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Topic: Epineurium

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	Mechanisms of nerve injury
		From the outside inward these are the mesoneurium, epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium (Daniel & Terzis 1977, May 1986, Millesi & Terzis 1987, Lundborg 1988).
		The epineurium is the loose connective tissue sheath that defines the nerve trunk and protects it against mechanical stress.
		Traction and compression are the usual mechanisms of this type of injury and may cause severe ischemia, intrafascicular edema, or demyelination.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267508/html/x424.html (727 words)

	IX. Neurology. 1. Structure of the Nervous System. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment.
		In structure the common membranous investment, or sheath of the whole nerve (epineurium), as well as the septa given off from it to separate the fasciculi, consist of connective tissue, composed of white and yellow elastic fibers, the latter existing in great abundance.
		The tubular sheath of the funiculi (perineurium) is a fine, smooth, transparent membrane, which may be easily separated, in the form of a tube, from the fibers it encloses; in structure it is made up of connective tissue, which has a distinctly lamellar arrangement.
	www.bartleby.com /107/183.html (4306 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In this surgical procedure, the entire nerve trunk is sutured as a unit by application of sutures placed in the epineurium or by placement of a single suture through the axial center of the injured nerve trunk.
		The epineurium is grasped and tensed with the jeweler's forceps.
		The epineurium is grasped gently and the cuff slipped onto the nerve stump.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_65/65mast.txt (17766 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The epineurium that extends between the fascicles is termed the inner or interfascicular epineurium, while that surrounding the entire nerve trunk is called epifascicular epineurium [5].
		The connective tissue outside the epineurium is referred to as the adventitia of the nerve or epineural tissue [5].
		Although the epineurium is continuous with the surroun-ding connective tissue, its attachment is loose, so that nerve trunks are relatively mobile except where tethered by entering vessels or exiting nerve branches [6].
	www.nysora.com /publications/anat_charac_popfossa2.htm (242 words)

	Patent 4306561: Holding apparatus for repairing severed nerves and method of using the same
		In this way, both the epineurium or surrounding sheath of the nerve ends, and the fascicles contained within the epineurium, are simultaneously secured for unitary movement.
		In this way, both the epineurium, fascicles, and axons contained within the nerve are fully embraced, preventing retreat of the fascicles from the open end.
		In addition, the epineurium 52 of proximal end 24 of the nerve is shown along with the plurality of fascicles 53 peripherally enveloped by epineurium 52.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4306561.html (5648 words)

	Localization of Mycobacterium leprae to Endothelial Cells of Epineurial and Perineurial Blood Vessels and Lymphatics -- ...
		The fibrous layers of the epineurium (EP) are slightly thickened and a small number of bacilli are also seen within them.
		A: One leprosy bacillus (arrow) is seen in an endothelial cell of a medium-sized blood vessel near the epineurium, visible in the lower left corner.
		epineurium and perineurium and subsequently infect Schwann cells.
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/154/5/1611 (3589 words)

	Problem Solving
		Epineurium is loose, fatty connective tissue that may not be present.
		The peripheral nerve in slide 8 is stained with osmium tetroxide to detect the lipids in the myelin sheath.
		Slide 40 is a peripheral nerve stained with Verhoeff's van Giesson stain.
	cellbio.utmb.edu /microanatomy/Nerve.htm (656 words)

	Classification of Nerve Injuries - MEDSTUDENTS - Neurosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Axonotmesis: It involves loss of the relative continuity of the axon and its covering of myelin, but preservation of the connective tissue framework of the nerve (the encapsulating tissue, the epineurium and perineurium, are preserved).
		Third-degree: endoneurium disruptured, epineurium & perineurium intact: recovery may range from poor to complete and depends on degree of intrafascicular fibrosis; nerve may not appear seriously damaged on gross inspection.
		Fourth-degree: interruption of all neural and supporting elements; epineurium intact; the nerve is usually enlarged.
	www.medstudents.com.br /neuroc/neuroc4.htm (646 words)

	The anterior cardiac plexus: an intrinsic neurosecretory site within the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab ...
		An epineurium (ep) separates the nerve from the hemolymph space.
		Directly under the epineurium lie numerous nerve terminals, three of which are indicated with asterisks.
		The epineurium is composed of a moderately dense, amorphous material that is fenestrated with minute open spaces (three of the larger fenestrations are indicated with fl arrowheads).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/207/7/1163/FIG4 (222 words)

	Laboratory 8: Peripheral Nervous System
		Distinguish the endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium of a peripheral nerve.
		After orienting yourself in terms of the axons and myelin sheath (the atlas may be helpful), select areas where the tissue is well stained and study it at high power (the axonal cytoplasm does not stain well with toluidine blue).
		The artificial separation of perineurium from epineurium on this slide is due to slide preparation.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year1/histo/review/lab08.html (1002 words)

