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Topic: Epenthesis

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	Epenthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In poetry and phonetics, epenthesis (Greek epi, "on" × en, "in" + thesis, "putting") is the insertion of a consonant, a vowel, or a whole syllable into a word, usually to facilitate pronunciation.
		Epenthesis may also occur for ease of pronunciation in consonant clusters, especially unfamiliar or complex ones.
		Epenthesis is also used for humorous or childlike effect, for example the cartoon characters Yogi Bear who says "pic-a-nic basket" and Homer Simpson who says "saxo-ma-phone".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epenthesis (419 words)

	Epenthesis -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In songs and poetry, epenthesis is often used to make words conform to the (Any of various measuring instruments for measuring a quantity) meter.
		For example, /i/ is inserted before the English plural suffix -/z/ and the past tense suffix -/d/ when the root ends in a similar consonant.
		Paragoge is the addition of a sound to the end of a word.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ep/epenthesis.htm (314 words)

	Return to conference page
		Phonological rules of consonant epenthesis occur in many of the world’s languages, and typically involve insertion of a glide adjacent to a vowel.
		First, segmental markedness constraints are unable to account for a striking cross-linguistic generalization: in the majority of cases where the historical phonology can be reconstructed, and where segments are not phonetically predictable, epenthetic consonants are precisely those for which earlier consonant-loss is evidenced.
		A final problem for markedness accounts involves general phonotactics: consonant epenthesis is often restricted to either word-initial or intervocalic position, though, as a general onset-filling mechanism it is expected in both positions.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /afla/plenary1.htm (382 words)

	[No title]
		Epenthesis is examined in the formal frameworks of lexical phonology and optimality theory.
		Transparent suffixes are attached to unbound stems that have undergone epenthesis, and whose meaning is derivable from the meanings of the prefix and the stem.
		Another explanation for epenthesis is that epenthesis is a pattern of correspondence that Spanish speakers perceive to hold between foreign and native words.
	linguistics.byu.edu /faculty/eddingtond/epenthesis.html (6260 words)

	LabPhon 8 - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Rather, this apparent epenthesis is in fact a case of excrescence (i.e.
		This case of excrescent schwa is the result of one possible strategy for reconciling two conflicting phonetically-based constraints: on the one hand, the need to achieve two opposing articulatory (tongue root) targets, and on the other, to avoid allowing the presence in the output of a syllable not present in the input.
		In addition, a third language, Chilcotin (Athapaskan) is shown to exhibit the same apparent epenthesis (Cook, 1993), but in the reverse segmental order (i.e., when a retracted consonant precedes rather than follows a high front vowel).
	sapir.ling.yale.edu /labphon8/Talk_Abstracts/Gick.html (722 words)

	Encyclopedia: Epenthesis
		In poetry and phonetics, epenthesis (Greek epi, "on" Ã— en, "in" + thesis, "putting") is the insertion of a phoneme or syllable into a word, usually to facilitate pronunciation.
		In oral language, a phoneme is the theoretical basic unit of sound that can be used to distinguish words or morphemes; in sign language, it is a similarly basic unit of hand shape, motion, position, or facial expression.
		In linguistics, an epenthetic vowel breaks up a consonant cluster that is not permitted by the phonotactics of a language.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Epenthesis (684 words)

	Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Epenthesis constitutes one of the most common strategies to make imported foreign words conform to the native syllable structure of the target language.
		Indeed, vowel epenthesis is a much more frequent repair strategy with loanwords and L2 errors than consonant deletion or segmental change.
		Crucially, the epenthesis of [u], as in (1), and that of [i], as in (2), is triggered by the preceding labial and palatal consonant, respectively, while the most unspecified vowel [The central concern of this paper is vowel epenthesis in Korean loanword phonology.
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/pgr/egcl/GSPD6/Abstracts/Lee.shtm (471 words)

