working poor.
		The effects of pollution and environmental hazards on people of color, the poor, and the working class have been overlooked by environmental policy makers because it was perceived that those communities were politically powerless and would not protest the siting of such facilities.
		One of the first steps toward addressing the problem of environmental racism was the establishment of the Conference on Race and the Incidence of Environmental Hazards held at the University of Michigan in January 1990.
	egj.lib.uidaho.edu /egj01/weint01.html (6900 words)

	CorpWatch : Shintech Environmental Racism
		Environmental racism is racial discrimination in environmental policy making and the enforcement of environmental laws.
		When environmental racism occurs, people of color are excluded from participating in important environmental policy decisions impacting their lives and communities, and become victims of disproportionate exposure to environmental contamination.
		Convent residents and 16 environmental and public interest organizations, filed a citizens' petition under Title V of the Clean Air Act that demanded an objection to air permits proposed for Shintech by the state of Louisiana.
	www.corpwatch.org /article.php?id=989 (1520 words)

	17 - Environmental Racism: Old Wine in a New Bottle
		This short article reviews the history of the environmental justice movement in the United States, provides examples of environmental racism in the US as well as globally, and concludes with a discussion of the World Conference Against Racism and the opportunity it provides to place firmly this newer manifestation of racism on the international agenda.
		Racial discrimination in environmental policy making and the enforcement of regulations and laws; the deliberatetargeting of people of Colour communities for toxic and hazardous waste facilities; the official sanctioning of the life-threatening presence of poisons and pollutants in ourcommunities; and the history of excluding people of colour from the leadership of the environmental movement.
		Environmental racism, therefore, is a new mani-festation of historic racial oppression.
	www.wcc-coe.org /wcc/what/jpc/echoes/echoes-17-02.html (3072 words)

	Resolving environmental racism: Toward environmental justice
		In the midst of the de facto, institutionalized racism of mainstream environmental organizations, the United States was accumulating a toxic legacy of catastrophic proportions.
		This particular racism was the genesis moment for a broad-based, grassroots movement for environmental justice.
		Those arguing for environmental justice maintain that while all people have a right to be protected from environmental degradation, communities disproportionately burdened by pollution and benefiting last from cleanup efforts by government agencies should be disproportionately targeted for remediation efforts and resources (15).
	pubs.wri.org /pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1461 (887 words)

	Environmental racism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Environmental racism is racial discrimination in race-based differential enforcement of environmental rules and regulations; the intentional or unintentional targeting of minority communities for the siting of polluting industries such as toxic waste disposal; and the exclusion of people of color from public and private boards, commissions, and regulatory bodies.
		The environmental justice movement is the movement to reverse environmental racism.
		Environmentalism and the Politics of Equity: Emergent Trends in the Black Community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Environmental_racism (492 words)

	CAER home
		Environmental Racism is the exclusion of people of color in the decision-making process and the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards, including pollution, resource depletion, and waste disposal, on the health and wealth of people of color.
		Rising from the grassroots, the environmental justice movement has responded by demanding that low-income and politically powerless communities not be subject to this unequal distribution of risks and burdens.
		The primary vehicle towards this goal is the annual environmental justice conference, which is held on the University of Oregon campus.
	gladstone.uoregon.edu /~caer (309 words)

	Coincidence or Environmental Racism
		Environmental racism is a broad topic so, this bibliography will focus specifically on the existence of racist tactics in the locating and placing of waste sites in communities with a high percentage of people of color.
		When it comes to fighting environmental racism, public protesting the acquisition of political power should also be added to the pot.
		This website is excellent and must be viewed by all people who dispute the notion of environmental racism C I think they would change their mind.
	academic.udayton.edu /Race/04needs/98jamies.htm (7259 words)

	Solid Waste: Environmental Racism
		"Environmental racism is the social injustice represented by the disproportionately large number of health and environmental risks cast upon peoples of color in the communities in which they live.
		Environmental Racism in Chester, home page, Chester Residents Concerned for Quality Living (CRCQL) and the Campus Coalition Concerning Chester (C-4) -- One of the worst cases of environmental racism in the U.S. "Chester, PA, southwest of Philadelphia, is home to 43,000 residents and one of the largest collections of waste facilities in the country.
		Environmental Racism, Center For Health, Environment and Justice -- a guidebook covering siting on Native American lands, exclusionary policies of mainstream environmental groups and the strategies communities of color are using to combat this problem.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/courses/geog100/SolidWaste-Racism.htm (1284 words)

