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Topic: Epidemiological

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	Epidemiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epidemiological studies are generally categorized as descriptive, analytic (aiming to examine associations, commonly hypothesized causal relationships), and experimental (a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions).
		The term "Epidemiologic triangle" is used to describe the intersection of Host, Agent, and Environment in analyzing an outbreak.
		Strict requirements for scientific accuracy are sometimes relaxed in the course of public health education regarding epidemiologic findings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epidemiology (1534 words)

	Cancer Risk of Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Unit risk factors for individual chemicals estimated from epidemiological studies then are used to assess the contribution of various pollutants at their present levels to the risk of cancer in the future.
		Epidemiological data from occupational studies may be used to estimate cancer risks related to compounds present as constituents of air pollution.
		Epidemiological studies performed during the last few decades seem to indicate that urban residents have a smoking-adjusted increase in lung cancer up to 1.5 times that of the countryside residents.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1994/Suppl-4/hemminki-full.html (3695 words)

	Epidemiological studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		For certain epidemiological studies, non-disclosure is permissible, even essential, so as not to influence spontaneous conduct under investigation and to avoid obtaining responses that the respondent might give in order to please the questioner.
		Subjects of epidemiological studies should be advised that it may not be possible to inform them of findings that pertain to their health, but they should not take this to mean that they are free of the disease or condition under study.
		When epidemiological data are unlinked, a disadvantage to subjects is that individuals at risk cannot be informed of useful findings pertaining to their health.
	www.mrc.ac.za /ethics/epidemiological.htm (2430 words)

	Evaluation and Use of Epidemiological Evidence for Environmental Health Risk Assessment: WHO Guideline Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		However, epidemiological studies that report associations between measures of the health of populations and the presence of hazardous factors in the environment are frequently difficult to interpret (6,7).
		The working group acknowledged that epidemiological studies of local environmental exposures (e.g., clusters of childhood leukemia in the vicinity of nuclear power plants) might provide evidence about large-scale public health concerns, but felt that the evaluation of such outbreaks presents a unique set of problems that warrant attention in their own right.
		Due to both uncertainties in epidemiological studies and true variability in the association between exposure and health outcomes within and among human populations, the available body of epidemiological evidence may provide different exposure- response functions for the same general exposure-outcome relationship.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/2000/108p997-1002krzyzanowski/krzyzanowski-full.html (5450 words)

	CDC - OCSO - Human Research Protection Office - International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Other epidemiological knowledge has become part of popular culture, leading to changed values and behaviour, and thus has led to improved health: examples include attitudes towards personal hygiene, tobacco smoking, diet and exercise in relation to heart disease, and the use of seat-belts to reduce the risk of traffic injury and death.
		Subjects of epidemiological studies should be advised that it may not be possible to inform them about findings that pertain to their health, but that they should not take this to mean that they are free of the disease or condition under study.
		Epidemiological studies that require control (comparison) or placebotreated (i.e., non-treated) groups are governed by the same ethical standards as those that apply to clinical trials.
	www.cdc.gov /od/ads/intlgui3.htm (7878 words)

	Council of Europe. Recommendation No. R (89) 4 on collection of epidemiological data on primary health care
		An important objective of the collection of epidemiological data at primary health care level should be to serve as a basis for planning which is directly related to the needs of the community.
		The epidemiological data collected should include classic morbidity and mortality indicators, in particular the causes of mortality according to sex and age and data on mother and child health and family health in general.
		When collecting and processing epidemiological data, attention should be paid to the selection of an appropriate denominator for the measurements of the incidence and prevalence of disease.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/instree/coerecr89-4.html (1771 words)

	3.5 Epidemiological information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Epidemiological data can provide valuable insight into the pathogenicity of microorganisms as it applies to the general population.
		Ideally, an epidemiological investigation should attempt to collect as much quantitative information as possible in order to lend itself to better characterizing the dose-response relationship for microbial pathogens.
		In order to refine the dose-response relationship so that it has greater applicability to the general population, various information is required in an epidemiological investigation: the dose, the population exposed, and the number of people exhibiting a response (illness, fever, etc.).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/005/Y4392E/y4392e0b.htm (4580 words)

	ific.org : Epidemiological Research: Roots, Roles and Real-Life Limitations
		Epidemiological studies are observational in nature and the outcomes need further study through other types of research such as intervention or clinical studies.
		The decline in infectious diseases and the rise in the relative importance of noncommunicable diseases (diseases that are not contagious and that cannot be transmitted from person to person) have led to the development of modern epidemiology.
		For most people, interpreting epidemiological research isn’t an easy task—especially when the full research study is not available for consideration, as is usually the case for consumers.
	www.ific.org /foodinsight/2002/ja/epidemresfi402.cfm?renderforprint=1 (1595 words)

