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	Idealism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Idealism is also a term in international relations theory and in Christian eschatology.
		Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry which asserts that everything is of a mental nature.
		Schopenhauer's history is an account of the concept of the "ideal" in its meaning as "ideas in a subject's mind." In this sense, "ideal" means "ideational" or "existing in the mind as an image." He does not refer to the other meaning of "ideal" as being qualities of the highest perfection and excellence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Idealism (4880 words)

	Idealism - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Hegel, another philosopher whose system has been called idealism, thought that history must be rational in something significantly like the way science is. His famous dictum is that "the Real is Rational"; reason is the arbiter that shapes the world as it is, and gives us access to what is real.
		Hegel's idealism posits that since ideas about reality are products of the mind, there must be a mind at work in the universe that establishes reality and gives it structure.
		Schopenhauer's history is an account of the concept of the "ideal" in its meaning as "ideas in a subject's mind." In this sense, "ideal" means "ideational." He does not refer to the other meaning of "ideal" as being qualities of the highest perfection and excellence.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/i/d/e/Idealism.html (2055 words)

	German Idealism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		For the philosopher German idealism usually means the philosophy of Kant and his immediate followers, while for the historian of literature it may seem little more than the personality of Goethe; and it is not usual to characterize the literary aspect of the movement as neo-humanism.
		Idealism in the sense in which the word is here used became even more effective in the work of Herder.
		In his view the ideal society would be one based on the insight and activity of the educated, and on the rational education of youth, and realizing in its organization the natural and fundamental ethical ideas.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/g/germidea.htm (3619 words)

	Realism - LoveToKnow 1911
		Behind all numerous types of chairs there is in the mind the ideal chair of which particular chairs are mere copies.
		In this sense it is opposed to idealism, whether the purely subjective or that more comprehensive idealism which makes subject and object mutually interdependent.
		The realist is (I) he who deliberately declines to select his subjects from the beautiful or harmonious, and, more especially, describes ugly things and brings out details of an unsavoury sort; (2) he who deals with individuals, not types; (3) most properly, he who strives to represent the facts exactly as they are.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Realism (304 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Idealism
		Idealism in life is the characteristic of those who regard the ideas of truth and right, goodness and beauty, as standards and directive forces.
		Platonism is the oldest form of idealism, and Plato himself the progenitor of idealists.
		It is usual to place in contrast Plato's idealism and Aristotle's realism; the latter in fact denies that ideas are originals and that things are mere copies; he holds that the essence is intelligible, but that it is immanent in the things of nature, whereas it is put into the products of art.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07634a.htm (1338 words)

	Omkarananda Ashram Publications: The Science of Reality and Its Aspects
		Idealism essentially, in its various forms, implies that Reality is somehow bound up with idea, mind, spirit, person, ideals, soul and life.
		Popularly the ideal in conduct is altruism as opposed to egoism, or selfishness.
		The culmination of epistemologic inquiry is the problem of truth which is the subject matter of metaphysics.
	www.omkarananda-ashram.net /science.html (6354 words)

	Idealism
		Idealism, which holds that in the knowledge process the mind can grasp only the psychic or that its objects are conditioned by their perceptibility.
		Idealism seeks to overcome contradictions by penetrating into the overall coherent system of truth and continually creating new knowledge to be integrated with earlier discoveries.
		Idealism is thus friendly to all quests for truth, whether in the natural or behavioral sciences or in art, religion, and philosophy.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/philosophy/western/Idealism.htm (4906 words)

	John Dewey: Essays in Experimenal Logic: Chapter 10: Epistemological Realism: The Alleged Ubiquity of the Knowledge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		On the supposition of the ubiquity of the relation, realism and idealism exhaust the alternatives; if the ubiquity of the relation is a myth, both doctrines are unreal, because there is no problem of which they are the solution.
		The fact that objects vary in relation to one another independently of their relation to the "knower" is a fact, and a fact recognized by all schools.
		Until the epistemological realists have seriously considered the main propositions of the pragmatic realists, viz., that knowing is something that happens to things in the natural course of their career, not the Sudden introduction of a "unique"
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Dewey/Dewey_1916/Dewey_1916_10.html (3639 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy
		The road to pure modern idealism was laid by the epistemological idealism (epistemological subjectivism) of Campanella and Descartes.
		In Italy idealism is represented by Croce and Gentile, in Spain, by Unamuno and Ortega e Gasset; in Russia, by Lossky, in Sweden, by Boström; in Argentina, by Aznar.
		Idealization: In art, the process of generalizing and abstracting from specifically similar individuals, in order to depict the perfect type of which they are examples, the search for real character or structural form, to the neglect of external qualities and aspects.
	www.ditext.com /runes/i.html (12701 words)