	93W3715 Sympathetic Ganglion sec (KT05)
		There is a distinct staining difference between the perineurium and epineurium so that you should be able to see both.
		What characteristic feature is present in the epineurium that would not likely be seen in the perineurium.
		At the ventral fold, the pia mater is distinct.
	www.fsu.edu /~histo/fiv~1.htm (2369 words)

	Internal Structure of Peripheral Nerves
		Between the fascicles is a fatty material called the interfascicular epineurium.
		The nerve is then wrapped in the main epineurium.
		Even if the sensitive living axons are damaged, the conduit made up of epineurium and perineurium will often survive and provide a pathway for regrowing nerves.
	www.backpain-guide.com /Chapter_Fig_folders/Ch10_Recover_Folder/Ch10-1_NerveStruct.html (85 words)

	ICP monitors
		External to epineurium is mesoneurium, a flimsy layer of tissue.
		The epineurium is continuous with interfascicular epineurium, which invests the different fascicles.
		• Blunt transections are associated with a ragged tear of the epineurium, bruising, and hemorrhage.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/09.1-PeriphNerve/PNInjuries.html (3998 words)

	Newsletter 13 Applications
		It is also called the epifascicular epineurium in contrast to the interfascicular epineurium between the fascicles.
		If a nerve cannot move in a longitudinal direction because of adhesions of the surrounding tissues caused by fibrosis of the paraneurium and the epifascicular epineurium, the lack of movement at the level of a nerve trunk can be compensated for by the increased longitudinal movement of the fascicles inside the trunk.
		At the same time, we need to be aware of the fact that the spinal nerves of the upper part of the brachial plexus are well attached to the root canal: they are the shortest (because of their horizontal exit) and therefore need protection.
	www.iaom-us.com /archive/newsletter/nletterOld/news13/n13-appl.htm (2990 words)

	eMedicine - Hand, Nerve Injury Repair : Article by SC Gupta, MD, CM, PhD, FRCSC, FACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Damage to the axons and the endoneurium that leaves the perineurium and epineurium intact is known as third-degree injury.
		The inner epineurium is relatively vascular and surrounds individual and bundled fascicles.
		The epineurium is primarily a protective layer and, unlike the perineurium, can be removed without detriment to nerve function (Smith, 1994; Birch, 1998; Rafols, 1998; Diao, 2000; Jarvik, 2000).
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/topic451.htm (11712 words)

	Local regulation of fat metabolism in peripheral nerves -- Verheijen et al. 17 (19): 2450 -- Genes and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		are expressed in the adipocytes that populate the epineurium
		the appearance of adipocytes in the mature epineurium.
		mass in the epineurium, and to the altered expression of proteins—including
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/17/19/2450 (7353 words)

	NERVOUS SYSTEM - LoveToKnow Article on NERVOUS SYSTEM
		From this sheath - delicate processes penetrate among the fibres, - and these are known as the endoneurium.
		The funiculi are collected into bundles called fascicuti, and the whole nerve consists of a variable num ber of fasciculi surrounded by a dense fibrous sheath, the epineurium.
		The various bundles do not remain distinct, but break up and re arrange themselves, so that following them up with the scalpel is a diffictilt and tedious work.
	73.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NE/NERVOUS_SYSTEM.htm (299 words)

	Tramadol, buy tramadol, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, weight loss, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Half of the 40 nerves were intentionally injured by removing the epineurium, and the remaining nerves were uninjured.
		The presence of epineurium, fascicular number, and fascicular area were measured.
		The maintenance of epineurium inhibited the inflammatory response in intrafascicular and epifascicular nerve tissues.
	altace-online.biz /ref-tetracycline/tetracycline-research-abs3.1270.html (737 words)

	EM: Nervous System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The epineurium or the outer most CT sheath contains fibroblasts, collagen fibers, fat cells and blood vessels.
		The perineurium is composed of a series of flattened cells and interposed basal laminae.
		Observe (left to right) the epineurium, the perineurium and the endoneurium.
	cats.med.uvm.edu /cats_teachingmod/histology/lectures_online/ems/nv/nv.html (1878 words)

	Epineurium: Definition of Epineurium in Webster's Dictionary 1913 Edition - Wunder Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Epineurium: Definition of Epineurium in Webster's Dictionary 1913 Edition - Wunder Dictionary
		Epineurium: Definition of Epineurium in Webster's Dictionary 1913 Edition
		The connective tissue framework and sheath of a nerve which bind together the nerve bundles, each of which has its own special sheath, or perineurium.
	websters.wunderdictionary.com /dictionary/def/english/epineurium.html (46 words)

