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	Ephthalites - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Our earliest information about the Ephthalites comes from the Chinese chronicles, in which it is stated that they were originally a tribe of the great Yue-Chi, living to the north of the Great Wall, and in subjection to the Jwen-Jwen, as were also the Turks at one time.
		The Persians were not quit of the Ephthalites until 557 when Chosroes Anushirwan destroyed their power with the assistance of the Turks, who now make their first appearance in western Asia.
		They are represented as delighting in massacres and torture, and it is said that popular tradition in India still retains the story that Mihiragula used to amuse himself by rolling elephants down a precipice and watching their agonies.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Ephthalites (1167 words)

	[No title]
		Our earliest information about the Ephthalites comes from the Chinese chronicles, in which it is stated that they were originally a tribe of the great Yue-Chi (q.v.), living to the north of the Great Wall, and in subjection to the Jwen-Jwen, as were also the Turks at one time.
		The accounts of the Ephthalites, especially those of the Indian lianas, dwell on their ferocity and cruelty.
		Like the Yue-Chi they have probably contributed to form some of the physical types of the Indian population, and it is noticeable that polyandry is a recognized institution among many Himalayan tribes, and is also said to be practised secretly by the Jats and other races of the plains.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=23222 (1180 words)

	Hephthalites / White Huns
		A Western student's first encounter with the mysterious Ephthalites, or Hephthalites, or White Huns of Central Asia, is probably via the writings of Procopius, that contemporary of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and fierce polemicist against his sovereign and the Empress Theodora.
		By such reasoning, the Ephthalites are thought to have originated at Hsi-mo-ta-lo (southwest of Badakhshan and near the Hindu Kush), which tantalizingly, stands for Himtala, "snow plain", which may be the Sanskritized form of Hephthal.
		Ephthalite centers are at Ghur, Balkh, Warwaliz (north of today's Kunduz near the source of the Oxus) and Hsi-mo-ta-lo.
	www.geocities.com /pak_history/hephthalites.html (2784 words)

	Kavadh I of Persia
		At this time the empire was utterly disorganized by the invasion of the Ephthalites[?] or White Huns from the east.
		Kavadh, however, escaped and found refuge with the Ephthalites, whose king gave him his daughter in marriage and aided him to return to Persia.
		In 505 an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Romans paid subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of the fortifications on the Caucasus.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ka/Kavadh_I_of_Persia.html (488 words)

	Huns - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There is not much doubt that the third and fourth of these tribes are the same, and it is quite likely that the Magyars are descended from the horde which sent forth the Huns in the 4th century, but it is not demonstrable.
		The physical characteristics of these nomadic armies were very variable, since they continually increased their numbers by slaves, women and soldiers of fortune drawn from all the surrounding races.
		The language of the Magyars is FinnoUgric and most nearly allied to the speech of the Ostiaks now found on the east of the Ural, but we have no warrant for assuming that the Huns, and still less that the Ephthalites and Hunas, spoke the same language.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Huns (1593 words)

	The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, Seventh Monarchy, Part B.
		Here the mass of the Ephthalite troops was cunningly concealed amid the foliage of the woods, while a small number, remaining visible, led the Persians into the cul-de-sac, the whole army unsuspectingly entering, and only learning their danger when they saw the road whereby they had entered blocked up by the troops from the hills.
		Perozes scornfully refused; whereupon the Ephthalite prince hung on the point of a lance the broken treaty, and, parading it in front of the Persian troops, exhorted them to avoid the vengeance which was sure to fall on the perjured by deserting their doomed monarch.
		The Ephthalites continued for nearly a century more to be among the most dangerous of her neighbors to Persia; and it was only by frequent attacks upon them in their own homes that Persia could reasonably hope to ward off their ravages from her territory.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/16167/16167-h/raw7b.htm (18458 words)

	Persia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Near the end of the 5th century a new enemy, the barbaric Ephthalites, or “White Huns,” attacked Persia; they defeated the Persian king Firuz II in 483 and for some years thereafter exacted heavy tribute.
		Kavadh I favored the communistic teachings of Mazdak (flourished 5th century), a Zoroastrian high priest, and in 498 was deposed by his orthodox brother Zamasp.
		With the aid of the Ephthalites, Kavadh was restored to the throne in 501.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /text_761564512___4/Persia.html (514 words)

	Peroz I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 459, Peroz I defeated and killed Hormizd III with the help of the Ephthalites, or the White Huns, who had invaded Bactria.
		However, he also tried to subjugate the Ephthalites, who began to conquer eastern Iran.
		The army got lost in the eastern desert and was destroyed in 484.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Peroz_I_of_Persia (313 words)

	Hephthalite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern Chinese variation Yanda has been given various latinised renderings such as "Yeda", although the more archaic Korean pronunciation "Yeoptal" 엽달 is much more compatible with the Greek Hephthal and is certainly a much more archaic form.
		The Hephthalite empire came into existence for the first time in 460 AD, when the western Uar of Khwarezm and the eastern Choni came into a confederation under the Yuezhi/Kushan 'Haital ruling elite.
		^ Enoki, K. "The Liang shih-kung-t'u on the origin and migration of the Hua or Ephthalites," Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia 7:1-2 (December 1970):37-45
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ephthalites (1278 words)