	Merriam-Webster Online
		Professor Seeles explained that epenthesis is the process of adding an extra sound or syllable to a word, as when a child adds a "b" to "family" and says "FAM-blee."
		Some people consider the pronunciation to be unacceptable, but there's a perfectly good reason why it occurs; epenthesis is simply a natural way to break up an awkward cluster of consonants.
		It's easier for some people to say "athlete" as three syllables instead of two, just as it's easier for some to insert a "b" sound into "cummerbund," pronouncing that word as "cum-ber-bund." Epenthesis has even contributed to the evolution of recognized spelling variants, giving us such options as "cumberbund" and "sherbert" (for "sherbet").
	m-w.com /cgi-bin/mwwodarch.pl?Dec.07 (170 words)

	Department of Language and Linguistics at the University of Essex, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Despite the fact that different linguists approach these changes differently, and suggest different models and theories, most of them agree on the fact that epenthesis is the normal repair strategy that languages go for, whereas deletion is the last resort, and is often restricted to certain conditions.
		She suggested that languages tend to retain phonological material as it is in the source language via epenthesis.
		I will present data to show that epenthesis is not the strategy that MA chooses to repair the onsetless syllables.
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/pgr/egcl/GSPD8/Abstracts/Nabila.shtm (499 words)

	phonoloblog » Opaque feeding interactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The vowel is due to epenthesis, because underlyingly high vowel initial suffixes undergo glide insertion postvocalically (araba-yım ‘I am a car’, temel-im ‘I am a foundation’).
		So when Moreton & Smolensky (2002:10) state that “epenthesis counterbleeds a consonant-deletion rule in Turkish”, this is not accurate: epenthesis feeds deletion, because the application of deletion depends on the prior application of epenthesis (in this context); if deletion applied first, it wouldn’t bleed epenthesis because deletion simply wouldn’t apply.
		The striking property of the epenthesis + deletion case in Turkish is precisely that it’s an opaque feeding interaction: the application of deletion destroys the context that was necessary for the prior application of epenthesis.
	camba.ucsd.edu /phonoloblog?p=158 (948 words)

	Bibliography
		Carlisle, R. The Influence of markedness on epenthesis in Spanish/English interlanguage phonology.
		Carlisle, R. The effect of markedness on epenthesis in Spanish/English interlanguage phonology.
		The influence of environment on vowel epenthesis in Spanish/English interphonology.
	www.csubak.edu /~rcarlisle/InterlanguageSeminar/Bibliography.htm (4663 words)

	[No title]
		I suggest that the proper way to treat these problems is not to abandon Epenthesis but to claim that multiple analyses are available to speakers, including competing rule analyses and treatment of alternations as suppletive even when they can also be accounted for by rule.
		Epenthesis, however, has no clear cases of such exceptions that I know of; there are no instances of #CC (or of CCC or CC#) in either CN or TN.
		However, under Epenthesis the existence of underlying Cƛ# sequences motivates the derivation of both the -iƛ and the -ƛi variants for -ƛ; some sort of allomorphy is to be expected, and the two types predicted are those that occur.
	www.sil.org /~tuggyd/1981Epenthesis/epenth.htm (7672 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There is significant overlap between faithfulness constraints against epenthesis (FILL and DEP) and markedness constraints against structure (*STRUC), which has been known since the earliest work in Optimality Theory (McCarthy and Prince 1993, Prince and Smolensky 1993).
		Second, STRUC and DEP do differ in their predictions in cases where epenthesis* coexists with deletion in the same language; I show that in such cases, it is *STRUC that makes the wrong typological predictions.
		Finally, I examine the arguments against the DEP family of constraints as a formal oddity and suggest that they fall short of putting the last nail in its coffin.
	www.umass.edu /linguist/about/whisc/whisc-2005-03-03/gouskova-abs.txt (211 words)

	SILEWP 1996-003
		The paper gives most attention to Ndyuka, where epenthesis occurs after monosyllabic verbs ending in a high tone and followed by direct objects or copula complements beginning with a vowel-initial monosyllabic morpheme.
		The parallel epenthesis in Sranan is also described in some detail, epenthesis here depending not on tone but on nasality of the verb-final vowel.
		The analogous epenthesis in Ndyuka, the main creole of eastern Suriname, involves mi rather than m, and is conditioned by tone rather than by nasalization.
	www.sil.org /silewp/1996/003/silewp1996-003.html (4090 words)