	Idealism
		Idealism is, to a large extent, an opposite view to scientific and material viewpoints that asserts the importance of internal individual perceptions.
		Idealism is opposed to many philosophies that stress material matter, including Empiricism, Positivism, Skepticism, Atheism and Materialism.
		Logical Positivism particularly criticizes Idealism for the lack of verifiability of its ideas and hence questions the usefulness of the whole approach.
	changingminds.org /explanations/research/philosophies/idealism.htm (426 words)

	AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY: Idealism in America
		Idealism is the philosophical view that the mind or spirit constitutes the fundamental reality.
		Objective idealism accepts common sense realism (the view that material objects exist) but rejects naturalism (according to which the mind and spiritual values have emerged from material things), whereas subjective idealism denies that material objects exist independently of human perception and thus stands opposed to both realism and naturalism.
		Royce's idealism combined the rationalism of system building and proof of the Absolute with traits of American philosophy: the appeal to experience, voluntarism, and the focus on ideas as plans of action, not as purely cognitive entities.
	radicalacademy.com /amphilosophy6.htm (2216 words)

	More on Epistemological
		It is common for epistemological theories to avoid skepticism by adopting a foundationalist approach.
		So it is possible to classify epistemological theories according to the type of statement that each argues has this special status.
		Idealism holds that what we refer to and perceive as the external world is in some way an artifice of the mind.
	www.artilifes.com /epistemological.htm (2326 words)

	GEORGE BERKELEY: Sophia on the web: Articles about Philosophers and Philosophical Topics
		Idealism (of the subjective kind) is the theory that the universe is an embodiment of the mind.
		Idealism is best defined as the view that all reality is immaterial, or idea.
		The strength of idealism is that it justifies, philosophically, the notion that the individual self has meaning and dignity.
	members.aol.com /moresophia/berkeley.html (1000 words)

	Metaphysical Idealism
		Idealism, then, is the philosophical view that material things owe their existence to minds.
		Idealism does not say that the natural world is unreal; it does not say that the laws of nature are mere inventions of the human mind; it does not say we can change the world magically by thinking differently.
		According to subjective idealism, matter is a construct based on the mental contents of individual observers, like you and me. According to absolute idealism, there is a single underlying mental or spiritual thing, or principle, whose mental activity and content underpins the existence of the entire material world.
	www.eskimo.com /~msharlow/idealism.htm (2809 words)

	Philosophical Critiques: The Fallacy of Epistemological Idealism
		If it can be shown that the fundamental doctrine, the root-idea, of idealism is essentially fallacious, then idealism itself as a system of thought, no matter what its individual shade and shape, will also be shown to be essentially fallacious.
		Such "being" is then not physical, but ideal; and since it proceeds from, and resides in, the mind as its "subject," it is subjective.
		Immaterialism, phenomenalism, absolutism, and every shade of idealism, ultimately base their doctrine on the fact that reality is somehow enclosed within the realm of consciousness, for the simple reason that we cannot perceive objects as existing apart from conscious perception.
	www.radicalacademy.com /adiphilwrgidealism.htm (3390 words)

	KENNETH R. WESTPHAL - Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit
		It is thus important to note that Hegel's criterion of truth analyzed in this study concerns the truth of epistemological theories of knowledge, and neither does nor is designed to apply to problems of theory selection or the underdetermination of theory by observation.
		Strong evidence of Hegel's epistemological realism is interlaced throughout Harris's magnificent reconstruction of Hegel's early metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of nature.
		Hegel derives his epistemological desiderata from reflection on earlier theories of knowledge and on the skepticism of Sextus Empiricus.
	www.uea.ac.uk /~j018/HER-BLb.htm (3174 words)

	Realistic Idealism
		In discussions of "idealism" and "realism" two very different questions are often confused or, when distinguished, still not correctly and clearly related to each other.
		Similarly, idealism holds that entities need to be known, but that any subject suitable for the function of knowing the given will suffice.
		It appears, then, that the idealistic interpretation of reality as essentially relative to or consisting of mind, experience, awareness, that is, psychicalistic idealism, is entirely compatible with a realistic view of the independence of the particular object and the dependence of the particular subject, in each subject-object situation.
	www.hyattcarter.com /realistic_idealism.htm (5728 words)

	What is and isn't Yogacara
		Idealism, in its broadest sense, came to encompass everything that was not materialism, which included so many different types of positions that the term lost any hope of univocality.
		A more limited type of idealism is epistemological idealism, which argues that since knowledge of the world only exists in the mental realm, we cannot know actual physical objects as they truly are, but only as they appear in our mental representations of them.
		Yogācāra at times resembles epistemological idealism, which does not claim that this or any world is constructed by mind, but rather that we are usually incapable of distinguishing our mental constructions and interpretations of the world from the world itself.
	www.acmuller.net /yogacara/articles/intro-uni.htm (9043 words)

	epistemologies
		Epistemological realisms therefore do not simply equate being with consciousness and reality with knowledge, or all of being that is intelligible with what exists within the forms of consciousness and all of reality that is knowable with the mere forms of knowledge in and of itself.
		Epistemological realisms likewise do not see being and consciousness or reality and knowledge as two discretely distinct and sharply opposed realms.
		To illustrate some of the differences between realist and idealist epistemological positions, let us consider that the experience of exploitation can be made sense of in a number of different ways other than as exploitation.
	www.uwec.edu /ranowlan/epistemologies.html (2008 words)

