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Topic: Epidemiological methods

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	Epidemiologist
		Knowledge, Skills and Abilities required at this level include knowledge of epidemiology methods, human biology, laboratory methods, environmental analyses interpretation, parasitology, toxicology, immunology and pathology; of medical terminology; of statistical analysis, biometry, and demography; of epidemiological or statistical software; of social and economic conditions; and of current epidemiological developments and techniques.
		Education and Experience requirements at this level consist of a master’s degree in public health, biological, medical, or health science which includes 6 semester hours in epidemiological methods and 6 semester hours of other epidemiological coursework and 9 semester hours in statistical methods and analysis.
		Education and Experience requirements at this level consist of those identified in Level II and three years of experience in a field involving the use of epidemiological techniques and analysis; or a doctorate in epidemiology and one year of qualifying experience.
	www.ok.gov /opm/jfd/x-specs/x27.htm (952 words)

	Human Biology: Epidemiological Research Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Various methods for analyzing survival data, including the log rank test, Poisson regression, and proportional hazards regression are presented in chapter 7, and the analysis of matched designs is the subject of chapter 8.
		Demonstration of methods using alternative data structures (i.e., logistic regression of grouped data as opposed to case-by-case data) is interesting and informative, although the argument that the case-by-case layout is generally inefficient for conducting logistic regression (without continuous covariates) is somewhat outdated considering the capabilities of modernday computers.
		Epidemiological Research Methods may be a useful text for instructing undergraduate statistics students, students in epidemiology and related medical fields, and others interested in statistical methods applicable to epidemiological data.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199802/ai_n8791740 (1055 words)

	Epidemiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epidemiological studies are generally categorized as descriptive, analytic (aiming to examine associations, commonly hypothesized causal relationships), and experimental (a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions).
		The term "Epidemiologic triangle" is used to describe the intersection of Host, Agent, and Environment in analyzing an outbreak.
		In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross, Anderson Gray McKendrick and others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epidemiology (1533 words)

	Mycology Workshop, August 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The question may be raised in epidemiological investigations of clusters of infections, in larger population survey studies, in the management of individual patients, or in studies of pathogenesis.
		The methods include, but are not limited to: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using specific probes and Southern hybridization analysis, restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA (ethidium bromide staining), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and electrophoretic karyotyping, restriction endonuclease analysis with rare cutters and PFGE (macro-restriction digest), and numerous variations of PCR-based fingerprinting.
		DNA fingerprinting methods may also be used to address clinical problems such as distinguishing reinfection from relapse and to examine the course of development of antifungal resistance among fungal isolates obtained during the course of therapy.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dmid/meetings/mycology2000/lab.htm (893 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In this chapter, we consider methods that are used to understand oppression, liberation, and well-being (analytical or basic research) and methods to overcome oppression and promote liberation and well-being (activist or interventionist research) for research operating from the post-positivist and social constructivist paradigms.
		Indicator approaches, epidemiological research, and survey research involve examining existing data or collecting new data on large samples of people in order to make generalizations to the population from which the samples are drawn.
		One of the earliest epidemiological studies of mental health problems was done in a rural county in Nova Scotia, Canada, beginning in the 1940s by Dorothea and Alexander Leighton and colleagues.
	people.vanderbilt.edu /~isaac.prilleltensky/chaptwelve.htm (8530 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer: Directions for Research (1983)
		In another method, certain anthropometric measures known to be correlated with obesity (including indices based on height and weight or skinfold thickness) have sometimes been used as indirect indicators of nutritional status.
		Epidemiological Methods 15 in methods that precluded the studies reviewed in the first RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS Assessment of Dietary Exposures formulation of firm conclusions from the report.
		Epidemiological Methods 17 necessitate an increase in the sample size to demonstrate statistically significant associations.
	www.nap.edu /openbook.php?record_id=381&page=12 (2811 words)