	The White Huns - The Hephthalites
		The paucity of record in Hephthalites or Ephthalites provides us fragmentary picture of their civilization and empire.
		Ephthalites was the name given by Byzantine historians and Hayathelaites by the Persian historian Mirkhond, and sometimes Ye-tai or Hua by Chinese historians.
		They are also known as the White Huns, different from the Hun who led by Attila invading the Roman Empire.
	www.silk-road.com /artl/heph.shtml (1209 words)

	The Hephthalites of Central Asia - by Richard Heli
		Ephthalites raid Persia as far west as modern Tehran.
		Ephthalites send their first embassy to the Chinese.
		Ephthalites extend power as far as Zungaria, then Turfan and Karashar (in modern China).
	spotlightongames.com /variant/maharaja/eph.html (1617 words)

	Persia - ninemsn Encarta
		In the late 5th century a new enemy, the barbaric Ephthalites, or “White Huns”, attacked Persia; they defeated the Persian king Firuz II in 483 and for some years thereafter exacted heavy tribute.
		In the same year Nestorianism became the official doctrine espoused by the Persian Christians.
		In 498 Kavadh was deposed by his orthodox brother Zamasp, but with the help of the Ephthalites, Kavadh was restored to the throne in 501.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564512_1____4/Persia.html (1169 words)

	Hunnish Peoples In Central Asia And India
		The irruption of the Ephthalites is memorable not so Much because of its permanent effects as because of the atrocities perpetrated by the invaders.
		These Ephthalites very closely resembled the Huns of Attila in their barbarism; they merely raided, they produced no such dynasty as the Kushan monarchy; and their chiefs retained their head quarters in Western Turkestan.
		After this break up, the Ephthalites dissolved very rapidly and completely into the surrounding populations, much as the European Huns did after the death of Attila a hundred years earlier.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/outline-history-56.shtml (951 words)

	The Huns
		Neither can it be proved that the Huns and Magyars belonged either physically or linguistically to the same section as the Hunas and Ephthalites.
		They appear in Europe towards the end of the 4th century and the Ephthalites and Hflnas in western Asia about fifty years later.
		The language of the Magyars is FinnoIJgric and most nearly allied to the speech of the Ostiaks now found on the east of the Ural, but we have no warrant for assuming that the Runs, and still less that the Ephthalites and Hilnas, spoke the same language.
	www.turkleronline.com /turkler/turk_turuk/koken_isim/datelines/thehuns.htm (2771 words)

	EPHTHALITES, or WHITE ... - Online Information article about EPHTHALITES, or WHITE ...
		The Persians were not quit of the Ephthalites until 557 when See also:
		Greek writers give a more flattering account of the Ephthalites, which may perhaps be due to the fact that they were useful to the East See also:
		commerce with more advanced races before they played any part in political history, but the Ephthalites appear as raw barbarians, and were annihilated as a nation in little more than a See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /EMS_EUD/EPHTHALITES_or_WHITE_HUNS.html (1568 words)

	India Culture Disucssion chat forums
		You are a snake with a forked tongue,my friend;ask anyone from Randip Singh to Pal Singh.That's also why you got expelled from one of the sikh sites..
		The Sassanian defeat of Ephthalites in 427AD is a very well documented fact.--Enoki,Mcgovern,Olaf,Marquet,Stein, et al.
		Hi Facts, thanks for the reference on Enoki — I am inclined to believe the timeline provided by the Silk-route organization on Ephthalites — I think they have a great many artifacts to support their claims.
	indiaculture.net /talk/messages/128/10273.html?1064205836 (1963 words)

	nomadik players
		In 576, the Turks invaded the Caucasus and established the Khazar Khanate, Khazaria where they were converted into Judiaism in AD 740 by Jewish immigrants who came from Persia after the Arab conquest.
		Ruruans, Ephthalites (White Huns) and Avars: The Ruruans are the successors to the Huns.
		There is a striking resemblance in the deformed heads of the early Yüeh-chih and Hephthalite kings on their coinage." But according to http://www.best.com/~heli/wargame/variant/maharaja/eph.txt, "Iranian customs also are common in the Ephthalite world.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/Nomadic_players.htm (3625 words)

	Cathay and the way thither--Vol. 1 / Page 178
		They told him that there were four chiefs, but that the supreme authority over the whole nation rested with Dizabulus.
		Again the Emperor : 'Did the Ephthalites live in cities or villages or how ?' The Envoys : 'They are a people who live in cities, 0 king.' 'Is it not of course then,' said the Emperor, 'that you are become masters of all their cities 1'...
		And as he said this Maniach and his companions raised their hands and swore a great oath that they were speaking with their whole hearts, and invoked curses on themselves and on Dizabulus, and on all the nation, if their promises were not true and such as they would carry out.
	dsr.nii.ac.jp /toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0178.html.en (465 words)

