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Topic: Epistemic logic

	Epistemic logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epistemic logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge.
		The basic modal operator of epistemic logic, usually written K, can be read as it is known that, it is epistemically necessary that, or it is inconsistent with what is known that not.
		Epistemic logic has been combined recently with some ideas from dynamic logic to create public announcement logic and product update logic, which attempt to model the epistemic subtleties of conversations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epistemic_logic (423 words)

	Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Logic was developed independently and brought to some degree of systematization in China (5th to 3rd century BC) and India (from the 5th century BC through the 16th and 17th centuries AD).
		A major step in modern logic is the discovery that it is possible to examine and characterize other formal systems in terms of the logic resulting from their elements, operations, and rules of formation; such is the study of the logical foundations of mathematics, set theory, and logic itself.
		Examples of applied logics are practical logic, which is concerned with the logic of choices, commands, and values; epistemic logic, which analyzes the logic of belief, knowing, and questions; the logics of physical application, such as temporal logic and mereology; and the logics of correct argumentation, fallacies, hypothetical reasoning, and so on.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/logic.html (973 words)

	Modal epistemic logic
		In order to make epistemic logic possible, idealizations were made concerning the reasoning capacities of the agents, and modal systems were proposed to describe such idealized agents.
		To save modal logic as logic of knowledge, a new interpretation of epistemic logic has been proposed: the concept of implicit knowledge is invented, and modal epistemic logic is now interpreted as describing this concept.
		That is, epistemic logic is not taken as describing what an agent actually knows, but only what is implicitly represented in his information state, i.e., what logically follows from his actual knowledge.
	www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de /~duc/Thesis/node8.html (415 words)

	Epistemic Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Spring 2006 Edition)
		Epistemic logic is the logic of knowledge and belief.
		Epistemic logic gets its start with the recognition that expressions like ‘knows that’ or ‘believes that’ have systematic properties that are amenable to formal study.
		Beyond straightforward propositional knowledge of this kind, epistemic logic also suggests ways to systematize the logic of questions and answers (Zoë knows why Murphy barked) and provides insight into the relationships between multiple modes of identification (Zoë knows that this man is the chief) and also perhaps even into questions of procedural "know-how".
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/spr2006/entries/logic-epistemic (4729 words)

	Peter Suber, "Non-Standard Logics"
		Logics that include apparatus for signifying when two meanings (as opposed to two wffs, truth-values, sets, predicates, functions) are identical, and that analyzes inferences involving meanings.
		Logics in which the set of implications determined by a given group of premises does not necessarily grow, and can shrink, when new wffs are added to the set of premises.
		Logics in which the times at which propositions bear certain truth-values can be indicated, in which the "tense" of the assertion can be indicated, and in which truth-values can be affected by the passage of time.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/logsys/nonstbib.htm (2695 words)

	Epistemic Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		A significant difference between alethic and epistemic logic is the introduction of the agent c to the syntax.
		The dynamic doxastic logic paradigm may also be extended to iterated belief revision as studied by Lindstrøm and Rabinowicz (1997) and accommodate various forms of agent introspection.
		Dynamical treatments of epistemic logic and insights into the logic of inquiry from epistemic logicians speak directly to this third, unifying goal.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-epistemic (4695 words)

	Dynamic Epistemic Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The graduate textbook/monograph Dynamic Epistemic Logic co-authored by Hans van Ditmarsch, Wiebe van der Hoek, and Barteld Kooi is currently in press.
		'Epistemic logic' is an overview of multi-agent epistemic logic -- the logic of knowledge -- including modal operators for groups, such as general and common knowledge.
		The core chapters are 'epistemic logic', 'public announcements', and 'epistemic actions'.
	www.cs.otago.ac.nz /staffpriv/hans/del.html (460 words)

	Modal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Logical possibility is a form of alethic possibility; (4) makes a claim about whether it is possible for a mathematical truth to have been false, but (3) only makes a claim about whether it is possible that the mathematical claim turns out false, for all Jones knows, and so again Jones does not contradict himself.
		Significantly, modal logics can be developed to accommodate most of these idioms; it is the fact of their common logical structure (the use of "intensional" or non-truth-functional sentential operators) that make them all varieties of the same thing.
		Epistemic logic is arguably best captured in the system "S4" ; deontic logic in the system "D", temporal logic in "t" (sic:lowercase) and alethic logic arguably with "S5".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modal_logic (2901 words)

	logical omniscience of reactive systems
		In this paper it is argued that the problem arises from interpreting formal properties of epistemic logics into agent performance domains, where agent cognition is taken to incorporate formula-manipulation, which then mirrors inference in the logic.
		These facts, not necessarily controversial in the context of modal logic, become problematic when epistemic logic is interpreted into the real-world domain of agents which are said to know things.
		Levesque's logic is re-engineered into a 'Logic of Awareness', which restores the general setting of total possible worlds semantics (abandoning partial and incoherent situations), but associates with each world an (agent-indexed) 'awareness set' of prepositional tokens which the agent is aware of at that world.
	www.interweave-consulting.com /h/omnisc.html (3592 words)

	Logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ambiguity is that "formal logic" is very often used with the alternate meaning of symbolic logic as we have defined it, with informal logic meaning any logical investigation that does not involve symbolic abstraction; it is this sense of 'formal' that is parallel to the received usages coming from "formal languages" or "formal theory".
		Logic cut to the heart of computer science as it emerged as a discipline: Alan Turing's work on the Entscheidungsproblem followed from Kurt Gödel's work on the incompleteness theorems, and the notion of general purpose computers that came from this work was of fundamental importance to the designers of the computer machinery in the 1940s.
		Relevance logic and paraconsistent logic are the most important approaches here, though the concerns are different: a key consequence of classical logic and some of its rivals, such as intuitionistic logic, is that they respect the principle of explosion, which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Logic (4981 words)

	Provability Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		From a philosophical point of view, provability logic is interesting because the concept of provability in a fixed theory of arithmetic has a unique and non-problematic meaning, other than concepts like necessity and knowledge studied in modal and epistemic logic.
		Even though propositional provability logic is a modal logic with a kind of “necessity” operator, it withstands Quine's (1976) critique of modal notions as unintelligible, because of its clear and unambiguous arithmetic interpretation.
		For example, while provability logic captures provability in formal theories of arithmetic, epistemic logic endeavors to describe knowledge, which could be viewed as a kind of informal provability.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-provability (5006 words)

	Logic & Formal Reasoning
		Logic has been developed over the centuries as a formal (that is, precise not obtuse) way of representing assumptions about a world and the process of deriving the consequences of those assumptions.
		Logic lecture slides and accompanying transcripts from Professors Tomás Lozano-Pérez and Leslie Kaelbling's Spring 2003 course, Artificial Intelligence.
		The Isaac Newton of logic - It was 150 years ago that George Boole published his classic The Laws of Thought, in which he outlined concepts that form the underpinnings of the modern high-speed computer.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/logic.html (1291 words)

	The ``received view'': modal epistemic logic
		Among all approaches to epistemic logic that have been proposed, the modal approach has been the most widely used for modeling knowledge.
		An important reason for the popularity of that approach is its simplicity: systems of modal logic are given an epistemic interpretation, and the main technical results about epistemic logic can be obtained almost automatically.
		To interpret modal logic epistemically one reads modal formulae as epistemic statements expressing the attitude of certain agents towards certain sentences, and the semantics for modal logic is also given a new interpretation.
	www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de /~duc/Thesis/node9.html (389 words)

	Many-Valued Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		They are similar to classical logic because they accept the principle of truth-functionality, namely, that the truth of a compound sentence is determined by the truth values of its component sentences (and so remains unaffected when one of its component sentences is replaced by another sentence with the same truth value).
		Just as the notion of ‘possible worlds’ in the semantics of modal logic can be reinterpreted (e.g., as ‘moments of time’ in the semantics of tense logic or as ‘states’ in the semantics of dynamic logic), there does not exist a standard interpretation of the truth degrees.
		A philosophical application of 3-valued logic to the discussion of paradoxes was proposed by the Russian logician Bochvar (1938), and a mathematical one to partial function and relations by the American logician Kleene (1938).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/logic-manyvalued (4981 words)

	The Prosblogion: Modal Logic axioms 4 and 5
		In the semantics for modal logic 'p' means that there is at least one (accessable) world in which 'p' is true.
		Whether one of them corresponds to the correct logic of necessity is a pretty important philosophical matter, though certainly S5 is often spoken of as the logic of necessity.
		One good reason to worry about S5 being the correct logic of necessity is that, given the strength of the logic, lots of important distinctions can't be made in it.
	prosblogion.ektopos.com /archives/2006/03/modal_logic_axi.html (1719 words)

	EDL logic
		We propose an integration of a fragment of propositional dynamic logic with an epistemic logic so as to represent the interactions between action and knowledge, that are fundamental to planning under partial observability.
		The language is the fusion of an epistemic logic and a dynamic logic.
		The language of epistemic logic is constructed from a set of atomic formulas VAR, the usual logical operators of classical logic, and the modal operator K.
	polacsek.free.fr /edl/edllogic.html (402 words)

	14
		Instruction in epistemic logic requires that students have a reasonable familiarity with symbolic logic and its semantics.
		The epistemic or doxastic terms are treated as non-truth-functional one-place operators on sentences.
		Epistemic statements may be formalized in predicate logic with 'knows' represented as a relation between a person, a time and a sentence.
	www.ditext.com /clay/14.html (602 words)

	CiteULike: Epistemic actions as resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This model subsumes the crucial fragment Baltag, Moss and Solecki's dynamic epistemic logic, abstracting it in a constructive fashion while introducing resource-sensitive structure on the epistemic actions.
		Epistemic actions, that is, information exchanges between agents are modeled as elements of a quantale, hence conceiving them as resources.
		The epistemic content is encoded by ``appearance maps'', one pair of (lax) morphisms for each agent.
	www.citeulike.org /user/greg_restall/article/802424 (412 words)