	University of Pittsburgh Department of Epidemiology
		Discusses in detail statistical and epidemiological methods of studying health effects of environmental agents, mechanisms of action of selected agents and the epidemiological hypotheses arising from these, and case studies of epidemiological investigations of environmental effects.
		Epidemiological and psychological methods of studying behavioral factors as risk factors and as determinants of rehabilitation in selected diseases will be reviewed.
		Teaches epidemiologic methods pertinent to research on aging individuals and the current state-of-the-art knowledge of epidemiology of diseases that primarily affect aging individuals.
	www.epidemiology.pitt.edu /curriculum.html (2820 words)

	Psychiatry Website - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
		The concepts of epidemiology, the science that uses statistical methods to investigate associations between risk factors and disease outcomes in human populations, are developed using examples involving real data from published studies.
		The relevant statistical methods are developed systematically to provide an integrated approach to observational and experimental studies.
		Statistical models including logistic regression and the proportional hazards model for survival analysis are explained in detail in the following chapters, concluding with an explanation of the general methods for determining the sample size and power requirements for an epidemiological study.
	www.wiley.co.uk /psychiatry/mcneil.htm (214 words)

	[No title]
		Alternative Epidemiological Methods Confidence Intervals On The Relative Risk For one death, the comparative death rates are 14.29/100,000 and 1.14/100,000 for a relative risk estimate of 12.53 for playing varsity basketball.
		In this method, the number of deaths in each group (exposed and unexposed) is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution.
		Confidence Interval On The Odds Ratio Woolf's method can also be applied to determining the confidence interval for the odds ratio (ratio of odds for death in the exposed group to the odds for death in the unexposed group).
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Epidemiological_methods.doc (2309 words)

	Analyzing human interactions as causes of disease
		Most epidemiological methods, however, are designed to assess the effects of risk factors in individuals, not populations.
		Epidemiologic methods estimating these parameters assume that populations are nothing more than collections of individuals and that patterns of disease are not affected by the nature or arrangement of interactions between individuals.
		New methods are needed to discover and evaluate the controllable causes of disease that lie precisely in the areas which traditional epidemiological methods must ignore to preserve their validity - namely the nature and arrangement of interactions between individuals.
	www.sph.umich.edu /~jkoopman/ColombiaTalk.htm (1588 words)

	Intensive Course in Epidemiology & Medical Statistics
		Epidemiological research has become an important tool in the study of the aetiology and natural history of infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in assessing health effects in populations.
		Appropriate statistical methods will be integrated with the main epidemiological content, and practical sessions will make use of relevant computer software.
		Those who are confident in these methods may prefer to consider the Advanced Course in Epidemiological Analysis in September.
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /prospectus/short/sicems.html (389 words)

	UMass Graduate Bulletin: Biostatistics & Epidemiology Courses
		Application of epidemiologic methods to study the etiology, control, and impact on society of selected diseases.
		Epidemiologic study design problems and issues; major methods of dietary assessment; non-dietary nutritional assessments; and the relative strength of evidence in support of diet-disease relationships.
		Methods for epidemiological assessment of the efficacy and safety of medical technologies, including drugs, devices, and medical and surgical procedures.
	www.umass.edu /grad_catalog/2001/publichealth/bioepi/courses.html (921 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Approaches to the evaluation of outbreak detection methods
		Epidemiological indicators of outbreaks are not absolute due to their reliance on individual judgement; however, they provide the closest approximation to current practice, and are able to accommodate changing standards, expectations, response capacities, interventions and contextual factors more readily than methods using purely data-derived models.
		Retrospective methods do not allow evaluation of the extra sensitivity or specificity of outbreak detection methods, as signals from historical data which have not been detected by conventional means are classified as false positives [23].
		As the validity of outbreak detection methods may vary according to the outbreak scenario as well as surveillance system factors, different methods need to be evaluated under the same conditions to determine their relative value [3].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2458/6/263 (6408 words)