	Ling 60 \| Syllabification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Cairene, there is an epenthesis (insertion) rule, which inserts a high front vowel after the first unsyllabified consonant (scanning the string of segments from left to right).
		Interestingly, the epenthesis rule does not apply twice, even though there is a second unsyllabified consonant.
		We can also argue that the syllabification rules must apply (for the first time) before the epenthesis rule, because we have to know which consonants are left unsyllabified in order to apply the epenthesis rule correctly.
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling60/syllable.html (1894 words)

	Epenthesis, Deletion And The Emergence Of The Optimal Syllable In Creole: The Case Of Sranan (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Epenthesis, Deletion And The Emergence Of The Optimal Syllable In Creole: The Case Of Sranan (ResearchIndex)
		Epenthesis, Deletion And The Emergence Of The Optimal Syllable In Creole: The Case Of Sranan
		Epenthesis, Deletion And The Emergence Of The Optimal Syllable..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /517369.html (178 words)

	Tiers and Syllable Structure in ASL
		Location Epenthesis is accounted for more naturally if segment order within the Template is reversed, yet this reversal would result in the necessity for rather messy segmental restructuring rules in concatenative processes.
		I have chosen to set aside the questions raised by Location Epenthesis, preferring not to propose a rule of restructuring, but this should not be seen as a strong argument in favor of the position of segments in the Syllabic Template as it stands.
		Movement Epenthesis inserts an M autosegment between two segments with dissimilar articulatory bundles, thus insuring there is a legal change from one set of features to another.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/linguistics/people/grads/stack/thesis/thesis.htm (8176 words)

	Cote dissertation: abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is proposed that the likelihood that a consonant deletes, triggers epenthesis, or blocks vowel deletion correlates with the quality and quantity of the auditory cues associated to it in a given context.
		These generalizations are elucidated in terms of internal and contextual cues, modulation in the acoustic signal, and cue enhancement processes at edges of prosodic domains.
		The analysis is based on the study of deletion and epenthesis processes in a variety of languages.
	web.mit.edu /mitwpl/dissertations/cote.abstract.html (172 words)

	Whither Zither Peter Berryman Madison Folk Music Society Mad Folk News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since then I have come to realize there are enough existing weird words to make it unnecessary to invent them (though that doesn't stop me), and thousands of these have to do directly or indirectly with music, particularly if you include lyrics under the umbrella of music.
		A more formal use of the epenthesis is when it is used to make a plural out of a word already ending in s, as in matches or foxes.
		Now, maybe my use of the word epenthesis is a bit more loose than word-scholars would like, and that only singing-guh nuns under the oh-eld el-um tree are truly epenthetical.
	members.aol.com /wzither/wzjan01.html (850 words)

	Phonological Variation: Epenthesis And Deletion Of Schwa In Dutch - Kuijpers, Donselaar, Cutler (ResearchIndex)
		In a lexical decision experiment it was investigated whether the phonological variants were processed similarly to the standard forms.
		Words with schwa epenthesis were processed faster and more accurately than the standard forms, whereas words with schwa deletion led to less fast and less accurate responses.
		Phonological variation: epenthesis and deletion of schwa in Dutch.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /505916.html (391 words)

	Lombardi -- abstract
		It is often claimed that representational simplicity accounts for why particular segments tend to appear in epenthesis.
		Vowel epenthesis is another situation where languages differ in what segments are chosen, but the variation and thus the challenge is greater.
		Under the proposed OT analysis all segments can be fully specified, and regardless of their complexity, it is the ranking of markedness constraints that will determine which segments surface in epenthesis.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /ulcl/faculty/vdweijer/complexity/lombardi.html (547 words)

