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Topic: Epidural analgesia

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	Medical Risks of Epidural Anesthesia During Childbirth
		Epidural analgesia was maintained with a continous infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine with 2 pg/ml fentanyl.
		Bleeding in the pelvis and increased incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.
		Epidural analgesia is associated with recurrence of herpes simplex blepharitis after cesarean section when epidural morphine is given.
	www.healing-arts.org /mehl-madrona/mmepidural.htm (7803 words)

	Epidural Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The use of epidural regional analgesia provides a technique that veterinarians and veterinary technicians can use to provide pain relief to their patients after surgery.
		Epidural analgesia has been used in patients with hind leg orthopedic problems, laparotomies, thoracotomies and even foreleg amputations.
		Lateral recumbency can also be used for the epidural injection.
	cvm.msu.edu /services/aneth/docs/epidural (79 words)

	CME Resource - Epidural Analgesia Update - Course Text
		Epidural analgesia has been shown to be more effective than systemic narcotics in the management of acute pain for a variety of postoperative populations, such as thoracotomy, upper abdominal surgery, orthopedic procedures, as well as trauma patients.
		Epidural analgesia may also be indicated in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain, such as low back conditions, multiple sclerosis and severe osteoporosis, to alleviate the chronic drowsiness associated with systemic narcotics [13; 16; 19].
		However, with increased utilization of epidural analgesia, it has been shown that pain may be best relieved by placing the catheter at different sites depending on the location of the patient's pain and/or surgical incision, because of the spread of the drug in the anatomic region of catheter location [20].
	www.netce.com /course.asp?Course=3058 (12837 words)

	Epidural Anesthesia for Labor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Epidural anesthesia uses repeated doses of a local anesthetic in the epidural space of the spinal area.
		Epidurals are thought to be safe for both mother and baby and limited studies have been done.
		Most women can have an epidural, although women who have had back surgery, heart or blood disorders, and those who are allergic to "-caine" medicines should discuss those problems with their physician and anesthesiologist.
	www.healthpages.org /AHP/LIBRARY/WOMEN/PREGNANT/LABRDELV/epidural.htm (1354 words)

	Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia?
		Epidural anesthesia was initiated using 10-12 ml of 2% lidocaine and switched to continuous epidural anesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine (5-7 ml/hr).
		Thoracic epidural analgesia induced a moderate decrease in mean arterial pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, free fatty acids and myocardial consumption of free fatty acids.
		The incidence of spinal anesthesia in an orthopedic institute in Firenze increased from 22% in 1989 to 42% in 1993 (6).
	www.csen.com /anesthesia/book (15184 words)

	Epidural
		Epidurals and caudals are two similar types of regional anesthesia that free a laboring woman from pain without dulling her mental faculties.
		Her body may not respond to the epidural as the anesthesiologist intends--some women find that they still experience pain in spite of their expectation that the pain will be gone, whereas others who may have wanted to feel some sensations so that they could push may find themselves completely deadened and unable to do so.
		So common is the use of epidurals today that many childbirth professionals are calling the 1990s the age of the "epidural epidemic." 60% of the women in my study, and 80% of the women in a recent study by Sargent and Stark (1987) received epidurals or their equivalent.
	www.birthpsychology.com /messages/epidural/epidural.html (1090 words)

	Epidural versus non-epidural analgesia in labour pain
		Epidural analgesia is associated with pain relief during labour, and this is likely to be more effective than alternative treatments.
		Epidural block maintained beyond the end of the first stage is associated with an NNT for assisted vaginal delivery is 9.6 (6.7 to 17) compared with control treatments.
		Although epidural analgesia is widely used during labour, questions have been raised about short- and long-term effects.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/painpag/Acutrev/labour/AP056.html (737 words)

	Epidural Analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The use of epidural analgesia is appropriate when systematically administered oral or parenteral analgesics do not achieve adequate pain relief without unacceptable sedation, respiratory depression, or other side effects.
		Epidural analgesia is now widely used for infants and children with postoperative pain.
		Systematic studies on epidural analgesia for children with cancer are unavailable, but experience in a few pediatric centers suggests that some children can be made comfortable with epidural or subarachnoid infusions of opioids and local anesthetics.
	www.hivpositive.com /f-PainHIV/Pain/LS7.1.3.4.html (178 words)

	Epidural Injection - neurologychannel
		Epidural injection is the administration of medication into the epidural space.
		The epidural space is located between the dura and the interior surface of the spinal canal and contains veins, arteries, and fat.
		Epidural injection is the injection of medication into the epidural space.
	neurologychannel.com /epidural (345 words)