	Maharaja -- Results
		Because of Ephthalite co-operation Muslims had reasonable success in game 2, though still not reaching their historical limits (complaints of being understrentgh).
		It helps the balance somewhat if Ephthalites are given to Blue, in game two they were played as if they were, it didn't change much since co-operation with Purple was still deemed necessary before the arrival of the Muslims.
		The Rajputs only had 5 armies and 2 areas and were eliminated by the Kushan and Ephthalite hitmen on their first turn (I let them be small as the Aryans3 had carved out a large kingdom in Southern India and threatened to take the Ganges off the Magadha/Guptas).
	spotlightongames.com /variant/maharaja/results.html (3558 words)

	Hephthalite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Various theories concerning origin of the name Yoptal include references the number Seven and the biblical Patriarch However according to many authors (for example David Nicolle Osprey) they were of Turko-Mongoloid
		It has been that Oghur and Oghuz from which derives Russian Yugor mean White Huns (Ak-Gunz or Aq-Guzz).
		Enoki K. "The Liang shih-kung-t'u on the origin and migration of Hua or Ephthalites " Journal of the Society of Australia 7:1-2 (December 1970):37-45
	www.freeglossary.com /Ephthalites (822 words)

	World History 400- 500 AD
		Just submit the URL along with your email address and a description of the link and we try to include it in this section.
		Firuz, the Shah of Iran, was defeated by the Ephthalites (from the site of present-day Afghanistan).
		Firuz attacked the Ephthalites after a series of inconclusive skirmishes with them.
	www.multied.com /dates/400ad.html (455 words)

	Punjabi.net discussions chat forums
		I've read Marquet and he certainly doesn't say ephthalites are Jats.--try Altic admixture with mongolian language strains.
		I am very sure that as he believes the Ephthalites had an Iranian origin, his views will be very consistent with mine.
		What is clear is that although the Ephthalites are confounded with Huns, they were very much unlike them in appearance (see Procopius) and in customs (see Chinese records).
	punjabi.net /talk/messages/1/49958.html?1064634269 (2239 words)

	TürkicWorld - White Huns
		Abdaly (Ephthalites), Ak-hun-lar, Apakhtark, Apak-Türk, Aores, Aorses, Avars, Ephthalites, Güsan, Gushan, Gushana, Jujan, Juan-Juan, Kasan, Kashan, Kusan, Kushan, Kushana, Küsan, Oghondor (Ak-hun-lar), Oghondor Blkar, Olhontor-Blkar, Onogur, Tochar, Tohri, Unogun, Unogundur, Usun, White Huns, White Türks, Wusun, Wu-sun, Wu-sün, Yüeh-chih and others
		The pre-Türkic period tribes and peoples are: Abdaly (Ephthalites - White Huns), Avars (Aores, Eng.
		In the history are known White Tatars and Black Tatars, White Khazars and Black Khazars, White Kirgiz and other Kirgizes, Sary Uigurs, etc.
	s155239215.onlinehome.us /turkic/23Avars/AvarEthnonymEn.htm (1491 words)

	[No title]
		The earliest known rule of government in India was by the early settlers, the Aryans who conquered and ruled the Ganges region of India.
		In the centuries to come India went through many stages of rulers including the Maurya dynasty, the Guptas, the Ephthalites.
		From the eight to eighteenth century, the Arab, Turk, and Afghan Muslims ruled successsively and had a tremendous amount of impact on India's culture.
	www.ri.net /schools/East_Greenwich/Cole/indiagovernment.html (1080 words)

	Nestorianism - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		In 336 the Roman emperor Constantine the Great had threatened to attack the...
		In the late 5th century a new enemy, the barbaric Ephthalites, or “White Huns”, attacked Persia; they defeated the Persian king Firuz II in 483 and...
		See all search results in Encarta Articles (9)
	au.encarta.msn.com /Nestorianism.html (124 words)

	The Origins of the Hazaras page 2
		This ethnic composition, most evident in language, religion, social structure and relations, is explained very well by Canfield:
		"The Indo-Aryan peoples who in ancient times occupied the region now called Afghanista were invaded, mostly from the north, by more kinds of people then anyone will count--epoples whose identities, if they are known at all, are only vaguely familiar to most of us: Seythians, Massagetae, Sakas, Dards, Huns, and Ephthalites.
		In the more recent past Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and Persians invaded the region.
	members.tripod.com /~ismat/hazara2.htm (929 words)

	Iranian Huns, page 1
		Or the Ephthalites or Epthalites or Hephtal or Hunas or White Huns or Hayathelites or Ye-tai or He-ta or Cao, depending what circles you crawl in.
		Amazingly, there is an article on the Internet about the 'Ephthalites' by Richard Heli; includes a timeline; also, another about 'The White Huns' at the silk-road.com site.
		Soon there will be something similar on this page.
	www.grifterrec.com /coins/huns/huns.html (1061 words)

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