	atheism_theory
		However, they are transcendentally ideal, since they are forms which the mind imposes on the data of sense, that is sense knowledge or experience.
		Epistemological idealism is that which we have seen in Descartes and which flows through the philosophy of others such as Locke: ideas, or direct objects of human apprehension are subjective and privately possessed.
		Feuerbach was dissatisfied with the idealism of Hegel, in that he wanted to veer away from the conceptual abstractions of absolute idealism to concrete reality.
	www.catholic-church.org /church-unity/ateo_t_e.htm (12568 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy
		On the one hand, it is evidently false that all directly presented objects of consciousness are immanent in the mind, on the other hand, the concept of an entity that is not an intentionally constituted object of transcendental consciousness is evidently self-contradictory.
		Philosopher King: In Plato's theory of the ideal state rulership would be entrusted to philosopher kings.
		It should be noted that this program is intended only for an intellectual elite; the military class was to undergo a shorter period of training suited to its functions, and the masses of people, engaged in production, trading, and like pursuits, were not offered any special educational schedule.
	www.ditext.com /runes/p.html (18307 words)

	Henry E. Allison - Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense, Revised and Enlarged Edition - ...
		Allison signals the importance that he attaches to his revised account of transcendental idealism, explaining its motivation in the Preface and devoting the first chapter (''Introduction to the Problem'') to a statement of what it consists in.
		Whereas originally Allison introduced his interpretation of transcendental idealism by means of relatively few contrasts, principally H. Prichard and Strawson, the present horizon of Kantian studies includes also, among others, Paul Guyer, Rae Langton, and Karl Ameriks, all of whom have criticised Allison and formulated opposing positions on the nature of transcendental idealism.
		Allison intends his revised interpretation of transcendental idealism also to counter what he believes to be the increased Strawsonian tendency to regard Kant's transcendental idealism as separable from the other main components of his theoretical philosophy.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=3761 (1925 words)

	Epistemological idealism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epistemological idealism is a philosophical position, a subcategory of subjectivism, holding that what you know about an object exists only in your mind.
		A more specific description of Epistemological idealism would say that it holds that what you perceive about an object exists only in your mind.
		A more radical form might claim that what can be perceived about an object exists only in your mind.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epistemological_idealism (98 words)

	idealism from FOLDOC
		in metaphysics, idealism is a term used to describe the sort of theory which claims that something "ideal" or non-physical or non-material or non-extended is the primary reality.
		Just as materialism in metaphysics is often linked with subjectivism in epistemology, idealism is often linked with intrinsicism in epistemology (though epistemological intrinsicism is sometimes also called, confusingly, idealism, since intrinsicism holds that we literally perceive universals or ideas).
		In popular usage, "idealism" is more of an ethical term, characterizing people who have a strong code of values or a great deal of integrity, though sometimes to an excessive degree (often contrasted with those who are merely or healthily pragmatic).
	www.swif.uniba.it /lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?idealism (380 words)

	Rationalism vs. Naturalism and other Orthodoxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Rationalism and idealism are not two sides of a coin; they are simply one coin.
		This uniform trait is idealism, and the root-idea is the idealist postulate.
		Once we act upon the divine mutuality implied by rationalism and idealism, we are setting in motion the eschaton and whatever apocalypses may attend upon it.
	home.comcast.net /~dantsmith/nexu20.htm (7948 words)

	D'Oro Giuseppina - Collingwood and the Metaphysics of Experience - Reviewed by Gary Ciocco, Wheeling Jesuit University ...
		Collingwood argues against epistemological skepticism, but he also breaks with Kant by emphasizing the futility of âspeaking of an unknowable residue beyond the sphere of conscious experienceâ (36).
		Collingwoodâs idealism is epistemological, and this is gathered from his primary, if not exclusive interest in âintentional objects, objects as knownâ (45).
		Collingwood differs from epistemological pragmatists and from ethical consequentialists as well, since he, unlike them, does not consider metaphysical maxims to be âsuperfluousâ (48).
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1361 (2944 words)

	Logic: Theories of Knowledge
		Perceptions and things known are one (epistemological monism) and can only be known as ideas in the mind of the knower (epistemological idealism).
		Personalism (or personal idealism) is an epistemological dualism combining elements of objectivism, realism, and idealism.
		Realism separates object and knower; idealism holds that all objects belong to some knower; mysticism (intuitionism) holds that the objects and the knower belong to each other; they are one.
	www.theology.edu /logic/logic16.htm (1019 words)

	Epistemological Idealism Dissertation Help, Write a Dissertation on Epistemological Idealism Thesis
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	www.phd-dissertations.com /topic/epistemological_idealism_dissertation_thesis.html (795 words)

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