	Brainstorms: Intraorganismal Convergence?
		In muscle, the muscle fibers/endomysium are bundled into fascicles by a connective tissue known as perimysium.
		The entire nerve is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epineurium.
		With spinal nerves, the epineurium fuses with the dura mater of the spinal meninges.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000528.html (306 words)

	Nervous tissue
		A nerve is made up of many nerve cell fibres (neurons) bound together by connective tissue.
		A sheath of dense connective tissue, the epineurium surrounds the nerve.
		The endoneurium, which consists of a thin layer of loose connective tissue, surrounds the individual nerve fibres.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sci_ed/grade10/mammal/nervous.htm (600 words)

	14. Nervous System
		The epineurium, or outermost protective layer, consists of dense connective tissue, rich in collagen fibers.
		Try to find each of the structures that you found in the cross section with the Masson stain; epineurium, perineural sheath, endoneurium with capillaries and fibroblasts, myelinated axons (and nonmyelinated ones?), Schwann cell nuclei.
		As you noted in an earlier lab session there is little elastica in the epineurium.
	neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu /campbell/nervous/wp.htm (4373 words)

	Principles of Peripheral Nerve Repair
		Delayed (secondary) repair is preferred in cases in which major trauma and contamination are associated with nerve damage.
		Advantages of delaying definitive repair for 2 to 6 weeks after injury include hypertrophy of the epineurium for easier suturing and greater tensile strength, demarcation of injured nerve elements at the site of injury for easier resection of neuroma, and the above-mentioned changes in cell physiology for initiation of regrowth.
		As described in the text, caution should be exercised to ensure placement only through epineurium as represented in A and B. Preplacement of all sutures prior to tying will ensure even suture line tension (C).
	www.ivis.org /special_books/ortho/chapter_65/65mast.asp (17920 words)

	Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release Procedures - page 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		None of these patients were found to have incomplete division of the transverse carpal ligament; instead they had a thickened epineurium and ultimately benefited from epineurotomy.
		These results uphold the findings of other investigators that in most cases decompression of the median nerve by division of the transverse carpal ligament alone is sufficient to relieve carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms without performing internal neurolysis of the nerve.
		The findings in this series suggest that a subset of patients (5%) have a thickened epineurium and will not benefit from division of the transverse carpal ligament alone.
	www.thehandcenter.com /pub/1236_endoscopic_ctr_procedures_page6.html (760 words)

	Nerve 2
		Slide 64 is useful for studying the connective tissue (epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium) which is associated with the nerve fibers, This Mallory stain preparation stains collagen and reticular fibers blue, and nuclei, muscles and nerve axons red.
		First, Epineurium which surrounds the entir peripheral nerve is indicated by the blue arrows.
		The next level is the Perineurium, which subdivides the nerve into fasicles indicated by the green arrows.
	www3.umdnj.edu /histsweb/lab8/lab8nerve2.html (318 words)

	Carpal Tunnel Release: Brown Two Portal Technique page 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		At the tie of open carpal tunnel release, these patients were noted to have thickened epineurium without any other associated abnormalities.
		There is, therefore, a subset of patients with a thickened epineurium that do not respond to endoscopic carpal tunnel release.
		However, these patients cannot be identified on the basis of symptoms, examination, or electrodiagnostic studies.
	www.thehandcenter.com /pub/crt_brown_two_portal_technique8.html (633 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Under low power note the collagen arranged as endoneurium,perineurium, and epineurium.
		Perineurium surrounds each fascicle; epineurium binds all the fascicles together and contains blood vessels; endoneurium surrounds each nerve fibre.
		Using the high power note the axon, stained dark pink, at the centre of each nerve fibre.
	www.umanitoba.ca /Medicine/Anatomy/neuro/graphics/periner.htm (88 words)

	Nerve Tissue
		Identify ganglia, peripheral nerves and the endo, peri, and epineurium of nerve fibers
		Study slide 9 (sciatic nerve, osmium fix) at low power and focus on the cross section of the nerve.
		The outermost layer of eosinophilic material (collagen) is the epineurium.
	anatomy.iupui.edu /courses/histo_D502/D502f02/Nerve/Lab4.nt.f02.html (1792 words)

	Question: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A nerve that is visible upon dissection would consist of:
		nerve fibers bundled into nerves by perineurium and nerves bundled into a fasicle by epineurium.
		nerve fibers bundled into fasicles by epineurium and fasicles bundled into a nerve by perineurium.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/NS_overview_module/NS_Overview_04Q.html (55 words)

	epineurium - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "epineurium" is defined.
		epineurium : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Epineurium : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
	public.onelook.com /?w=epineurium (174 words)

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