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Topic: Epigenetics

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	Epigenetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epigenetics is the study of reversible heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the sequence of nuclear DNA.
		Epigenetic inheritance occurs in the development of multicellular organisms: dividing fibroblasts for instance give rise to new fibroblasts (rather than some other cell type) even though their genome is identical to that of all other cells.
		Epigenetic inheritance systems (EISs) allow cells of different phenotype but identical genotype to transmit their phenotype to their offspring, even when the phenotype-inducing stimuli are absent, as is often the case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epigenetics (2002 words)

	Epigenetics
		epigenetics, which attempts to explain the mysterious inner layers of the genetic onion that may account for why identical twins aren’t exactly identical and other conundrums, including why some people are predisposed to mental illness while others are not.
		Epigenetics delves deeper into the onion, involving "information stored in the proteins and chemicals that surround and stick to DNA." Methylation is a chemical process that, among other things, aids in the transcription of DNA to RNA and is believed to defend the genome against parasitic genetic elements called transpons.
		In a 2003 pilot study, Dr Petronis and his colleagues investigated the epigenetic gene modification in a section of the dopamine 2 receptor genes in two pairs of identical twins, one pair with both partners having schizophrenia and the other having only one partner with the illness.
	www.mcmanweb.com /epigenetics.htm (602 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term epigenetics has over time been used in various senses, in part because the Greek prefix epi- has at least six meanings in English (including 'on', 'after' and 'in addition'), but also because various theories of epigenetic development, inheritance and evolution have been proposed (see Historical notes below).
		According to the theory, although the stages are largely predetermined by genetics, the manner in which the crises are resolved is not; by analogy with the epigenetic theory of cell differentation, the process was said to be epigenetic.
		The biologist Conrad H. Waddington is sometimes credited with coining the term epigenetics in 1942, when he defined it as “the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products which bring the phenotype into being”.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/e/ep/epigenetics.html (494 words)

	Backgrounder: Epigenetics and Imprinted Genes
		Epigenetics, literally "on" genes, refers to all modifications to genes other than changes in the DNA sequence itself.
		The addition of methyl groups to the DNA backbone is used on some genes to distinguish the gene copy inherited from the father and that inherited from the mother.
		Imagine one copy of a paternally imprinted gene passed from a father to his daughter (the copy is paternally inherited and will be "on") and then to her child (it's now a maternally inherited copy and will be "off").
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /press/2002/November/epigenetics.htm (1231 words)

	ScienceWeek
		Epigenetic control is also a key issue in the development of transgenic plants with appropriate expression from newly introduced transgene segments.
		Furthermore, at the Avy allele the epigenetic state can be inherited transgenerationally after maternal transmission, resulting in the inheritance of phenotype, i.e., the range of coat colors of the offspring correlates with the coat color of the dam.
		Consistent with the idea of transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic marks, the authors find that the methylation state of AxinFu in mature sperm reflects the methylation state of the allele in the somatic tissue of the animal, suggesting that it does not undergo epigenetic reprogramming during gametogenesis.
	scienceweek.com /2003/sw030829.htm (5752 words)

	Epigenetics: Mission Statement
		Epigenetics is beginning to form and take shape as a new scientific discipline, which will have profound impact on Medicine and essentially all fields of biology.
		The journal goal is to facilitate this process by providing a forum where epigenetic approaches to a variety of medical and biological issues could be discussed and where the common basic principles of epigenetics spanning different systems could be revealed and shared.
		Epigenetics covers many different levels of biological control from variegated expression in Drosophila to chromatin structure and modification down to DNA methylation and relates to different biological systems from yeast to plants as well as different disease and biological disciplines.
	www.landesbioscience.com /journals/epigenetics/missionstatement.php (306 words)

	Epigenetics - Novartis.com
		Epigenetics refers to factors affecting the development or function of an organism without directly affecting the primary sequence of the target genes, such as an environmental effect.
		Reprogramming of epigenetic modification is essential for the development of normal and cloned animals and may contribute to the generation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells.
		Growing evidence indicates that epigenetic alterations are intimately associated with aging and various diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and psychiatric disorders.
	www.novartisinstitutes.com /ExpertisePlatforms/Epigenetics (221 words)

