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Topic: Epigeal

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Hypogeal

Photosynthesis

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	Propagation
		With Epigeal Germination when the seed germinates - the roots and future bulb grow downwards and the bit nearest the seed elongates grows upwards and turns green, often dragging the seed itself up with it.
		Epigeal Immediate lilies tend to come from areas with mild winters, Hypogeal delayed species tend to come from areas with severe winters.
		Epigeal immediate/Epigeal Delayed and Hypogeal immediate seed is probably best sown in early Spring so that the leaves come up with the improving light.
	www.lilies.org.uk /html/propagation.html (1563 words)

	Propagation by Seed.
		Epigeal germinators are normally sown in early spring, and hypogeal germinators in late summer or fall.
		Epigeal germinators can also be planted in greenhouses, either in beds at ground level or in trays of soil or raised benches.
		Epigeal germinators can be grown successfully in a wide variety of containers and media.
	www.herbs2000.com /flowers/l_p_seed.htm (2374 words)

	IngentaConnect An unusual case of epigeal cryptocotylar germination in Rollinia ...
		The terms cryptocotylar and phanerocotylar are used to describe the permanence of cotyledons within the seed coat or endocarp; the terms epigeal and hypogeal are used to refer the position of cotyledons in relation to ground level.
		The terms to describe position about ground level and permanence of cotyledons within the seed coat or endocarp are not used simultaneously in many papers, and some authors consider the terms cryptocotylar and hypogeal to be synonyms.
		Cases of epigeal cryptocotylar germination seem to be scarce in the literature.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /search/expand?pub=infobike://bsc/boj/2004/00000146/00000001/art00004 (260 words)

	In botany botany a seed seed is described as epigeal when... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In botany botany a seed seed is described as epigeal when...
		In botany botany, a seed seed is described as "epigeal" when the cotyledon cotyledons of the germinating germinating seed expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic photosynthetic above the ground.
		The converse, where the cotyledons remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground, is "hypogeal hypogeal".
	www.biodatabase.de /Epigeal (102 words)

	Hypogeal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In botany, a seed is described as hypogeal when the cotyledons of the germinating seed remain non-photosynthetic, inside the seed shell, and below ground.
		The converse, where the cotyledons expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground, is epigeal.
		In water purification works, the hypogeal (or Schmutzdecke) layer is a biological film just below the surface of slow sand filters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypogeal (106 words)

	IMPROVEMENT OF ´OVOLI´ PRODUCTION IN GLOBE ARTICHOKE BY REMOVAL OF THE EPIGEAL PART OF THE PLANT
		This research evaluated the effects of removing the apex and epigeal part of the plants on the production and characteristics of “ovoli” in ‘Violet de Provence’, a traditional early Mediterranean cultivar, and in new clones (‘C3’, ‘C4’, ‘TP1’ and Etrusco) from “in vitro” micropropagation.
		Compared to the conventional method, removal of the apex and epigeal part of the plant, increased the number of “ovoli” per plant by 240% (‘Violet de Provence’) and 314 % (clone ‘C3’) and allowed the production of “ovoli” (from 2.8 to 4.7 per plant) in the other clones which do not develop any “ovoli”.
		The removal of the epigeal part also influenced some “ovoli” characteristics (weight, length and width).
	www.actahort.org /books/681/681_32.htm (227 words)

	OrchidTalk Forums - They're Alive! They're Alive!
		Epigeal germination - In this type, the cotyledon or seed leaf emerges above the soil surface first.
		Immediate or delayed - Both epigeal and hypogeal germination is delayed in some species, sometimes for up to two years.
		Most epigeal is immediate and most hypogeal is delayed.
	www.rv-orchidworks.com /orchidtalk/printthread.php?t=2429 (510 words)

