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Topic: Epinephrine

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	Epinephrine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epinephrine is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
		Epinephrine was isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, Polish physiologist.
		Epinephrine is used as a drug to promote peripheral vascular resistance via alpha-stimulated vasoconstriction in cardiac arrest and other cardiac disrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output, such that blood is shunted to the body's core.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adrenaline (834 words)

	Epinephrine reviews
		Experimentally, these selective alpha2-agonists are as effective as epinephrine for initial cardiac resuscitation and have the additional advantage of minimizing myocardial oxygen consumption during the global myocardial ischemia of cardiac arrest.
		Epinephrine is the treatment of choice for acute anaphylaxis, and self-injection devices should be prescribed to patients at risk for this allergic reaction.
		Epinephrine infusion at a low dose rate was needed to sustain the blood pressure during surgery.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /epinephrine_reviews.htm (13919 words)

	Anaphylaxis Canada > What Is Anaphylaxis? > Frequently Asked Questions > Epinephrine
		Epinephrine is a hormone produced in the body by the adrenal glands.
		Epinephrine inhalation from a metered-dose inhaler is not recommended as an alternative to injectable epinephrine in the treatment of anaphylaxis.
		Epinephrine is light sensitive and needs to be stored at a temperature between 15-30° C. It should not be refrigerated and it can't be left in a car during a heat wave or a cold snap.
	www.anaphylaxis.org /content/whatis/qa_epinephrine.asp (1207 words)

	Epinephrine Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Epinephrine (also adrenaline, epi in medical jargon) is a hormone.
		Epinephrine plays a central role in the stress reaction, the physiological response to conditions that threaten the physical integrity of the body.
		When released into the bloodstream, epinephrine acts to increase heart rate and blood pressure, dilate the pupils, elevate the blood sugar level (by increased hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose), and redistribute blood flow away from the skin and inner organs.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/e/ep/epinephrine.html (291 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Epinephrine
		Epinephrine was first isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, polish physiologist.
		Epinephrine plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction—the physiological response to threatening or exciting conditions.
		Epinephrine is also used as a vasoconstrictor in anaphylaxis and sepsis, and as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific beta-2-adrenergic agonists are unavailable or ineffective.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Epinephrine (676 words)

	epinephrine on Encyclopedia.com
		Epinephrine, a catecholamine, together with norepinephrine, is secreted principally by the medulla of the adrenal gland.
		High-dose epinephrine is not superior to standard-dose epinephrine in pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest.
		The effects of methoxamine and epinephrine on survival and regional distribution of cardiac output in dogs with prolonged ventricular fibrillation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/e1/epinephr.asp (479 words)

	Adrenalin Online, Description, Chemistry, Ingredients - Epinephrine - RxList Monographs
		Epinephrine Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution administered parenterally by the intravenous or intracardiac (left ventricular chamber) routes, or via endotracheal tube into the bronchial tree.
		Epinephrine Injection, USP is a parenteral adrenergic (sympathomimetic) agent and cardiac stimulant.
		Epinephrine, USP is chemically designated 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino) ethyl]-1,2 benzenediol, a white, microcrystalline powder.
	www.rxlist.com /cgi/generic3/epi.htm (205 words)

	Cardiovascular Effects of Epinephrine in Hypertensive Dental Patients: Summary of Evidence Report/Technology ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Epinephrine is widely used as an additive in local anesthetics (typically in concentrations of 1:100,000) to improve the depth and duration of the anesthesia, as well as to reduce bleeding in the operative field.
		Epinephrine is also impregnated in cotton cord that is inserted into the sulcus between a tooth and the surrounding gingiva, improving access for tooth preparation and allowing dental impression material to more readily flow into the sulcus to record details of teeth prepared for crowns.
		These increases associated with the use of epinephrine occur in addition to increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate associated with undergoing the procedure without epinephrine (11.7 and 3.3 mm Hg, and 4.7 bpm, respectively) that are larger for hypertensives than for normotensives.
	www.ahcpr.gov /clinic/epcsums/ephypsum.htm (1486 words)

	Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis Information from the distributor of EpiPen® epinephrine auto-injectors
		Although epinephrine self-injection can treat anaphylactic reactions quite effectively, medical care should still be sought after its use to insure complete recovery from the allergic episode.
		Epinephrine by injection is the treatment of choice for anaphylactic reactions because it quickly begins working to reverse symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction.
		Epinephrine constricts blood vessels, relaxes smooth muscles in the lungs to improve breathing, stimulates the heartbeat, and works to reverse hives and swelling around the face and lips.
	www.epipen.com /epipen_dosing.aspx (644 words)

	EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALIN) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Epinephrine stimulates alpha-, beta1-, and beta2-adrenergic receptors in dose-related fashion.
		It is the initial drug of choice for treating bronchoconstriction and hypotension resulting from anaphylaxis as well as all forms of cardiac arrest.
		In addition, epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles of the skin, mucosa, and splanchnic areas and antagonizes the effects of histamine.
	eilat.sci.brooklyn.cuny.edu /newnyc/DRUGS/EPINEPHR.HTM (170 words)

	[No title]
		Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
		Epinephrine stimulates both alpha and beta receptors and is an inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic agent.
		\par }\pard \qj\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\adjustright {\f0 \par }\pard \qj\fi-2880\li2880\nowidctlpar\tx-1440\adjustright {\f0 \tab \tab \tab \tab Epinephrine elevates perfusion pressure generated during cardiac compression, improves myocardial contractility, stimulates spontaneous contractions (such as in ventricular standstill), and increases myocardial tone, which is accompanied by conversion of a fine fibrillation to a coarser one, thus more susceptible to termination to countershock.
	volusia.org /ems/400_10.doc (485 words)

	Nebulized racemic epinephrine for extubation of newborn infants
		Epinephrine stimulates both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and is a potent inotrope and chronotrope.
		When epinephrine is nebulized and inhaled the actions of the drug are largely restricted to the respiratory tract, however, systemic reactions can occur (Hoffman 1996).
		Inhaled nebulized epinephrine is widely used in the treatment of infective croup in children (Couriel 1988, Skolnik 1989) and its efficacy has been well demonstrated in randomised control trials (Kuusela 1988, Kristjánsson 1994, Fanconi 1990, Corkey 1981).
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/Davies/Davies.htm (3401 words)

	Epinephrine - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.
		Epinephrine plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction—the physiological response to threatening or exciting conditions (see fight-or-flight response).
		This is because of the confusion that the name epinephrine would cause to patients in EU countries, and resistance to the perceived Americanisation.
	www.voyager.in /Adrenaline (786 words)

	epinephrine ophthalmic - [Medication]
		Epinephrine ophthalmic causes decongestion in the eye by constricting blood vessels in the eye.
		Epinephrine ophthalmic should not be used to treat narrow- or shallow-angle glaucoma.
		Epinephrine ophthalmic is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether epinephrine ophthalmic will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/multum/d03971a1.htm (1238 words)

	Epinephrine Secretion, Hypoglycemia Unawareness, and Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy -- Hoeldtke and Boden 120 (6): 512 ...
		Decreased response of epinephrine and norepinephrine to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
		The significance of impaired pancreatic polypeptide and epinephrine responses to hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
		Metabolic and cardiovascular responses to epinephrine in diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
	www.annals.org /cgi/content/full/120/6/512 (3083 words)

	Cardiovascular Effects of Epinephrine on Hypertensive Dental Patients
		These increases associated with the use of epinephrine occur in addition to increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate associated with undergoing the procedure without epinephrine (11.7 and 3.3 mm Hg and 4.7 bpm) that are larger for hypertensives than for normotensives.
		The reported occurrence of adverse events in hypertensives associated with the use of epinephrine in local anesthetics is minimal, and the increased risk for adverse events among uncontrolled hypertensives is low, according to the authors of the studies that have examined this issue.
		The added risks attributed to the use of epinephrine in hypertensive patients include greater probability of acute hypertensive crisis, angina pectoris, and myocardial infarction, as well as cardiac arrthymias through the direct action of epinephrine; and acute hypertensive or hypotensive crisis brought about by the interaction of epinephrine and some antihypertensive medications.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=hstat1.chapter.71824 (2387 words)