	Scientists suggest framework for epigenetics in common disease
		Scientists at Johns Hopkins are calling for simultaneous evaluation of both genetic and epigenetic information in the search to understand contributors to such common diseases as cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
		But to establish what's "normal," epigenetically speaking, for the entire genome, Feinberg says scientists will need new technologies to quickly, accurately and inexpensively determine which epigenetic marks are present and where they are, much as "high-throughput" technology revolutionized genetics.
		Epigenetic variation is also likely to help relate environment and age to disease incidence and risk, the researchers say.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=11313&nfid=rssfeeds (850 words)

	The Hindu : Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science : Epigenetics: beyond DNA sequence
		Epigenetics is the study of this part of information carried in a cell, which is heritable during cell division but does not constitute part of the DNA sequence.
		Epigenetic mechanisms involve chemical modifications of the DNA itself, or modifications of proteins that are closely associated with DNA, such as the histone proteins that bind to and compact the DNA chain into the package called chromatin.
		But unlike epigenetic markers, which are programmed in the same manner in clones or identical twins, life styles and environmental exposure may differ between individuals.
	www.hindu.com /seta/2005/07/28/stories/2005072800041600.htm (777 words)

	Epigenome Network of Excellence: About Us - What is Epigenetics? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Conrad Waddington, originally defined the term epigenetics as 'the interactions of genes with their environment that bring the phenotype into being'.
		This includes; the study of how patterns of gene expression are passed from one cell to its descendants, how gene expression changes during the differentiation of one cell type into another, and how environmental factors can change the way genes are expressed.
		There are far-reaching implications of epigenetic research for agriculture and for human biology and disease, including our understanding of stem cells, cancer and ageing.
	www.epigenome-noe.net /aboutus/epigenetics.php (369 words)

	Epigenetics
		Epigenetics is all about controlled access to the information stored in your genes; the ideal is sufficient order to keep things nice and tidy, but enough access to make the genetic information useful.
		Epigenetic mechanisms, which involve DNA and histone modifications, result in the heritable silencing of genes without a change in their coding sequence.
		In this new epigenetic approach, we are not looking for either decitabine or valproic acid to do the heavy lifting of actually causing cell kill by virtue of their toxicity.
	clltopics.org /CellBio/Epigenetics.htm (4557 words)

	USATODAY.com - Johns Hopkins establishing epigenetics center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Epigenetics could be as important for some diseases as changes in genes are for others.
		Epigenetics could be as important for some diseases as changes in genes are for others, the researcher said.
		The new Center for the Epigenetics of Common Human Disease is being funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute and the National Institute of Mental Health.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2004-06-29-epigenetics_x.htm (535 words)

	Technology Review: Emerging Technologies and their Impact
		The researchers go even further through a sort of epigenetic archeology: by examining the DNA in tissues from past clinical trials, they can identify the epigenetic signals in the patients who responded best or worst to a given treatment.
		Philip Avner, an epigenetics pioneer at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, says that Epigenomics' test is a powerful tool for accurately diagnosing and understanding cancers at their earliest stages.
		Epigenetics has profound implications for the development of new therapeutics as well as diagnostics.
	www.technologyreview.com /read_article.aspx?ch=specialsections&sc=emergingtech&id=16470 (516 words)

	Search and destroy cancer cells with epigenetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Using the field of epigenetics - the way the body's cells control which genes are off or on - it is possible to identify proteins in the body that determine a cancer cells fate, whether it grows or not, and destroy them.
		Epigenetics could re-write the rule book on how we treat the disease, and Cellcentric is in the best possible position to commercialise new ideas from the science.
		CellCentric Ltd. is establishing itself as one of the leaders in the commercial exploitation of epigenetics and mechanisms that determine cell fate.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=30164 (592 words)

	All there is to know about epigenetics
		"Epigenetics may be as important in certain conditions, or in contributing to the risk of developing certain conditions, as the genetic sequence is in other cases," says Andrew Feinberg, M.D., King Fahd Professor of Medicine and principal investigator of the epigenetics grant.
		First on the center researchers' to-do list is development of technology to speed identification of epigenetic marks and their locations in the genome and then adapt these methods to examine multiple sections of the genome and many samples at once.
		At some point before, during or after egg meets sperm, epigenetic marks such as those used for imprinting must be reset and re-established, so that a gene passed from father to daughter to son is appropriately marked, for example.
	www.pharma-lexicon.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=10082 (1151 words)