	Methods and assumptions for estimates
		This data is entered into the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) software which fits a simple epidemiological model to find the best fitting curve that describes the evolution of adult HIV prevalence over time, and calibrates that curve to the prevalence found in the national survey.
		This adult prevalence curve, along with the national population estimates and epidemiological assumptions, is then entered into the Spectrum software program to calculate the number of people infected, new infections and deaths.
		More detailed explanation of methods and assumptions may be found on the UNAIDS reference group on estimates, modeling and projections website http://www.epidem.org/Default.htm and in a series of papers published in Sexually Transmitted Infections, “Improved methods and tools for HIV/AIDS estimates and projections,” 2006, 82 (Suppl III) and 2004, 80 (Suppl I).
	www.unaids.org /en/HIV_data/Methodology (390 words)

	EPINTAQ: A Software Designed to Teach Statistical Methods Applied in the Epidemiology of Diabetes
		Statistical methods are extensively used in experimental and nonexperimental epidemiological research based on surveys, case-control studies, cohort studies, and clinical trials.
		RR and OR are common measures in epidemiological research, providing a quantitative assessment of the magnitude of the association between an exposure variable and the outcome, which usually is the disease status.
		All these methods try to reproduce the advantages of the case-parental design in situations where parents are not genotyped, and their use will probably increase in future epidemiological literature.
	journal.diabetes.org /diabetesspectrum/99v12n4/pg203.htm (3932 words)

	Department of Epidemiology: EPI Course Descriptions
		With the completion of the human genome project, the epidemiologic approach is now urgently needed to assess the prevalence of genetic variation in the population, to characterize the burden of disease associated with genetic variation and with gene- environment interaction, and to evaluate the impact of genetic tests in reducing morbidity and mortality.
		Enables students to apply the principles and methods learned in an academic setting through the preparation of a monograph that embodies original research applicable to public health, incorporating a hypothesis that has been successfully evaluated with appropriate statistical and epidemiological techniques and is potentially publishable and has public health impact.
		Case studies representative of a variety of exposures, outcomes, and study designs are used to illustrate the application of epidemiological principles to the study of exposures occurring in the workplace and in the general environment.
	www.sph.emory.edu /epi/epicourse.php (2283 words)

	Sample size calculations for meta-epidemiological studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This led to research into the numerous ways in which bias may be introduced, and the development of methods to detect the presence of such bias[1].
		Methods: Two meta-epidemiological methods are commonly used to detect bias: one is the Schulz logistic regression method [2]; another is the weighted mean method [4].
		An alternative approach, based on the weighted mean method, was to adapt the sample size formula for a t-test.
	www.cochrane.org /colloquia/abstracts/ottawa/O-065.htm (460 words)

	Epidemiology for Journalists \| More Advanced Epidemiological Methods
		For instance, epidemiologists often study situations in which several risk factors are present in a population at the same time, and they want to estimate the effect of each factor independent of the others.
		Understanding these more complicated methods is not essential to your understanding of epidemiology, but because they are used routinely in epidemiological studies you may encounter, the following explanations may help your interpretations.
		Logistic regression allows one to calculate odds ratios for individual risk factors where you believe that a variety of risk factors may be contributing to the occurrence of disease.
	www.facsnet.org /tools/ref_tutor/epidem/advance.php3 (724 words)