	Epidural Analgesia
		Epidural analgesia with local anesthetics, opioids, or alpha agonists alone, or in combination, can provide superior regional analgesia over conventional systemic routes (IV or PO), with minimal systemic side effects (nausea, sedation, constipation).
		Epidural analgesia can be administered by intermittent boluses (by a clinician or by patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) using an appropriate pump); continuous infusion; or a combination thereof.
		In contrast to drugs administered systemically, drugs administered in the epidural space are extremely potent since the drug is delivered close to the site of action (opioid and alpha agonist receptors in the spinal dorsal horn or local anesthetic blockade of nerve roots).
	www.mywhatever.com /cifwriter/library/eperc/fastfact/ff85.html (683 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Epidural analgesia is accomplished by means of epidural narcotics, local anesthetics, or their combination.
		Epidural local anesthetics, typically dilute solutions of bupivacaine or ropivacaine, are administered by infusion.
		Epidural local anesthetics and narcotics frequently are combined in lower dosages in an effort to provide analgesia with a lower risk of the associated adverse effects of each drug.
	www.medceu.com /course-no-test.cfm?CID=1303 (3251 words)

	CME Resource - Epidural Analgesia - Overview
		Describe the historical evolution which preceded the use of epidural analgesia as a method of pain management.
		Identify indications for epidural analgesia and catheter placement sites for various patient populations (both acute and chronic).
		Margo has presented at AACN’s National Teaching Institute and has coauthored a number of articles with her colleagues on topics such as care of the patient receiving epidural analgesia, women and heart disease, wound healing, spinal cord trauma, altered tissue perfusion, patient satisfaction, family needs, visiting and support groups in critical care.
	www.netce.com /BuildOverview.asp?Course=1054 (684 words)

	PCA and EPIDURAL ANALGESIA
		The advantages of epidural analgesia are several: excellent pain management with decreased dosages, variable duration (2-18 hours) depending on the choice of analgesia, little effect on blood pressure or heart rate, no significant effect on sensation, increased movement with earlier ambulation, and minimal sedation (McNair, 1990).
		For epidural analgesia, the patient is positioned on his side and L2-4 are identified.
		The disadvantages of an epidural are inadequate analgesia do to malpositioning, kinking, knotting, compression, slippage or migration of the catheter.
	www.csufresno.edu /nursing/n140/studassign/pain.htm (639 words)

	BestBETs: Epidural analgesia vs. parenteral analgesia in the...
		BestBETs: Epidural analgesia vs. parenteral analgesia in the...
		You wonder whether epidural analgesia would be better than parenteral analgesia for this man in reducing pain and preventing potential complications.
		Although epidurals provide better analgesia than iv opioid analgesia this hasn't been proven to improve clinical outcomes and may be associated with certain complications.
	www.bestbets.org /cgi-bin/bets.pl?record=00484 (504 words)

	Case Conference: Enoxaparin and Epidural Analgesia
		In light of her deteriorating pulmonary function and localized site of injury, placement of a thoracic epidural catheter for continuous analgesia was planned.
		An epidural catheter was placed at the T7-T8 interspace using the paramedian approach and loss of resistance technique.
		It was then noted that the patient had received enoxaparin 30 mg subcutaneously at 9 o'clock, 6 hours prior to epidural catheter placement.
	depts.washington.edu /anesth/regional/enoxaparin1.html (392 words)

	Epidural Analgesia in Lung Transplant Patients
		analgesia to avoid pulmonary complications in the postoperative period.
		(9%) in the epidural patients and 4/20 (20%) in the IVPCA patients.
		extubation and avoidance of reintubation in patients with epidurals.
	www.csen.com /anesthesia/lung-transplant.htm (970 words)

	Epidural Analgesia for Childbirth
		The challenge for the anesthetist is to stop or minimize the pain but not the labor, and do so in a manner 'SAFE' to both the baby and mother.
		For the last 25 years or so, epidural analgesia has become the popular method of pain control with 70-80% of patients requesting it.
		Epidural Analgesia During Labor University of Alabama School of Medicine
	www.sblom.com /epidural (321 words)

	labor epidural analgesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Face mask O2 should be placed either before epidural placement or at least before activation.
		Catheter is removed and patient is discharged from L&D after delivery and complete recovery from epidural analgesia.
		Please document recovery from epidural block and intact removal of catheter on anesthesia record.
	www.dzemdibu-nams.lv /raksti/la.htm (389 words)

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