	Epinephrine for the resuscitation of apparently stillborn or extremely bradycardic newborn infants
		Epinephrine is a cardiac stimulant with complex effects on the heart and blood vessels.
		The use of epinephrine is also endorsed in the resuscitation texts and courses of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP Kattwinkel 2000) and the European Resuscitation Council (ALSG 2000) but again without reference to any supporting scientific data.
		Epinephrine dosage effects on cerebral and myocardial blood flow in an infant swine model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/Ziino/ZIINO.HTM (2747 words)

	Anaphylaxis - Life-threatening allergy
		The dose of adrenaline (epinephrine) in the injection kits is usually 0.3 mg for an adult, which is rather low for a really dangerous reaction in a full-sized adult.
		The published evidence suggests that adrenaline (epinephrine) injected under the skin (subcutaneously) works for much longer than this, perhaps longer than the 150 minutes for which one set of research workers carried on measuring adrenaline (epinephrine) in the blood of their volunteers.
		People have accidentally injected adrenaline (epinephrine) into their thumb when trying to figure out how the syringe worked or when trying to check why it did not work (probably because they did not apply it to the skin at right angles, jamming the mechanism).
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~aair/anaphylaxis.htm (6994 words)

	Epinephrine
		Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.
		In medicine epinephrine is used chiefly as a stimulant in cardiac arrest, as a vasoconstrictor in shock, and as a bronchodilator and antispasmodic in bronchial asthma.
		Epinephrine is found in small amounts in the body and is essential for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis because of its ability to divert blood to tissues under stress.
	www.udel.edu /chem/C465/senior/fall00/Performance1/epinephrine.htm.html (1210 words)

	Epinephrine definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Epinephrine: A substance produced by the medulla (inside) of the adrenal gland.
		The name epinephrine was coined in 1898 by the American pharmacologist and physiologic chemist (biochemist) John Jacob Abel who isolated it from the adrenal gland which is located above (epi-) the kidney ("nephros" in Greek).
		The secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal is part of the fight-or-flight reaction.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3286 (242 words)

	Administration of Epinephrine Auto-injectors - Health Services & School Nursing (CA Dept of Education)
		It is recommended that all school personnel responsible for the storage and emergency use of an epinephrine auto-injector be trained annually, that the training be conducted by a physician or school nurse, and that the training include the following information.
		Even after epinephrine has been administered, emergency medical care should be obtained immediately because severely allergic individuals who have experienced anaphylaxis may need emergency respiratory or cardiac care, or even to be resuscitated if they stop breathing altogether.
		Immediately administer an epinephrine auto-injector to a person exhibiting potentially life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis at school or a school activity when a physician is not immediately available.
	www.cde.ca.gov /ls/he/hn/epiadmin.asp?print=yes (2838 words)

	Using an epinephrine injection for a systemic allergic reaction What is an epinephrine injection?, Eastern Carolina
		Epinephrine is a medication that prevents your body from releasing chemicals that cause your allergic reaction.
		Epinephrine relieves wheezing, breathing difficulties, and itching from hives.
		Epinephrine injections are prescribed by your health professional and sold at your local pharmacy.
	www.uhseast.com /165028.cfm (505 words)

	Epinephrine Management
		BACKGROUND Epinephrine is used pharmaceutically as a cardiac stimulant, and a relaxer to bronchial smooth muscles.
		Waste or expired shelf life epinephrine as the sole active ingredient in a solution is listed in section 40 CFR 261.33(e) of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) hazardous waste regulations as an acutely hazardous waste.
		Because the residual epinephrine in the syringe is not listed, and because it does not show the characteristics of a hazardous waste (40 CFR 261.21-261.24), it does not meet the definition of a hazardous waste.
	chppm-www.apgea.army.mil /hmwp/factsheets/EPINEPHPRE.html (624 words)

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