	"Epigenetics" Means What We Eat, How We Live and Love, Alters How Our Genes Behave - Dukehealth.org
		These startling scientific discoveries illuminate the emerging field of epigenetics, in which single nutrients, toxins, behaviors or environmental exposures of any sort can silence or activate a gene without altering its genetic code in any way.
		The dramatic rise in obesity, heart disease, diabetes and other conditions of prosperous nations are increasingly pegged as epigenetic in nature, and may well claim their origins in faulty embryonic development, he said.
		At the NIEHS, scientists have embraced epigenetics as a major frontier in their scientific exploration of the environment, said David Schwartz, Ph.D., the institute's director.
	www.dukehealth.org /news/9322 (1387 words)

	Epigenetics: The Science Of Change
		Interest has been enhanced as it has become clear that understanding epigenetics and epigenomics--the genomewide distribution of epigenetic changes--will be essential in work related to many other topics requiring a thorough understanding of all aspects of genetics, such as stem cells, cloning, aging, synthetic biology, species conservation, evolution, and agriculture.
		The word “epigenetic” literally means “in addition to changes in genetic sequence.” The term has evolved to include any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells (although experiments show that some epigenetic changes can be reversed).
		Epigenetic immune system effects occur, and can be reversed, according to research published in the November-December 2005 issue of the Journal of Proteome Research by Nilamadhab Mishra, an assistant professor of rheumatology at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, and his colleagues.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2006/114-3/focus.html (3614 words)

	RWH_819 Epigenetics
		Epigenetics is showing that environmental influences can be inherited, even without any mutations in the genes themselves[1], and may continue to influence the onset of diseases like diabetes, obesity, mental illness, and heart disease from generation to generation.
		This emerging field of epigenetics is causing a revolution in the understanding of environmental influences on health.
		Skinner found that mother rats exposed to hormone-mimicking chemicals during pregnancy gave birth to four successive generations of male offspring with significantly reduced fertility.[3] Only the first generation of mothers was exposed to a toxin, yet four generations later, the toxic effect could still be detected.
	www.trwnews.net /Documents/Dioxin/RHW819.htm (1701 words)

	Genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An important area within molecular genetics is the use of molecular information to determine the patterns of descent, and therefore the correct scientific classification of organisms: this is called molecular systematics.
		The study of inherited features not strictly associated with changes in the DNA sequence is called epigenetics.
		Some take the view that life can be defined, in molecular terms, as the set of strategies which RNA polynucleotides have used and continue to use to perpetuate themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetics (1759 words)

	Wired News: Whew! Your DNA Isn't Your Destiny
		"Epigenetics is one of the fastest-moving areas of science, period," said Melanie Ehrlich, a Tulane University epigeneticist whose lab linked human cancer to epigenomic changes in 1983.
		Ehrlich believes epigenetic researchers are better off trying to predict and diagnose cancer and other diseases.
		In Europe, a consortium of public and private institutions is collaborating on the Human Epigenome Project, while mapping in the United States is scattered among a handful of companies and government-funded scientists.
	www.wired.com /news/medtech/0,1286,68468,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_3 (930 words)

	Epigenetics and Common Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But the Hopkins researchers say now is the time to begin studying epigenetics on the same mammoth scale used to probe the sequence of creatures' genetic building blocks.
		It's widely believed that common, complex diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease stem from collections of changes in a number of as yet unknown genes because of the wide variation in severity, age of onset, ease of treatment, rate of progression, and other factors.
		How much epigenetic marks vary normally is still unknown, but faulty epigenetics are already known to be at work in cancer and relatively rare Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, among others conditions.
	hopkinsnet.jhu.edu /servlet/page?_pageid=939&_dad=portal30p&_schema=PORTAL30P (921 words)

	NEXT UP: ALL THERE IS TO KNOW ABOUT EPIGENETICS; Hopkins To Found New Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Epigenetic effects undoubtedly play an important biological role, and learning more about these effects is essential to deciphering the mysteries of human health and disease.
		With the IHF information and samples, Feinberg and his colleagues will determine whether and how epigenetic marks shift over time and how a child's epigenetic marks differ from his or her parents'.
		One example of epigenetics is "imprinted" genes -- genes whose activity is determined not by the regular dominant and recessive rules of Mendel's genetics, but solely by which parent provided the gene copy.
	www.hopkinsmedicine.org /Press_releases/2004/06_28_04.html (1145 words)

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