	The American Enterprise: The Environmental Racism Hoax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The administration touted environmental justice as one of the symbols of its new approach.
		This was a valuable tool for environmental and race activists, who are experienced at using litigation to achieve their ends.
		The success of the environmental justice movement over the last six years shows just how much a handful of ideological, motivated bureaucrats and their activist allies can achieve in contemporary America unfettered by fact, consequence, or accountability, if they’ve got a President on their side.
	www.taemag.com /issues/articleid.17116/article_detail.asp (1757 words)

	Women in Action: Environmental Racism: Old Wine in a New Bottle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Environmental racism, therefore, is a new manifestation of historic racial oppression.
		Environmental racism, although not new, is a recent example of the historical double standard as to what is acceptable in certain communities, villages or cities and not in others.
		It is essential to address this issue seriously at the World Conference in 2001, to identify both domestic and international remedies for victims of environmental racism, and to ensure that the member states' Programme of Action includes concrete measures to ensure environ-mental justice for all.
	www.isiswomen.org /pub/wia/wiawcar/enviracism.htm (3335 words)

	Environmental Racism, Tribal Sovereignty and Nuclear Waste - NIRS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Grace Thorpe, founder of the National Environmental Coalition of Native Americans and an emeritus member of the Nuclear Information and Resource Service board of directors, rallied her fellow tribal members and defeated the dump targeted at her own Sauk and Fox reservation in Oklahoma.
		The nuclear power industry is attempting to evade environmental regulations and State of Utah opposition by hiding behind the shield of tribal sovereignty.
		Fighting against the PFS high-level nuclear waste dump targeted at the Skull Valley Band of Goshutes is the front line of that struggle for Native American environmental justice against corporate greed and environmental racism.
	www.nirs.org /factsheets/pfsejfactsheet.htm (2691 words)

	Ecology -- Books: Books document environmental racism
		The grass-roots environmental justice movement is not known for its glossy calendars and coffee-table books or its wealthy and white leadership.
		The environmental justice movement has not been at the cusp of any major legislation, but it counts among its successes the creation in 1994 of the Office of Environmental Equity within the Environmental Protection Agency and the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council established to advise the EPA.
		While the term “environmental justice” is enshrined in a presidential order and within the construction of the EPA, it is not, a household name, as Bullard says in his book.
	ncronline.org /NCR_Online/archives2/2006b/061606/ss061606d.php (1894 words)

	Useful Fools: "Environmental Racism" in the Desert?
		Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
		If this is a case of environmental racism, as implied by the attorney, then the race under attack must be a few lizards and rattlesnakes!
		You argue that environmental racism is dubious, but this is a common conservative misunderstanding about racism in general.
	www.tinyvital.com /BlogArchives/000323.html (2824 words)

	Environmental racism: The uneven distribution of risk
		While mainstream environmentalism is on the ropes in the wake of the G.O.P. landslide last year, there is one issue on reputation managers’ radar screens that is causing concern.
		Charges of environmental racism, increasingly being leveled against corporations and government agencies, bring activists from the environmental and civil rights movements together, and appeals to the public’s sense of fairness in a way that calls to save the spotted owl can never do.
		Gail Walker, president of the environmental consulting firm EnviroCom, based in suburban Chicago, says companies need to remember that the need to communicate with local communities is juts as great in low income, minority areas, where education levels are not as high, as it is in any other community.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/45/293.html (2810 words)

	Environmental Justice For All
		Attempts to address environmental racism had come largely under the rubric of the U.S.-based movement for environmental justice.
		Often the proposed remedy to these and other incidents of environmental racism and discrimination is not justice but “equity.” UN Convention after UN Convention propose “equitable benefit sharing,” “equitable access,” or other forms “equitable solutions”, in an effort to instantaneously make level playing fields for all actors at the table.
		The environmental justice movement represents the ultimate resistance not only to pernicious environmental racism, but also a viable crucible of resistance to the devastating social, economic and cultural consequences of economic globalization.
	www.ifg.org /wssd/mdorsey.htm (1347 words)

	Fighting Enviromental Racism: A Selected Annotated Bibliography
		Adams, John A. "The Mainstream Environmental Movement: Predominantly White Memberships Are Not Defensible." EPA Journal 18 (1): 25-27.
		"Environmental Perspectives of Blacks: Acceptance of the `New Environmental Paradigm'." Journal of Environmental Education 20 (3): 21-26.
		"Environmental Racism: The Causes, Consequences, and Commendations." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5 (1): 153- 207, December 1, 1991.
	www.mapcruzin.com /EI/ejigc.html (6784 words)