	Facilitatory effects of vowel epenthesis on word processing in Dutch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In a word reversal task listeners treated words with and without epenthesis alike, as monosyllables, suggesting that the variant forms do not have separate access representations.In both lexical decision and word-spotting, response times to recognise words were significantly faster when epenthesis was present than when the word was presented in its canonical form without epenthesis.
		It is argued that addition of the epenthetic vowel makes the liquid consonants constituting the first member of a cluster more perceptible; a final phoneme-detection experiment confirmed that this was the case.
		These findings show that a transformed variant of a word, although it contacts the lexicon via the representation of the canonical form, can be more easily perceptible than that canonical form.
	www.nici.kun.nl /Publications/1999/13419.html (199 words)

	Research Paper Abstracts
		This paper points out that echo epenthesis is subject to a more stringent locality requirement than reduplication: it can never skip a potential target.
		I argue that the difference follows from the different mechanisms involved: echo epenthesis is spreading, while reduplication is correspondence-based copying.
		However, based on the cross-linguistic typological study of echo epenthesis (also known as copy-vowel epenthesis) and reduplication, this paper argues that echo epenthesis is invariably achieved by spreading, and never by correspondence-based copying.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~kawahara/paper_abs.html (1932 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As is well known, loanwords enter a borrowing language with structures that may not be acceptable to that language.
		Clearly, the restructuring pattern in (1) is phonological: Since Yoruba does not allow syllables with complex onsets or coda consonants, the ill-formed English structures are repaired by vowel insertion to enable loans to comply with acceptable phonotactic constraints involving syllabification (Pulleyblank 1988a).
		Third, The data show that the phonology and morphology of native and loan words may be identical, contrary to Silverman's (1992) claim.
	www.ohiou.edu /alta/orie1.htm (319 words)

	Wordtrade.com
		A comparison of the behavior of vowel epenthesis at word boundaries, inside clitic + verb clusters, and inside words, confirms that clitic + verb clusters behave more like morphological words than like syntactic phrases.
		Moving from synchronic analyses of Romance languages to a diachronically focused research, Fernando Martinez-Gil studies various phonological mechanisms involved in the emergence of the so-called intrusive consonants in Old Spanish and Old French.
		The addition of consonants involves a type of epenthesis that breaks up heterosyllabic consonant-liquid clusters of raising sonority, a process commonly described in terms of syllable phonotactics as a repair strategy that targets bad syllable contacts.
	www.wordtrade.com (10873 words)

	Phonology Circle
		Farsi bans branching onsets, and foreign loans are modified to conform to this phonological requirement by means of vowel epenthesis.
		I analyze vowel copy epenthesis as the result of autosegmental spreading from the following vowel.
		The constraints that prevent certain vocalic features from associating with particular consonant types can prevent vowel-to-vowel spreading, and, hence, allow the default epenthetic vowel [e] to surface.
	www.mit.edu /afs/athena.mit.edu/org/l/linguistics/www/phoncircle/phoncircles.html (1003 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.3260: Loanword Adaptation
		The treatment of clusters here depends on sonority class: two-obstruent clusters and sonorant-obstruent clusters are tolerated; two-sonorant clusters are usually split by epenthesis, although there are individual lexical items that are exceptions; and, Ron notes, obstruent-sonorant clusters are also split by epenthesis.
		Pete Unseth reports that Amharic tolerates certain CC clusters, but resorts to epenthesis when there would otherwise be a large cluster.
		Sue Hassel reports that Tswana (Setswana) resolves most loanword clusters with epenthesis, and that a word-initial CV syllable resulting from this process is sometimes reinterpreted as a noun- class prefix.
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/14/14-3260.html (654 words)

	Stanford Phonology Workshop 10/11/02, 5pm - Julie Auger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		An Optimality Theory analysis that generates both categorical and variable aspects of vowel epenthesis is proposed.
		Finally, an analysis of individual patterns of epenthesis by members of the community reveals that, even though all speakers share the same basic community grammar, their use of epenthesis differs qualitatively as well as quantitatively.
		This paper shows that individual grammars can be derived from the community grammar and that OT thus allows us to formalize the idea that individual grammars constitute more specific versions of community grammars.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /Linguistics/pinterest/abs-fall02-auger.html (183 words)

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