	Human Biology: Epidemiological Research Methods
		Chapters are organized according to a uniform format, each including an introduction, sections that develop and demonstrate the chapter's theme, a concise summary, an exercise section that provides the reader with an opportunity to apply the material presented, and a reference section.
		The organization of Epidemiological Research Methods is generally acceptable, although formulas for sample size and power and discussion of matched study designs might more logically precede the chapters on analytical methods.
		Epidemiological Research Methods may be a useful text for instructing undergraduate statistics students, students in epidemiology and related medical fields, and others interested in statistical methods applicable to epidemiological data.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199802/ai_n8791740 (1039 words)

	NIDA NOTES - NIDA's Epidemiological Compasses
		NIDA uses two epidemiological tracking programs to document the size of the drug abuse problem, spot trends, pinpoint the groups in the Nation's population that are most in need of prevention and treatment, and assess the effectiveness of interventions.
		Epidemiological estimates of the number of people abusing a particular drug are also used to set NIDA's research agenda.
		As another recent striking example of epidemiological findings leading to a research response, in the 1990s NIDA studies disclosed that most new heroin use was occurring in suburbia rather than-as previously-in urban centers.
	www.nida.nih.gov /Nida_Notes/NNVol15N3/DirRepVol15N3.html (1007 words)

	Epidemiological studies in Japan.
		Baron K. Takaki at that time made brilliant epidemiological studies on beriberi and was thus able to eradicate the disease long before vitamin B1 deficiency was identified as the cause of the disease.
		It may be cautioned that, among infectious diseases, tuberculosis is still a serious health problem today and HIV infection has become a threatening health issue although the number of AIDS patients reported was still about 1,000 for the whole country in 1995.
		There are a number of unique or unusual epidemiological studies in Japan, including a long-term surveillance of those who were exposed to A-bomb irradiation in 1945.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1996/dec/M96C1154.html (448 words)

	Epidemiological Facts about PTSD // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		These questions are asked by epidemiologists, and two major epidemiological studies have produced some answers.
		The estimated lifetime prevalence of drug abuse or dependence among male theater veterans is 5.7%, and the estimate for current drug abuse or dependence is 1.8%.
		Because the NVVRS sample size underrepresented members of certain ethnic minorities, the Matsunaga Vietnam Veterans Project undertook further epidemiological research among Native American, Asian American, and Pacific Islander veterans.
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /facts/general/fs_epidemiological.html (901 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (1993)
		The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries - Workshop Proceedings Introduction As child survival programs continue to achieve their goals of reducing infant and child mortality, the age structure and overall health status of the populations of most developing countries are changing.
		Nevertheless, epidemiological studies indicate that smoking, hypertension, dietary fat, motor vehicles, occupational hazards, and poverty are among the leading risk factors for death from noncommunicable diseases in developing and developed countries alike.
		Another difficulty in studying the epidemiological transition in many countries is that the existing data are not representative of the whole population, but rather often come from a more privileged segment of the population.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309048397/html/1.html (3696 words)

	EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
		Hence, for research involving identifying data, the involvement of treating physicians, or an equivalent trusted intermediary who has ethical and professional obligations towards the patient, in the process of recruiting subjects for epidemiological studies, generally seems to be a common minimal procedural requirement in Canada, the US and Britain.
		(4) Even in those countries whose guidelines might be thought more accommodating of epidemiological research, the particular balancing of the public interests in understanding and preventing disease and in respecting confidentiality and consent is often delegated to local research ethics committees that apply the national guidelines or law on a case-by-case basis.
		On the basis of this distillation, we conclude that the "trusted intermediary approach" to the recruitment of subjects is a specific procedural application of the general ethical duty to respect confidentiality, privacy and autonomy rights.
	www.ncehr-cnerh.org /english/query/07e.php (1459 words)

	Origin of London Epidemiological Society
		John Snow was a founding member of the London Epidemiological Society, one of the first professional organizations devoted to the field of epidemiology.
		When the constitution of the London Epidemiological Society was created, the founders had three major purposes all related to epidemics as a broad notion, not specific to a cholera epidemic, the threat of which had stimulated the earlier letters of Pater.
		Papers were regularly presented at the monthly meeting of the London Epidemiological Society such as one in 1851 on the use of statistics and statistical methodology in the study of epidemic diseases.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/snow/LESociety.html (950 words)

	Utilizing Culture and Behaviour in Epidemiological Models of Alcohol Consumption and Consequences for Western Nations
		The need for an epidemiological model that (a) gives proper weight to culture as a predictor variable, and (b) considers behavioural as well as health consequences, arises from both the successes and the limitations of recent research which relates alcohol consumption to disease incidence and mortality.
		The current study employs the cross-cultural epidemiologic model which Criqui and Ringel (1994) used to analyze the impact of alcohol consumption on heart disease and overall mortality independent of diet.
		This same discrepancy between cross-cultural and epidemiological research is found as well in the absence of a relationship between drinking and overall mortality.
	www.peele.net /lib/temperan.html (4891 words)