	Essig, Frederick B., James R. Garey, and Jonathan M. Slomba. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)*
		A more sound basis for classification, based on seedling morphology, reproductive compatibility, and a reevaluation of a number of vegetative and floral characters, was suggested by earlier work.
		A major feature of a new classification would be the division of at least the bulk of the genus into two subgenera, one exhibiting classical epigeal germination and alternate seedling phyllotaxy, and the other exhibiting a type of hypogeal germination and opposite seedling phyllotaxy.
		The proposed major divisions of the genus are being tested with a phylogenetic study based on DNA sequence data, which will be expanded as part of the development of a comprehensive new classification.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/botany2000/section13/abstracts/15.shtml (240 words)

	Growing Lilium 1
		Propagation of Liliums is quite easy as long as you understand the simple principles of growing seed.
		"EPIGEAL" With some of the easy species you will get flowers in less than eighteen months and seeds will send up a leaf immediately after planting.
		Some specialists planted epigeal Lilium seed in late winter as it gives them more growth time before the coming season
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/bulbs_and_plants/35015 (436 words)

	Lilium canadense
		Seeds of Liliums fall into two groups, the first is: Epigeal Germination.
		Seed from this group germinates very quickly, within a few weeks from sowing; a strap shaped leaf breaks the potting medium, often with the shell case of the seed on it's tip.
		When sown straight after harvesting, these may sulk to sprout in the spring; these are called epigeal delayed.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/alpines_and_bulbs/29720/2 (374 words)

	WRLS Lily Culture
		I use the quick germinating-type seed, also known as "epigeal" seed.
		Under normal conditions, the epigeal-type seed is most commonly used and raised in gardens today.
		I sincerely hope we have more people who are interested in trying their skill at raising lilies from epigeal seed.
	www.wrls.org /culture/growing-from-seed.html (963 words)

	DEVELOPMENT I
		Many (but not all) dicots are epigeal so that the hypocotyl extends, carrying the cotyledons above ground.
		However, some dicots show hypogeal germination so that the epicotyl extends, and in some monocots the mesocotyl extends carrying the cotyledon and attached endosperm upwards out of the ground.
		In epigeal seedlings the apex of the emergent structure is bent over in a hook as long as it is below ground.
	hcs.osu.edu /hcs300/devel1.htm (891 words)

	Heartland Peony Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Most deciduous plants shed their leaves in autumn at the end of the growing season.
		a seed is described as epigeal when the cotyledons of the germinating seed expand, throw off the seed shell and become photosynthetic above the ground.
		The smallest natural taxinomy group of plants and animals consisting of distinct genera.
	www.peonies.org /glossary.html (675 words)

	AGRISCIENCE EXERCISE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Explain the difference between hypogeal and epigeal seedling emergence.
		Draw and label the progressive emergence of both hypogeal and epigeal emergence.
		Epigeal: The cotyledons are pushed above the soil surface due to the elongation of the hypocotyl.
	www.uark.edu /depts/aeedhp/agscience/EMERGENCE.htm (855 words)

	Chapter Epigeal <i>to</i> Episcopacy of E by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		Chapter Epigeal to Episcopacy of E by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		Foreign; unnatural; unusual; — said of forms of crystals not natural to the substances in which they are found.
		Copyright: All texts on Bibliomania are © Bibliomania.com Ltd, and may not be reproduced in any form without our written permission.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1196/22557/1.html (295 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - Publications: The Garden
		Seed from hybrid lilies, produce either seed parent accurately, but produce a variable new race of hybrids.
		If epigeal, the cotyledon rises above ground, similar in action to the germination of an onion seedling, with the first true leaf, normally broader, appearing soon after.
		If hypogeal, the cotyledon remains below ground at germination, feeding a tiny growing bulb from the endosperm; usually a genetic delay mechanism inhibits growth above ground until a cold period, representing winter, has passed.
	www.rhs.org.uk /thegarden/pubs/garden0902/lilies.asp (211 words)

	Glossary: E - Evergreen. Plants that retain their foliage more than 1 year.
		Epicormic shoots Shoots that develop from latent or adventitious buds on or from the trunk of a tree or shrub.
		Epigeal Type of seed germination in which the seed is pushed above soil level by elongation of the hypocotyl.
		Epiphyte A plant that grows on another plant without being parasitic, and obtains moisture and nutrients from the atmosphere without rooting into the soil.
	homepage.mac.com /gardensbyivydene/Glossary/glossarye-evergr.html (315 words)