	University of Trento - Italy - UNITN-Eprints - Dynamic-Epistemic Spatial Logic
		We propose a new logic for expressing properties of concurrent and distributed systems, Dynamic Epistemic Spatial Logic, as an extension of Hennessy-Milner logic with spatial and epistemic operators.
		The knowledge of a process, considered as epistemic agent, is understood as the information, locally available to our process, about the overallglobal system/process in which it is an agent/subprocess.
		Dynamic Epistemic Spatial Logic supports a semantics based on a fragment of CCS against which the classical spatial logics have been proved to be undecidable.
	eprints.biblio.unitn.it /archive/00001022 (258 words)

	Logics for AI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Logic is a recognised tool for AI research in reasoning, knowledge representation and communication.
		Epistemic logics apply the techniques of modal logic to reasoning about knowledge.
		The study of epistemic logic is relevant for, for instance, (specification of) communication protocols and cooperation.
	www.cs.uu.nl /groups/IS/logic/logic.html (207 words)

	PHILOG - Conferences
		Since then, epistemic and doxastic logics have grown into a mature discipline with many important applications in philosophy, computer science, game theory, economics and linguistics to mention of few areas of application.
		In philosophy, epistemic logic has contributed to the general epistemological understanding of propositional knowledge.
		Epistemic logic has also proved quite important in game theory and economics in terms of modelling for instance non-cooperative games of perfect information.
	www.philog.ruc.dk /phiconf1.html (529 words)

	The Logical Fallacies: Logic Resources: Branches of Logic
		Epistemic logic is the study of the relations between propositions describing states of knowledge and belief.
		Fuzzy Logic Laboratorium at the Johannes Kepler University Linz.
		Intensional (or indexical) logic is the study of assertions and other expressions whose meaning depends on an implicit context or index, such as time or spatial position.
	onegoodmove.org /fallacy/branches.htm (796 words)

	[No title]
		The move towards substructural epistemic logics is a move towards less idealized logics (this qualification seems very important to us - the gap between the logical properties of the deduction system and the deductive abilities of the agent), the idea is just that inside this less idealized logic, logical omniscience would be less problematic.
		To begin with, keeping in mind the epistemic interpretation of bang, we might say that this shows there is a gap between what the agent is able to infer and his logical knowledge.
		Indeed, LLEAK is of course a kind of substructural epistemic logic, so it would be impossible for me to refute a priori the idea that LLEAK is a system worth to be used.
	www-ihpst.univ-paris1.fr /pics/ILM.doc (1318 words)

	Epistemic Logic for AI and Computer Science - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Epistemic logic has grown from its philosophical beginnings to find diverse applications in computer science as a means of reasoning about the knowledge and belief of agents.
		Then they turn to applications in the contexts of distributed systems and artificial intelligence: topics that are addressed include the notions of common knowledge, distributed knowledge, explicit and implicit belief, the interplays between knowledge and time, and knowledge and action, as well as a graded (or numerical) variant of the epistemic operators.
		Moore's autoepistemic logic is discussed, together with Levesque's related logic of 'all I know'.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521602807 (339 words)

	ESSLLI Course on Logic and Games - Syllabus
		After utilizing logical languages to describe local properties within games, we zoom out to external game logics for reasoning about winning strategies in games abstractly.
		We consider Parikh's game logic which is closely related to Propositional Dymnamic Logic, focusing on the game operations and their algebraic properties.
		From a logical perspective, we investigate how various notions of process equivalence might be extended to games.
	www.stanford.edu /~pianoman/GameLogic/esslli-course.html (616 words)

	Common knowledge (logic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Computer scientists grew an interest in the subject of epistemic logic in general--and of common knowledge in particular--starting from the 1980s.
		Common knowledge can be given a logical definition in multi-modal logic systems in which the modal operators are interpreted epistemically.
		The languages of epistemic logic are usually finitary, whereas the axiom above defines common knowledge as an infinite conjunction of formulas, hence not a well-formed formula of the language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_knowledge_(logic) (1162 words)

	Publications about 'epistemic logic'
		Keywords: epistemic logic, game theory, algorithms, honours reading.
		Keywords: logic programming, artificial intelligence, epistemic logic, honours reading, proof theory, nonmonotonic reasoning.
		Keywords: model theory, modal logic, epistemic logic, honours reading.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /481/biblio/Keyword/EPISTEMIC-LOGIC.html (179 words)

	Term Project Proposals in Computer Science - TUNES Project
		Monotonic Logic means that the computing system is organized around a model where information accumulates but is never modified or deleted.
		Epistemic Logic means that each key actor in the system maintains a model of what information itself and other key actors already have or need to acquire.
		This way, it becomes possible to actually erase previous facts from the database while keeping the system coherent with respect to the main invariant of monotonic logic: communication consists in declaring facts, and fact declaration is idempotent.
	fare.tunes.org /computing/term-project-proposal.html (4032 words)

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