	Active Skim View of: 7. Data on Humans: Clinical and Epidemiological Studies
		Thus, the data on humans generally fall into one of two categories: clinical data, which describe the effects of specific agents on certain individuals, and epidemiological data, which reveal patterns of disease or death in groups of humans exposed to single agents or to a variety of substances.
		Epidemiological studies are susceptible to certain biases, which must be minimized.
		Since people who previously consumed large amounts of salt are now towering their intake, additional monitoring of their blood pressure levels and sodium intake, including that from drinking water, could provide useful information regarding the effects of elevated levels of sodium in drinking water on human health.
	www.nap.edu /nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309036879&chap=226-249 (880 words)

	SRBI.COM - Health & Medical Market Research - Epidemiological Research
		SRBI has a long and highly respected track record in conducting large-scale epidemiological surveys for federal agencies, university researchers and non-profit health organizations.
		This work and other studies are produced by SRBI under a "Master Agreement to Conduct Support Services for Epidemiologic Research" for the National Cancer Institute.
		Asthma in America: A national RDD survey was conducted by SRBI, screening 42,000 households in the United States to identify and interview a national probability sample of 2,509 patients with asthma (or parents of children with asthma).
	www.srbi.com /epidemiological.html (221 words)

	Wiley::Epidemiological Research Methods
		Statistical models including logistic regression and the proportional hazards model for survival analysis are explained in detail in the following chapters, concluding with an explanation of the general methods for determining the sample size and power requirements for an epidemiological study.
		Epidemiological Research Methods will be of interest to students and research workers who need to learn and appreciate modern approaches to the subject.
		Without unnecessary emphasis on mathematics or theory, the book will enable the reader to gain a greater level of understanding of the underlying methods than is normally provided in books on epidemiology.
	www.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471961965,descCd-description.html (290 words)

	DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL CHANGE, AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
		The potential impact upon the epidemiological environment of aspects of both development and global change are then examined: the influences of human population size, mobility, geographic distribution, and nutritional status; modernization; loss of indigenous medicinal knowledge; microbial evolution of antibiotic resistance; land conversion and biodiversity loss; agricultural intensification; stratospheric ozone depletion; and climate change.
		The epidemiological environment consists of the conditions and processes, both biophysical and social, that influence the interaction between human beings and disease agents.
		Finally, another feature of urban (and suburban) areas that causes deterioration in the epidemiological environment is the increased "air tightness" of buildings (in the name of energy efficiency) and air conditioning (and, incidentally, the reduced rate of airflow in the cabins of modern jet airliners, also in the name of energy efficiency).
	dieoff.org /page108.htm (15720 words)

	The Russian Epidemiological Crisis
		This occurred several years after life expectancy improvements slowed or reversed in some Western countries, and was the first time since the beginning of the epidemiological transition when the evidence compelled specialists to recognize that mortality decline does not always accompany economic development.
		Therefore, the general goal of the present paper is to investigate the genesis of the unprecedented Russian epidemiological crisis of the 1990s using the new data on mortality trends and patterns.
		The traditional Russian backwardness in the course of its epidemiological transition, as well as the demographic catastrophes of 1914-1920 (World War I and the Civil War) and 1933 (famine), determined this difference.
	www.rand.org /publications/CF/CF124/cf124.chap4.html (12837 words)

	Medical and Epidemiological Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This overview provides summary medical and epidemiological background on selected diseases for the OECD study on cross-national differences in treatments for ageing-related diseases.
		A preliminary literature review was conducted to describe and summarise various etiological factors in each condition, typical diagnostic and acute medical interventions used to treat these diseases, and current epidemiological trends for the disease where data were available.
		The overview of medical background simply outlines the current medical practice for these conditions and at this time, only briefly discusses the variations in management and treatment that likely exists across and within countries.
	oecd.org /LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_201185_1889888_1_1_1_1,00.html (246 words)

	Epidemiology as discourse: the politics of development institutions in the Epidemiological Profile of El Salvador -- ...
		Even descriptive epidemiological assessments or epidemiological profiles are imbued with theoretical assumptions shaped by the institutional setting under which epidemiological investigations are conducted.
		Epidemiological studies conducted in association with or commissioned by development organisations tend to follow the discourse of development.
		the epidemiological transition is the modernisation of the country.
	jech.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/55/3/164 (5444 words)

	Simulated epidemiological and economic effects of measures to reduce piglet supply during a classical swine fever ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The effects of additional measures adopted during a classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic to reduce piglet supply, namely, an insemination ban, abortion of sows and killing of young piglets, are studied using a stochastic, spatial, dynamic epidemiological simulation model of the pig sector in the Netherlands.
		The piglet supply derived from the epidemiological model is used as input for a sector-level market and trade model that simulates the pig market in the Netherlands.
		Additional measures to reduce piglet supply are found to have no epidemiological impact, but they do involve larger economic welfare changes for stakeholders and a larger net welfare loss for the economy in the Netherlands.
	www.oie.int /eng/publicat/RT/2203/A_R2232.htm (260 words)

	Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking -- Copas and Shi 320 (7232): 417 -- BMJ
		Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking -- Copas and Shi 320 (7232): 417 -- BMJ
		Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking
		We reanalysed the results of the 37 epidemiological studies to allow for the trend evident in the figure.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/320/7232/417 (1240 words)

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