	Vegetation Management in Forestry and Agroforestry to (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The cotyledons of epigeal plants emerge from the ground and act as leaves (seed leaves).
		For most weeds, this is the period when they are most easily killed by tillage, mowing, flame or steam weeding and foliar/contact herbicides.
		This is particularly true for epigeal broadleaves and shallow-rooted weeds.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/naturalresources/M1156.html (5501 words)

	Assembly rules for functional groups of North American shrews: effects of geographic range and habitat partitioning
		Assemblages were classified according to representation of functional groups, including fossorial, small epigeal, and large epigeal.
		Average (9±SD) species richness was 2.99±1.0 and assemblages averaged 0.8 species in the fossorial and large epigeal groups and 1.3 species in the small epigeal group.
		Compliance with Fox’s assembly rule was evaluated by dividing sites into those likely under the rule (favored) and those unlikely under the rule.
	www.treesearch.fs.fed.us /pubs/22056 (304 words)

	Seedling functional types in a lowland rain forest in Mexico -- Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 88 (10): 1801 -- ...
		or absorption cotyledons; and (5) CER, cryptocotylar epigeal
		epigeal with photosynthetic cotyledons are seedling types biologically
		Seedling types: PEF (phanerocotylar epigeal with foliaceous cotyledons), PER (phanerocotylar epigeal with reserve storage or absorption cotyledons), CHR (cryptocotylar hypogeal with reserve storage or absorption cotyledons), PHR (phanerocotylar hypogeal with reserve storage or absorption cotyledons), and CER (cryptocotylar epigeal with reserve storage or absorption cotyledons).
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/88/10/1801 (6029 words)

	GROWING LILIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There are two types of Lilium seed - Epigeal (easy and quick) and Hypogeal (hard and slow).
		With some of the easy species you will get flowers in less than eighteen months and seeds will send up a leaf immediately after planting.
		Slow germinating seeds require a warm period of about three months to make them germinate, (summer).
	www.bulbsociety.org /GALLERY_OF_THE_WORLDS_BULBS/GRAPHICS/Lilium/Growinglilium.html (1036 words)

	Sacramento River Portal and Library
		Restoration sites were compared to three adjacent remnant riparian forest sites.
		Pitfall sampling of epigeal beetles was carried out monthly between December 2000 and November 2001.
		Because of these factors, diversity, species richness, and trap abundance were not considered reflective of differences in compositional characteristics of epigeal beetle communities in these forest types.
	www.watershedportal.org /viewDoc_html?did=105 (788 words)

	Methods of Lily Propagation
		This group includes most of the commercially important species.
		Another group is the epigeal slow seed germinators.
		These germinate slowly and erratically, but the procedures to propagate them are the same as for the immediate germinators.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/chlee/plsc368/student/papers02/mwebster/easterlily.html (594 words)

	American River Watershed Portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Pitfall sampling of epigeal beetles was carried out monthly between
		of epigeal beetle communities in these forest types.
		from forests of different ages contain characteristic species; 2) epigeal beetle assemblages
	www.americanriverwatershed.net /viewDoc_html?did=105 (863 words)

	study guide 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Explain the two types of physiological seed dormancy found in plants.
		Explain the difference between hypogeal and epigeal emergence.
		epigeal - growing point is above soil surface immediately upon emergence
	www.uwrf.edu /~dc01/sg2.html (208 words)

	Old Exams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first step of germination involving the rapid absorption of water by the seed is called:
		less susceptible to late spring freezes than crops with epigeal emergence.
		are equally as susceptible to late spring freezes as crops with epigeal emergence.
	classes.css.wsu.edu /crops101/new_page_24.htm (1408 words)

	Growing from Seed
		Many will bloom in only eighteen months…if the proper procedure is used.
		It is best for beginners to start with the epigeal or “quick type” seeds, such as asiatics and trumpets.
		They can be planted directly in prepared ground or in a coldframe, but much quicker results are possible with windowsill culture.
	www.lilies.org /growingfromseed.html (808 words)

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