	Environmental Justice / Environmental Racism
		"Racism is the intentional or unintentional use of power to isolate, separate and exploit others.
		Racism is more than just a personal attitude; it is the institutionalized form of the attitude"
		Now all of the issues of environmental racism and environmental justice don't just deal with people of color.
	www.ejnet.org /ej (319 words)

	Environmental Racism and Latinos in the United States
		Environmental racism encompasses the ecological inequalities that are experienced by minorities and people of low economic standing.
		This pesticide is classified by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) as being a class I ozone depletor, as well as a class I acute toxin, class 1 being reserved for only the most dangerous chemicals (Johnson, 1996).
		However, certain social injustices, such as environmental racism, have deteriorated the foundation of Chicano communities and pose a serious threat to such vital necessities as equality and sustainability.
	www.members.aol.com /jesusnie/diego.htm (2752 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: MONSANTO
		The nation’s environmental agencies during the Reagan years became notorious for officials’ repeated backroom deals with industry officials, in which favored companies were promised lax enforcement and greatly reduced fines.
		Reagan’s appointed administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Anne Gorsuch Burford, was forced to resign after two years in office and her special assistant, Rita Lavelle, was jailed for six months for perjury and obstruction of justice.
		The possible health and environmental consequences of Roundup-tolerant crops have not been fully investigated, including allergenic effects, potential invasiveness or weediness, and the possibility of herbicide resistance being transferred via pollen to other soybeans or related plants.
	ishgooda.org /nuclear/gen4.htm (4443 words)

	Internal Audit Suggests EPA Complicit in Environmental Racism - The NewStandard
		The extent of environmental inequality in the United States was first documented in a landmark 1987 study by United Church of Christâs Commission for Racial Justice, which found that across the country, toxic waste was more likely to be found in communities of color.
		Johnson also announced that environmental justice concerns would be folded into the agencyâs general 2006-2011 strategic plan â“ as opposed to a specific environmental justice plan â“ a 179-page document released late last month outlining the agencyâs goals over the next five years.
		In the new plan, EPA states it is establishing "measurable environmental justice commitments" for eight areas, including reducing asthma attacks, reducing exposure to air toxics and reducing elevated blood lead levels.
	newstandardnews.net /content/index.cfm/items/3746 (1314 words)

	Environmental Justice / Environmental Racism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This was the first Presidential effort to direct all federal agencies with a public health or environmental mission to make environmental justice an integral part of their policies and activities.
		The Order focuses federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions of minority populations and low income populations with the goal of achieving environmental protection for all communities.
		The USEPA Office of Environmental Justice is part of the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance (OECA).
	gcisolutions.com /env-justice.html (306 words)

	Nuclear Waste + Native Lands= Environmental Racism - NIRS
		More than 100 grassroots environmental groups, Native and non- Native, organized to gain broad participation in the Yucca Mountain Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process.
		The targeting of economically and politically vulnerable Native American communities for nuclear waste dumps is an egregious form of environmental racism.
		I urge you to deny the license for the proposed Private Fuel Storage high-level nuclear waste dump on the reservation of the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians in Utah, as it represents a violation of President Clinton's commitment to environmental justice.
	www.nirs.org /alerts/10-24-2000/1 (1447 words)

	Online NewsHour: Environmental Racism? -- September 16, 1997
		Examples of racism within Texaco management is caught on tape.
		BETTY ANN BOWSER: The core of O’Quinn’s case is based on an emerging field of law called environmental racism.
		But if you’re talking about what people consider the situation in the United States of environmental racism, you’re talking about a systematic process that occurred over a period of decades.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/environment/july-dec97/racism_9-16.html (1677 words)

	The "Odessa Syndrome" - Environmental Racism in Odessa, Texas
		Gene Collins, local businessman and minister, is the 14 year president of the Odessa NAACP, and co-chair for environmental justice for the statewide NAACP.
		Residents of the area neighborhoods were worried when Huntsman, the corporation which had recently purchased the facility, announced to state officials their plans to enlarge the plant to produce plastic pellets.
		However, despite the protests of the surrounding neighborhoods, Huntsman's plans to expand the plant were supported by the state's environmental regulatory agency, the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC).
	www.txpeer.org /toxictour/huntsman.html (1106 words)

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