	Study Units (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		To provide four perspectives on the epidemiology of communicable diseases: basic concepts and methods; epidemiological aspects of vaccination; surveillance and outbreak investigation; and detailed discussion of the epidemiology of important representative infectious diseases.
		Two informal assessments of progress will be made during the course of the study unit, neither of which count towards the final degree: a mid-term test, to be carried out in the student’s own time and invigilated closed book test at the end of term. Formal assessment will be by written examination in June.
		The emphasis is on practical application of methods, with an introduction to likelihood theory as the unifying statistical concept.
	www.rvc.ac.uk /courses/postgraduate/MSc_Vet_Epidemiology/Study_Units.cfm (3836 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		These methods are relevant for epidemiological surveillance and public health, particularly for detecting clusters of geographic units in which a parameter under observation deviates from the expected value and the identification of risk factors and contextual determinants for etiological hypotheses formulation.
		This method uses the locations on the map of both individual case data and environmental or ecological factors in the area studied and permits calculation of different epidemiological measures of association between exposure to the environmental factor and the health effect.
		Spatial modeling methods also have application to public health, particularly when the concern is to estimate continuous surfaces for the risk of becoming ill or dying based on discrete measurements.
	www.paho.org /english/dd/ais/be_v25n4-soft_sig_sp.htm (6344 words)

	Epidemiological Surveillance and Analysis - Smittskyddsinstitutet
		A main task of the SMI is surveillance of communicable diseases and analysis of the current epidemiological situation, in Sweden as well as internationally.
		Numerical data must always be related to circumstances that affect these data, such as introduction of new laboratory methods, shifting indications for sampling, ongoing research projects or screening programs, etc. This analysis requires firm knowledge of the diseases under surveillance, as well as a considerable contact net.
		The epidemiological situation and development in our neighbouring countries, from which infectious diseases could quickly spread to Sweden, is followed closely.
	www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se /in-english/activities/epidemiological-surveillance-and-analysis (414 words)

	teghome
		The overall aims of TEG are to conduct research on the epidemiology and control of the major public health problems of developing countries, and to develop statistical and epidemiological methods in this area.
		To develop and adapt statistical and epidemiological methods that are relevant and applicable to research on the health problems of developing countries, and to promote the use of these methods.
		A major function of the TEG is to provide statistical and epidemiological support to the overseas units of the MRC in The Gambia and Uganda.
	www.lshtm.ac.uk /ideu/teg/tegindex.html (271 words)

	Year 2003 Decisions - Results of the 'Novel Population Genetic and Genetic Epidemiological Methods for Studies of ...
		Results of the "Novel Population Genetic and Genetic Epidemiological Methods for Studies of Complex Genetic Diseases" competition
		The program was designed to build research capacity in the area of population genetics and genetic epidemiology of complex diseases with important environmental co-determinants.
		Novel Population Genetic and Genetic Epidemiological Methods for Studies of Complex Genetic Diseases
	www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca /e/18042.html (238 words)

	MPH Clinical Investigation Curriculum
		Emphasis will be on the hands-on discussion of basic methods in epidemiologic research, including literature review; study design selection; measurement of disease; selection of relevant variables; development and administration of questionnaires; quantitative data analysis; and reporting study findings.
		In the second part of the course, epidemiologic and public health approaches to aging will be applied to case studies, (including local examples) of selected major disabling conditions including influenza, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, mental health, tobacco, hypertension and other risk factors.
		Emphasis will be placed on identifying and understanding an epidemiological framework for risk factor research and its application for developing and implementing universal, selected and targeted interventions in diverse populations as defined by the Institute of Medicine.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /cpm/education/mph_ci/curriculum.html (2624 words)

	MPH Generalist Curriculum
		Emphasis will be on the hands-on discussion of basic methods in epidemiological research, including literature review; study design selection; measurement of disease; selection of relevant variables; development and administration of questionnaires; quantitative data analysis; and reporting study findings.
		In the second part of the course, epidemiological and public health approaches to aging will be applied to case studies, (including local examples) of selected major disabling conditions including influenza, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease, mental health, tobacco, hypertension and other risk factors.
		The purpose of this course is to familiarize students with unique and prevalent issues, problems, difficulties, and challenges of conducting health services research with elderly persons, and to provide students with approaches and tools to address those issues and problems in order to successfully conceptualize, plan, carry out, and conclude research with the aged.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /cpm/education/mph/curriculum.html (2569 words)

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